Electroreduction Kinetics for Molten Oxide Slags

The oxygen-ion conductor, the reducing agent, and the molten oxide slag containing electroactive matter were used as constituent of a galvanic cell. Metal was directly electroreduced from molten slag using a short-circuit galvanic cell. The following galvanic cell was assembled in the present experiment： graphite rod, [-O]Fe-C saturated ｜ZrO2 （MgO） ｜ Cu（1） ＋ （FeO）（slag） , and molybdenum wire. The FeO electroreduction reaction was studied through measuring short circuit current by controlling factors such as temperature, the FeO content in molten slags, and the external circuit resistance. An overall kinetics model was developed to describe the process of FeO electroreductiono It was found that the modeled curves were in good agreement with the experimental values. The new oxide reduction method in the metallurgy with controlled oxygen flow was proposed and the metallurgical theory with controlled oxygen flow was developed.

Effect of Ni/Fe ratio on activation sintering and mechanical properties of molybdenum nickel iron alloy

In order to improve the low ductility of the Mo-Ni alloy,Fe is added and the effects of Ni/Fe mass ratio on the densification behavior,microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of alloy were investigated.The experimental results show that when iron is added to 95Mo-5Ni alloy,the formation of brittle intermetallic phaseδ-MoNi at the grain boundary is avoided.Meanwhile,the grain growth of Mo is also effectively inhibited in the sintering process.However,the addition of iron reduces the degree of densification of alloy since the activation effect of Ni is superior to that of Fe.From the experimental results,it could be concluded that the maximum hardness and bending strength are achieved by 95Mo-1.5Ni-3.5Fe alloy,which are HV 614 and 741 MPa,respectively.Combined with the analyses of bending fracture mechanism,the improvement relative to Mo-Ni alloy is likely attributed to the inhibition of the brittle phase.

Effects of pretreatment of substrates on the preparation of large scale ZnO nanotube arrays

Well-aligned hexagonal ZnO nanotubes （NTs） arrays were synthesized on pretreated indium tin oxide （ITO） substrates by a simple hydro- thermal method. The morphology and structure of the products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction analysis （XRD）. A new method of substrate pretreatment was introduced to prepare ZnO coated films. The size of ZnO seeds and the formation rate of ZnO NTs were investigated. Further, the mechanism of the preparation of ZnO NTs was discussed. The photoluminescence （PL） spectrum measurement shows fairly internal defects existing in ZnO nanotubes.

Decomposition mechanisms and non-isothermal kinetics of LiHC_2O_4·H_2O

The thermal decomposition process of LiHC2O4·H2O from 30 to 600 ℃ was investigated by the thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The phases decomposited at different temperature were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), which indicated the decompositions at 150, 170, and 420℃, relating to LiHC2O4, Li2C2O4, Li2C2O4, and Li2CO3, respectively. Reaction mechanisms in the whole sintering process were determined, and the model fitting kinetic approaches were applied to data for non-isothermal thermal decomposition of LiHC2O4?H2O; finally, the kinetic parameters of each reaction were also calculated herein.

层状氮化硼纳米片的制备及表征

基于前驱体合成与氨气氮化两步法,通过对前驱体合成关键参数B源/N源比、分散剂种类、前驱体干燥方式进行调控,实现了大比表面积、少层氮化硼纳米片材料的制备.其优化条件为以硼酸为硼源,尿素为氮源,硼酸与尿素摩尔比为1∶30,甲醇和去离子水作为分散剂,利用真空冷冻干燥方式合成前驱体.将前驱体在氨气气氛下900℃保温3 h合成了氮化硼纳米片.利用X射线衍射测试、X射线光电子能谱测试、拉曼光谱测试、热重分析测试等对合成产物进行了物相和结构表征,利用扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、透射电子显微镜、氮气吸脱附曲线等对合成产物进行了形貌及比表面积表征.结果表明:合成的氮化硼为六方氮化硼纳米片(h-BNNSs),纯度高,形貌类石墨烯,层数为2~4层,厚度平均为1 nm,比表面积为871.8 m2·g^-1,单次产物质量平均可达240 mg,合成产物平均产率可达96.7%.该方法简单易操作,实现了大比表面积少层氮化硼的制备,有助于氮化硼在各应用领域的研究,如氮化硼/石墨烯复合材料、纳米电子器件、污染物的吸附、储氢等.

基于氮化钛–石墨烯的传感器对多巴胺和尿酸的电化学检测

采用水热法和还原氮化法合成了菊花状形貌的氮化钛(TiN)纳米材料,并将其与还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)水热复合制备了氮化钛–还原氧化石墨烯(TiN-rGO)复合材料.利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱等测试方法对材料的形貌和物相进行了表征和分析.结果表明,TiN-rGO复合材料很好地保持了TiN菊花状的三维结构和rGO透明褶皱的形貌,且层状的rGO均匀地包覆在了菊花状的TiN的周围.用TiN-rGO复合材料修饰玻碳电极(GCE)制得了TiN-rGO/GCE电化学传感器,用于测定人体中的生物小分子DA和UA.由于复合材料中TiN和rGO的协同效应,构建的电化学传感器表现出了优秀的电化学性能.检测结果表明:TiN-rGO/GCE传感器对DA和UA的检测限分别为0.11和0.12μmol·L^-1,线性范围分别为0.5~210μmol·L^-1和5~350μmol·L^-1,且具有良好的抗干扰性、重现性和稳定性,且成功应用于人体内真实样品的DA和UA检测.

Calculation and Analysis of Sulfide Capacities for CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2-MgO-TiO_2 Slags

The empirical models of sulfide capacity calculated by traditional optical basicity do not consider the charge compensation of alkaline metal ions to AP＋ in the molten slags, so that the deviations between the calculated values and measured ones of sulfide capacity are inevitable. The relation between sulfide capacity and the corrected optical basicity put forward by Mills considering the charge compensation was investigated. Combined with the relation be- tween sulfide capacity and temperatures, a novel and accurate calculation model of sulfide capacity was proposed, which was applied to calculate the sulfide capacities of CaO-Al2 O3-SiO2-MgO and CaO-Al2 03-SiO2-MgO-TiO2 sys-tems, where the sum of the CaO and MgO concentrations in the slags must be not lower than the Al2O3 concentra tion. It was also found that the calculated values were in a good agreement with the measured values, and the mean deviations were 2.57% and 2.65%, respectively.

Model for Evaluating Density of Molten Slag With Optical Basicity

A new model is proposed to estimate the density of molten slag, in which the temperature dependence of density is described by Arrhenius Law with the activation energy expressed as the linear function of optical basicity. Successful applications to the density calculations of CaO-Al2 O3-SiO2 and Al2 O3-CaO-MgO-SiO2 slag systems show that this formula can give a good description of composition and temperature dependence of density for molten slags. It is also found that the ionic band percentage of M-O band in MOx oxide is the intrinsic origin of the phenomenon that the slag with a high optical basicity has a large sensitivity to temperature.

Measuring and Modeling of Density for Selected CaO-MgO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2 Slag With Low Silica

The densities of the selected quaternary CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 slag with low silica were measured by the Archimedean method in a wide temperature range from 1773 to 1 873 K. Nine different slag compositions were chosen based on three diffel：ent levels of CaO content and three different levels of SiO2 content. WM,O was equal to 7. 0%. Wcao were varied from 40.04% to 50.64%, for wsO2 =10.25%-20. 70%. The effects of temperature, SiOz content and optical basicity were studied. It is shown that density decreases approximately linearly with an increase in temperature. Under the same CaO content, the density decreases with increasing of SiOz content, and increases with optical basicity increasing. Based on the experimental data as the boundary of the homogenous phase region predicated by FACTSAGE software, the mass triangle model is used to calculate the density of selected limited homogenous phase region. The results showed that the mass triangle model works well.

Diffusion Coefficient of Calcium Ion in CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2 Melts

The Nernst-Einstein equation is used to calculate the diffusion coefficient of calcium ion in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system based on the data of the density and electrical conductivity.It is assumed that all the aluminium ions form tetrahedral structure and merge with chain or ring in the case of molar concentration of CaO higher than Al2O3.And in this case,calcium ion is assumed to be the conclusive charge carrier.A formula between the diffusion coefficient and concentration of calcium ion as well as temperature is deduced,which gives an increasing function relation between the diffusion coefficient and the concentration of calcium ions.

Effect of Acid Treatment on Electrocatalytic Performance of PtNi Catalyst

In this paper,we describe the synthesis of the AC-PtNi/G catalysts with graphene as the carrier,via the alcohol reduction and the sulfuric acid treatment.The prepared catalysts were microscopically characterized by X-ray diffractometry(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),electron spectroscopy(EDAX),and transmission electron micros-copy(TEM).We tested the electrochemical performance of the prepared catalysts using an electrochemical workstation and in situ infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).The results showed that the acid-treated AC-PtNi/G catalysts had a more uniform dispersion and with the increased of treatment time,the particle size of the catalyst became smaller.And the electrocatalytic performance of the AC-PtNi/G-48h catalyst treated with sulfuric acid for 48 h was significantly better than that of the untreated PtNi/G catalyst.Its electrochemically active surface area was 76.63 m^(2)/g,and the peak current density value for catalytic oxidation of ethanol was 1218.83 A/g,which was 10 times that of ordinary commercial Pt/C catalyst.The steady-state current density value of 1100 s was 358.77 A/g,and it has excellent anti-CO toxicity performance.It was determined that a sulfuric acid treatment controlled catalyst particle size and increased the electrocatalytic activity of the catalytic oxidation of ethanol.