Progress,challenges,and prospects of spent lithium-ion batteries recycling:A review

The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,battery recycling technology still faces challenges in terms of efficiency,effectiveness and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically review and analyze the current status of spent LIB recycling,and conduct a detailed comparison and evaluation of different recycling processes.In addition,this review introduces emerging recycling techniques,including deep eutectic solvents,molten salt roasting,and direct regeneration,with the intent of enhancing recycling efficiency and diminishing environmental repercussions.Furthermore,to increase the added value of recycled materials,this review proposes the concept of upgrading recycled materials into high value-added functional materials,such as catalysts,adsorbents,and graphene.Through life cycle assessment,the paper also explores the economic and environmental impacts of current battery recycling and highlights the importance that future recycling technologies should achieve a balance between recycling efficiency,economics and environmental benefits.Finally,this review outlines the opportunities and challenges of recycling key materials for next-generation batteries,and proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote the green and sustainable development of batteries,circular economy,and ecological civilization.

Antagonism effect of residual S triggers the dual-path mechanism for water oxidation

Transition metal chalcogenides(TMCs)are recognized as pre-catalysts,and their(oxy)hydroxides derived from electrochemical reconstruction are the active species in the water oxidation.However,understanding the role of the residual chalcogen in the reconstructed layer is lacking in detail,and the corresponding catalytic mechanism remains controversial.Here,taking Cu_(1-x)Co_(x)S as a platform,we explore the regulating effect and existence form of the residual S doped into the reconstructive layer for oxygen evolution reaction(OER),where a dual-path OER mechanism is proposed.First-principles calculations and operando~(18)O isotopic labeling experiments jointly reveal that the residual S in the reconstructive layer of Cu_(1-x)Co_(x)S can wisely balance the adsorbate evolution mechanism(AEM)and lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism(LOM)by activating lattice oxygen and optimizing the adsorption/desorption behaviors at metal active sites,rather than change the reaction mechanism from AEM to LOM.Following such a dual-path OER mechanism,Cu_(0.4)Co_(0.6)S-derived Cu_(0.4)Co_(0.6)OSH not only overcomes the restriction of linear scaling relationship in AEM,but also avoids the structural collapse caused by lattice oxygen migration in LOM,so as to greatly reduce the OER potential and improved stability.

Comprehensive understanding of glioblastoma molecular phenotypes:classification,characteristics,and transition

Among central nervous system-associated malignancies,glioblastoma(GBM)is the most common and has the highest mortality rate.The high heterogeneity of GBM cell types and the complex tumor microenvironment frequently lead to tumor recurrence and sudden relapse in patients treated with temozolomide.In precision medicine,research on GBM treatment is increasingly focusing on molecular subtyping to precisely characterize the cellular and molecular heterogeneity,as well as the refractory nature of GBM toward therapy.Deep understanding of the different molecular expression patterns of GBM subtypes is critical.Researchers have recently proposed tetra fractional or tripartite methods for detecting GBM molecular subtypes.The various molecular subtypes of GBM show significant differences in gene expression patterns and biological behaviors.These subtypes also exhibit high plasticity in their regulatory pathways,oncogene expression,tumor microenvironment alterations,and differential responses to standard therapy.Herein,we summarize the current molecular typing scheme of GBM and the major molecular/genetic characteristics of each subtype.Furthermore,we review the mesenchymal transition mechanisms of GBM under various regulators.

人源肿瘤组织异种移植在脑胶质瘤中的应用进展

脑胶质瘤是最常见的中枢神经系统原发性恶性肿瘤,目前治疗的标准方案包括手术切除,其次是放化疗。但这些积极的治疗方案,患者平均生存期低,因而新的治疗策略显得尤为重要。人源肿瘤组织异种移植(PDX)模型保存肿瘤细胞的原始微环境,继承原发肿瘤的所有分子生物学特性并保留肿瘤异质性,更接近人体内环境。因此在基础医学研究领域存在较高的研究价值。该文就PDX模型的复制、PDX模型在脑胶质瘤中的应用及其相关研究进展、PDX模型的局限性和展望进行综述。

Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver:Clinical characteristics and outcomes

BACKGROUND Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver(UESL)is a rare liver malignancy originating from primary mesenchymal tissue.The clinical manifestations,laboratory tests,and imaging examinations of the disease lack specificity and the preoperative misdiagnosis rate is high.The overall prognosis is poor and survival rate is low.AIM To investigate the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of UESL.METHODS We performed a retrospective,single-center cohort study in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,which is a central hospital in northeast China.From 2005 to 2017,we recruited 14 patients with pathologically confirmed UESL.We analyzed the clinical manifestations,laboratory tests,imaging examinations,pathological examinations,therapy,and prognosis of these patients.RESULTS There were nine males and five females aged 2-60 years old included in the study.The major initial symptoms were abdominal pain(71.43%)and fever(57.14%).Preoperative laboratory tests revealed that seven patients had increased leukocyte levels,four showed a decrease in hemoglobin levels,seven patients had increased glutamyl transpeptidase levels,nine had increased lactate dehydrogenase levels,and three showed an increase in carbohydrate antigen 199.There was no difference in the rate of misdiagnosis in preoperative imaging examinations of UESL between adults and children(6/6 vs 5/8,P=0.091).The survival rate after complete resection was 6/10,while that after incomplete resection was 0/4(P=0.040),suggesting that complete resection is important to improve survival rate.In total,five out of the eight children achieved survival.During the follow-up,the maximum survival time was shown to be 11 years and minimum survival time was 6 mo.Six adult patients relapsed late after surgery and all of them died.CONCLUSION Preoperative imaging examination for UESL has a high misdiagnosis rate.Multidisciplinary collaboration can improve the diagnostic accuracy of UESL.Complete surgical resection is the first choice for treatment of UESL.

Omics-based integrated analysis identified ATRX as a biomarker associated with glioma diagnosis and prognosis

Objective:ATRX is a multifunctional protein that is tightly regulated by and implicated in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling.Numerous studies have shown that genetic alterations in ATRX play a significant role in gliomas.This study aims to further determine the relationship between ATRX and glioma prognosis and identify possible mechanisms for exploring the biological significance of ATRX using large data sets.Methods:We used The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)database and 130 immunohistochemical results to confirm the difference in ATRX mutations in high-and low-grade gliomas.An online analysis of the TCGA glioma datasets using the cBioPortal platform was performed to study the relationship between ATRX mutations and IDH1,TP53,CDKN2 A and CDKN2 B mutations in the corresponding TCGA glioma dataset.In combination with clinical pathology data,the biological significance of the relationships were analyzed.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analyses and annotations of all adjacent genes in the network were performedin the Database for Annotation,Visualization and Integrated Discovery(DAVID)and R language.A protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed,and the interactions of all adjacent nodes were analyzed by the String database and using Cytoscape software.Results:In the selected TCGA glioma datasets,a total of 2,228 patients were queried,21%of whom had ATRX alterations,which co-occurred frequently with TP53 and IDH1 mutations.ATRX alterations are associated with multiple critical molecular events,which results in a significantly improved overall survival(OS)rate.In low-grade gliomas,ATRX mutations are significantly associated with multiple important molecular events,such as ZNF274 and FDXR at mRNA and protein levels.A functional cluster analysis revealed that these genes played a role in chromatin binding and P53,and a link was observed between ATRX and IDH1 and TP53 in the interaction network.ATRX and TP53 are important nodes in the network and have potential links with the blood oxygen imbalance.Conclusions:ATRX mutations have clinical implications for the molecular diagnosis of gliomas and can provide diagnostic and prognostic information for gliomas.ATRX is expected to serve as a new therapeutic target.

Development of glioblastoma organoids and their applications in personalized therapy

Glioblastomas(GBMs)are the brain tumors with the highest malignancy and poorest prognoses.GBM is characterized by high heterogeneity and resistance to drug treatment.Organoids are 3-dimensional cultures that are constructed in vitro and comprise cell types highly similar to those in organs or tissues in vivo,thus simulating specific structures and physiological functions of organs.Organoids have been technically developed into an advanced ex vivo disease model used in basic and preclinical research on tumors.Brain organoids,which simulate the brain microenvironment while preserving tumor heterogeneity,have been used to predict patients’therapeutic responses to antitumor drugs,thus enabling a breakthrough in glioma research.GBM organoids provide an effective supplementary model that reflects human tumors’biological characteristics and functions in vitro more directly and accurately than traditional experimental models.Therefore,GBM organoids are widely applicable in disease mechanism research,drug development and screening,and glioma precision treatments.This review focuses on the development of various GBM organoid models and their applications in identifying new individualized therapies against drug-resistant GBM.

TGFβ signaling-induced miRNA participates in autophagic regulation by targeting PRAS40 in mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma

Objective:Mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma(mesGBM)is a refractory disease condition characterized by therapeutic failure and tumor recurrence.Hyperactive transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)signaling could be a signature event in mesGBM,which leads to dysregulation of downstream targets and contribute to malignant transformation.In this study we aimed to investigate the hyperactive TGFβsignaling-mediated pathogenesis and possible downstream targets for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for mesGBM.Methods:GBM-BioDP is an online resource for accessing and displaying interactive views of the TCGA GBM data set.Transcriptomic sequencing followed by bioinformatic analysis was performed to identify dysregulated microRNAs.Target prediction by MR-microT and dual luciferase reporter assay were utilized to confirm the predicted target of novel_miR56.CCK-8 assays was used to assesse cell viability.The miRNA manipulation was proceeded by cell transfection and lentivirus delivery.A plasmid expressing GFP-LC3 was introduced to visualize the formation of autophagosomes.Orthotopic GBM model was constructed forin vivo study.Results:TGFβ1 and TGFβreceptor type II(TβRII)were exclusively upregulated in mesGBM(P<0.01).Dysregulated miRNAs were identified after LY2109761(a TβRI/II inhibitor)treatment in a mesGBM-derived cell line,and novel_miR56 was selected as a promising candidate for further functional verification.Novel_miR56 was found to potentially bind to PRAS40 via seed region complementarity in the 3'untranslated region,and we also confirmed that PRAS40 is a direct target of novel_miR56 in glioma cells.In vitro,over expression of novel_miR56 in tumor cells significantly promoted proliferation and inhibited autophagy(P<0.05).The expression levels of P62/SQSTM was significantly increased accompanied by the decrease of BECN1 and LC3B-II/I,which indicated that autophagic activity was reduced after novel_miR56 treatment.In addition,over expression of novel_miR56 also promoted tumor growth and inhibited autophagyin vivo,which is associated with worse prognosis(P<0.05).Conclusions:In summary,we provide novel insight into TGFβsignaling-mediated pathogenesis in mesGBM and TGFβsignaling-induced novel_miR56 may be a novel target for mesGBM management.

A Stellar Ranging Scheme Based on the Second-order Correlation Measurement

Stellar ranging is the basis for stellar dynamics research and in-depth research on astrophysics. The parallax method is the most widely used and important basic method for stellar ranging. However, it needs to perform highprecision measurement of the parallax angle and the baseline length together. We aim to propose a new stellar ranging scheme based on second-order correlation that does not require a parallax angle measurement. We hope our solution can be as basic as the parallax method. We propose a new stellar ranging scheme by using the offset of second-order correlation curve signals. The optical path difference between the stars and different base stations is determined by the offset of the second-order correlation curve signals. Then the distance of the stars could be determined by the geometric relation. With the distance to stars out to 10 kpc away, our astrometric precision can be better compared to Gaia by simulation. We also design an experiment and successfully demonstrate the feasibility of this scheme. This stellar ranging scheme enables further and more accurate stellar ranging without requiring any prior information or angle measurement.

Relaxation dynamics of Kuramoto model with heterogeneous coupling

The Landau damping which reveals the characteristic of relaxation dynamics for an equilibrium state is a universal concept in the area of complex system. In this paper, we study the Landau damping in the phase oscillator system by considering two types of coupling heterogeneity in the Kuramoto model. We show that the critical coupling strength for phase transition, which can be obtained analytically through the balanced integral equation, has the same formula for both cases. The Landau damping effects are further explained in the framework of Laplace transform, where the order parameters decay to zero in the long time limit.

Analysis of the Development Environment and Trend of Cross-Border E-commerce in China

With the conclusion of the novel coronavirus pandemic and the increasingly complex market environment,China’s cross-border e-commerce has entered a new phase of development.The external landscape is evolving rapidly,and there is a gradual improvement in laws and regulations governing cross-border e-commerce,coupled with increased government support.Despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the market economy,overall development has been steadily improving.The Internet population is expanding,the online retail market is experiencing rapid growth,the consumption structure is undergoing transformation and upgrading,and the e-commerce market is demonstrating significant potential.The advancement of technologies such as big data,artificial intelligence,blockchain,and supply chain has provided more efficient operational support for the cross-border e-commerce industry.Against the backdrop of the emergence of new forms of cross-border e-commerce in China post-pandemic,this paper utilizes the PEST model to analyze the macro environment of cross-border e-commerce in China and project its future development trends.

Lipid nanovehicles overcome barriers to systemic RNA delivery: Lipid components, fabrication methods, and rational design

Lipid nanovehicles are currently the most advanced vehicles used for RNA delivery,as demonstrated by the approval of patisiran for amyloidosis therapy in 2018.To illuminate the unique superiority of lipid nanovehicles in RNA delivery,in this review,we first introduce various RNA therapeutics,describe systemic delivery barriers,and explain the lipid components and methods used for lipid nanovehicle preparation.Then,we emphasize crucial advances in lipid nanovehicle design for overcoming barriers to systemic RNA delivery.Finally,the current status and challenges of lipid nanovehicle-based RNA therapeutics in clinical applications are also discussed.Our objective is to provide a comprehensive overview showing how to utilize lipid nanovehicles to overcome multiple barriers to systemic RNA delivery,inspiring the development of more high-performance RNA lipid nanovesicles in the future.

Gold nanoparticle-directed autophagy intervention for antitumor immunotherapy via inhibiting tumor-associated macrophage M2 polarization

Tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs),one of the dominating constituents of tumor microenvironment,are important contributors to cancer progression and treatment resistance.Therefore,regulation of TAMs polarization from M2 phenotype towards M1 phenotype has emerged as a new strategy for tumor immunotherapy.Herein,we successfully initiated antitumor immunotherapy by inhibiting TAMs M2 polarization via autophagy intervention with polyethylene glycol-conjugated gold nanoparticles(PEG-Au NPs).PEG-Au NPs suppressed TAMs M2 polarization in both in vitro and in vivo models,elicited antitumor immunotherapy and inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth in mice.As demonstrated by the m RFP-GFP-LC3 assay and analyzing the autophagy-related proteins(LC3,beclin1 and P62),PEGAu NPs induced autophagic flux inhibition in TAMs,which is attributed to the PEG-Au NPs induced lysosome alkalization and membrane permeabilization.Besides,TAMs were prone to polarize towards M2phenotype following autophagy activation,whereas inhibition of autophagic flux could reduce the M2polarization of TAMs.Our results revealed a mechanism underlying PEG-Au NPs induced antitumor immunotherapy,where PEG-Au NPs reduce TAMs M2 polarization via induction of lysosome dysfunction and autophagic flux inhibition.This study elucidated the biological effects of nanomaterials on TAMs polarization and provided insight into harnessing the intrinsic immunomodulation capacity of nanomaterials for effective cancer treatment.

Copper-exchanged LTA zeolite membranes with enhanced water flux for ethanol dehydration

LTA (Linde Type A) molecular sieve has widely used in adsorption and separation due to its regular pore structure, high thermal stability and chemical stability. Copper-exchanged LTA (Cu-LTA) zeolite membranes with enhanced water flux of ethanol dehydration were developed through copper ion exchange of Na-LTA zeolite membrane. In the first step, a thin and well intergrown Na-LTA zeolite membrane was prepared on macroporousα-Al2O3 tube which was modified by 3-aminopropyltriethox-ysilane (APTES). Afterwards, copper exchange of the as-synthesized Na-LTA zeolite membranes was done to prepare Cu-LTA zeolite membrane. According to characterizations of XRD, FESEM, and XPS, both the morphology and structure of the Cu-LTA zeolite membranes are identical to those of the Na-LTA zeolite membranes, and there are no cracks and pinholes are found in the membrane layer. Attributing to a wider pore diameter because two sodium ions of Na-LTA framework are replaced by one copper ion, the Cu-LTA zeolite membrane displays a higher water flux in the separation of ethanol/water mixture than Na-LTA membranes. At 75 °C, the water flux of the Cu-LTA zeolite membrane is 3.52 kg m^-2 h^-1 with water/ethanol separation factor of 3591, while the water flux of the Na-LTA zeolite membrane is only 1.65 kg m^-2 h^-1 with water/ethanol separation factor of 4082.

Vulnerability Assessment Method for Immovable Cultural Relics Based on Artificial Neural Networks—An Example of a Heavy Rainfall Event in Henan Province

Cultural relic conservation capability is an important issue in cultural relic conservation research,and it is critical to decrease the vulnerability of immovable cultural relics to rainfall hazards.Commonly used vulnerability assessment methods are subjective,are mostly applied to regional conditions,and cannot accurately assess the vulnerability of cultural relics.In addition,it is impossible to predict the future vulnerability of cultural relics.Therefore,this study proposed a machine learning-based vulnerability assessment method that not only can assess cultural relics individually but also predict the vulnerability of cultural relics under different rainfall hazard intensities.An extreme rainfall event in Henan Province in 2021 was selected as an example,with a survey report on the damage to cultural relics as a database.The results imply that the back propagation(BP)neural network-based method of assessing the vulnerability of immovable cultural relics is reliable,with an accuracy rate higher than 92%.Based on this model to predict the vulnerability of Zhengzhou City’s cultural relics,the vulnerability levels of cultural relics under different recurrence periods of heavy rainfall were obtained.Among them,the vulnerability of ancient sites is higher than those of other cultural relic types.The assessment model used in this study is suitable for predicting the vulnerability of immovable cultural relics to heavy rainfall hazards and can provide a technical means for cultural relic conservation studies.

Effects of frustration on explosive synchronization

In this study, we consider the emergence of explosive synchronization in scale-free networks by considering the Kuramoto model of coupled phase oscillators. The natural frequencies of oscillators are assumed to be correlated with their degrees and frustration is included in the system. This assumption can enhance or delay the explosive transition to synchronization. Interestingly, a de-synchronization phenomenon occurs and the type of phase transition is also changed. Furthermore, we provide an analytical treatment based on a star graph, which resembles that obtained in scale-free networks. Finally, a self-consistent approach is implemented to study the de-synchronization regime. Our findings have important implications for controlling synchronization in complex networks because frustration is a controllable parameter in experiments and a discontinuous abrupt phase transition is always dangerous in engineering in the real world.

A cytotoxic amyloid oligomer self-triggered and NIR- enhanced amyloidosis therapeutic system

We report a new strategy for improving the efficiency of non-specific amyloidosis therapeutic drugs by coating amyloid-responsive lipid bilayers. The approach had drawn inspiration from amyloid oligomer-mediated cell membrane disruption in the pathogenesis of amyloidosis. A graphene-mesoporous silica hybrid （GMS）-supported lipid bilayer （GMS-Lip） system was used as a drug carrier, Drugs were well confined inside the nanocarrier until encountering amyloid oligomers, which could pierce the lipid bilayer coat and cause drug release. To ensure release efficiency, use of a near-infrared （NIR） laser was also introduced to facilitate drug release, taking advantage of the photothermal effect of GMS and thermal sensitivity of lipid bilayers. To facilitate tracking, fluorescent dyes were co-loaded with drugs within GMS-Lip and the NIR laser was used once the oligomer-triggered release had been signaled. Because of the spatially and temporally controllable property of light, the NIR-assisted release could be easily and selectively activated locally by tracking the fluorescence signal. Our design is based on arnyloidosis pathogenesis, the cytotoxic amyloid oligomer self-triggered release via cell membrane disruption, for the controlled release of drug molecules. The results may shed light on the development of pathogenesis- inspired drug delivery systems,

Order parameter analysis of synchronization transitions on star networks

The collective behaviors of populations of coupled oscillators have attracted significant attention in recent years. In this paper, an order parameter approach is proposed to study the low-dimensional dynamical mechanism of collective synchronizations, by adopting the star-topology of coupled oscil- lators as a prototype system. The order parameter equation of star-linked phase oscillators can be obtained in terms of the Watanabe--Strogatz transformation, Ott--Antonsen ansatz, and the ensem- ble order parameter approach. Different solutions of the order parameter equation correspond to the diverse collective states, and different bifurcations reveal various transitions among these collective states. The properties of various transitions in the star-network model are revealed by using tools of nonlinear dynamics such as time reversibility analysis and linear stability analysis.

Insights into the generation of laser-induced assembly of MoSe_(2) nanospheres

Laser-induced assembly is a promising technology for advancing micro/nano photonic devices.However,the dynamic process and the photothermal interaction in laser-induced assembly technique,as well as the role of laser illumination pattern on the assembly structure have not been well investigated.In this paper,we prepare dark MoSe_(2) nanospheres with a facile solvothermal synthesis method and grow a concentric ring-shaped assembly with incident light following Fresnel circular-aperture diffraction.The impact of the illumination light filed on the structure of the assembly is investigated.The concentric ring-shaped assembly reveals focusing effect with about 4.87 times intensity amplification.Optical trap effect,photothermal effect,and tension effect are proved to synergistically enhance the trap stiffness and broaden trap region.This work gives an insight into the production of laser induced assembly,hence broadens the potential application of nanoparticles and assembly in micro-optics and photonic devices.

Dynamics of clustering patterns in the Kuramoto model with unidirectional coupling

We study the synchronization transition in the Kuramoto model by considering a unidirectional cou- pling with a chain structure. The microscopic clustering features are characterized in the system. We identify several clustering patterns for the long-time evolution of the effective frequencies and reveal the phase transition between them. Theoretically, the recursive approach is developed in order to ob- tain analytical insights; the essential bifurcation schemes of the clustering patterns are clarified and the phase diagram is illustrated in order to depict the various phase transitions of the system. Fur- thermore, these recursive theories can be extended to a larger system. Our theoretical analysis is in agreement with the numerical simulations and can aid in understanding the clustering patterns in the Kuramoto model with a general structure.