Photosynthetic acclimation to long-term high temperature and soil drought stress in two spruce species (Picea crassifolia and P. wilsonii) used for afforestation

Picea crassifolia and P.wilsonii,commonly used for afforestation in northern China,are increasingly likely to be subjected to high temperatures and soil drought stress as a result of global warming.However,little is known about the effects of these stresses on foliar photosynthesis in the two species.To investigate how photosynthetic characteristics and sensitivity respond to prolonged high temperatures and soil drought,foliar gas exchange and other closely related parameters were recorded from four-year-old seedlings of both species.Seedlings were grown under two temperature treatments(25/15 and 35/25 °C) and four soil water regimes [80,60,40 and 20% of maximum field capacity(FC)] for 4 months.Although all treatments significantly reduced photosynthetic rates(Pn) of both species,P.crassifolia exhibited greater photosynthetic acclimation than P.wilsonii.Differences in photosynthetic acclimation were mainly related to variations in stomatal conductance(Cond) and the maximum quantum yield of PSII(Fv/Fm) between treatments.Indeed,higher Cond and Fv/Fmin all treatments were shown for P.crassifolia than for P.wilsonii.Moreover,photosynthesis in P.crassifolia exhibited inherently lower temperature sensitivities(broader span for the temperature response curves; lower b) and higher thermostability(invariable b between treatments).Further,severe drought stress(20% FC) limited the survival of P.wilsonii.Our results indicate that P.wilsonii is more susceptible to high temperatures and soil drought stress.Planting P.crassifolia would be more expected to survive these conditions and hence be of greater benefit to forest stability if predicted increases in drought and temperature in northern China occur.

Effects of three coniferous plantation species on plant-soil feedbacks and soil physical and chemical properties in semiarid mountain ecosystems

Background:Large-scale afforestation can significantly change the ground cover and soil physicochemical properties,especially the soil fertility maintenance and water conservation functions of artificial forests,which are very important in semi-arid mountain ecosystems.However,how different tree species affect soil nutrients and soil physicochemical properties after afforestation,and which is the best plantation species for improving soil fertility and water conservation functions remain largely unknown.Methods:This study investigated the soil nutrient contents of three different plantations(Larix principis-rupprechtii,Picea crassifolia,Pinus tabuliformis),soils and plant-soil feedbacks,as well as the interactions between soil physicochemical properties.Results:The results revealed that the leaves and litter layers strongly influenced soil nutrient availability through biogeochemical processes:P.tabuliformis had higher organic carbon,ratio of organic carbon to total nitrogen(C:N)and organic carbon to total phosphorus(C:P)in the leaves and litter layers than L.principis-rupprechtii or P.crassifolia,suggesting that higher C:N and C:P hindered litter decomposition.As a result,the L.principis-rupprechtii and P.crassifolia plantation forests significantly improved soil nutrients and clay components,compared with the P.tabuliformis plantation forest.Furthermore,the L.principis-rupprechtii and P.crassifolia plantation forests significantly improved the soil capacity,soil total porosity,and capillary porosity,decreased soil bulk density,and enhanced water storage capacity,compared with the P.tabuliformis plantation forest.The results of this study showed that,the strong link between plants and soil was tightly coupled to C:N and C:P,and there was a close correlation between soil particle size distribution and soil physicochemical properties.Conclusions:Therefore,our results recommend planting the L.principis-rupprechtii and P.crassifolia as the preferred tree species to enhance the soil fertility and water conservation functions,especially in semi-arid regions mountain forest ecosystems.

Performance Analysis of Intelligent CR-NOMA Model for Industrial IoT Communications

Aiming for ultra-reliable low-latency wireless communications required in industrial internet of things(IIoT)applications,this paper studies a simple cognitive radio non-orthogonal multiple access(CR-NOMA)downlink system.This system consists of two secondary users(SUs)dynamically interfered by the primary user(PU),and its performance is characterized by the outage probability of the SU communications.This outage probability is calculated under two conditions where,a)the transmission of PU starts after the channel state information(CSI)is acquired,so the base station(BS)is oblivious of the interference,and b)when the BS is aware of the PU interference,and the NOMA transmission is adapted to the more comprehensive knowledge of the signal to interference plus noise ratio(SINR).These results are verified by simulations,and their good agreement suggests our calculations can be used to reduce the complexity of future analysis.We find the outage probability is reduced when the SUs move further away from the primary transmitter or when the signal from PU is less powerful,and the BS always has better performance when it is aware of the interference.The findings thus emphasize the importance of monitoring the channel quality and realtime feedback to optimize the performance of CR-NOMA system.

Performance Analysis of Relay Based NOMA Cooperative Transmission under Cognitive Radio Network

This paper proposes a hybrid spectrum accessing mechanism by using NOMA-based cooperative transmission and beam-forming technology.In this mechanism,the secondary user employs spectrum-sensing technology to detect the existence of the primary user.If the primary user does not exist,the secondary source user directly transmits data to the destination user.If the primary user exists,the secondary source user finds the optimal relay according to certain selection principle before transmitting data to the destination user through the chosen relay node.For the signal receiving stage,the secondary user takes use of beam-forming technology to receive the signal from both the secondary source and the secondary relay node.Meanwhile the interference from the primary user is cancelled out in the stage.Furthermore,the outage probability for secondary user in the proposed mechanism is theoretically derived.Finally,the simulation results show that compared with the traditional mechanism,the proposed system model can not only guarantee the continuity of secondary transmission,but also significantly reduce the outage probability of secondary transmission.

A Federated Named Entity Recognition Model with Explicit Relation for Power Grid

The power grid operation process is complex,and many operation process data involve national security,business secrets,and user privacy.Meanwhile,labeled datasets may exist in many different operation platforms,but they cannot be directly shared since power grid data is highly privacysensitive.How to use these multi-source heterogeneous data as much as possible to build a power grid knowledge map under the premise of protecting privacy security has become an urgent problem in developing smart grid.Therefore,this paper proposes federated learning named entity recognition method for the power grid field,aiming to solve the problem of building a named entity recognition model covering the entire power grid process training by data with different security requirements.We decompose the named entity recognition(NER)model FLAT(Chinese NER Using Flat-Lattice Transformer)in each platform into a global part and a local part.The local part is used to capture the characteristics of the local data in each platform and is updated using locally labeled data.The global part is learned across different operation platforms to capture the shared NER knowledge.Its local gradients fromdifferent platforms are aggregated to update the global model,which is further delivered to each platform to update their global part.Experiments on two publicly available Chinese datasets and one power grid dataset validate the effectiveness of our method.

Analysis of Underlay Cognitive Radio Networks Based on Interference Cancellation Mechanism

In this paper,we investigate the performance of secondary transmission scheme based on Markov ON-OFF state of primary users in Underlay cognitive radio networks.We propose flexible secondary cooperative transmission schemewith interference cancellation technique according to the ON-OFF status of primary transmitter.For maximal ratio combining(MRC)at destination,we have derived exact closed-form expressions of the outage probability in different situations.The numerical simulation results also reveal that the proposed scheme improve the secondary transmission performance compared with traditional mechanism in terms of secondary outage probability and energy efficiency.

A Heterogeneous Virtual Machines Resource Allocation Scheme in Slices Architecture of 5G Edge Datacenter

In the paper,we investigate the heterogeneous resource allocation scheme for virtual machines with slicing technology in the 5G/B5G edge computing environment.In general,the different slices for different task scenarios exist in the same edge layer synchronously.A lot of researches reveal that the virtual machines of different slices indicate strong heterogeneity with different reserved resource granularity.In the condition,the allocation process is a NP hard problem and difficult for the actual demand of the tasks in the strongly heterogeneous environment.Based on the slicing and container concept,we propose the resource allocation scheme named Two-Dimension allocation and correlation placement Scheme(TDACP).The scheme divides the resource allocation and management work into three stages in this paper:In the first stage,it designs reasonably strategy to allocate resources to different task slices according to demand.In the second stage,it establishes an equivalent relationship between the virtual machine reserved resource capacity and the Service-Level Agreement(SLA)of the virtual machine in different slices.In the third stage,it designs a placement optimization strategy to schedule the equivalent virtual machines in the physical servers.Thus,it is able to establish a virtual machine placement strategy with high resource utilization efficiency and low time cost.The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme is able to suppress the problem of uneven resource allocation which is caused by the pure preemptive scheduling strategy.It adjusts the number of equivalent virtual machines based on the SLA range of system parameter,and reduces the SLA probability of physical servers effectively based on resource utilization time sampling series linear.The scheme is able to guarantee resource allocation and management work orderly and efficiently in the edge datacenter slices.

Cooperative Relay Selection Mechanism in Multi-Hop Networks

In this paper, we consider a three-hop relay system based on interference cancellation technique in Underlay cognitive radio (CR) network. Although underlay CR has been shown as a promising technique to better utilize the source of primary users (PUs), its secondary performance will be severely degraded. On one hand, by adapting the Underlay spectrum sharing pattern, secondary users (SUs) would observe the strict power constraints and be interfered by primary users. On the other hand, limited transmit power results in limited transmission range, which greatly degrade the secondary transmission capacity. To solve the problems above, we propose an interference cancellation protocol for multi-hop wireless communication networks in underlay CR, which could develop the long-distance transmission performance and improve the transmission efficiency significantly. As simulation results shows, proposed scheme significantly reduce the secondary outage probability and increase the secondary diversity than the traditional cases.

Parallelization and I/O Performance Optimization of a Global Nonhydrostatic Dynamical Core Using MPI

The Global-Regional Integrated forecast System(GRIST)is the next-generation weather and climate integrated model dynamic framework developed by Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences.In this paper,we present several changes made to the global nonhydrostatic dynamical(GND)core,which is part of the ongoing prototype of GRIST.The changes leveraging MPI and PnetCDF techniques were targeted at the parallelization and performance optimization to the original serial GND core.Meanwhile,some sophisticated data structures and interfaces were designed to adjust flexibly the size of boundary and halo domains according to the variable accuracy in parallel context.In addition,the I/O performance of PnetCDF decreases as the number of MPI processes increases in our experimental environment.Especially when the number exceeds 6000,it caused system-wide outages(SWO).Thus,a grouping solution was proposed to overcome that issue.Several experiments were carried out on the supercomputing platform based on Intel x86 CPUs in the National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi.The results demonstrated that the parallel GND core based on grouping solution achieves good strong scalability and improves the performance significantly,as well as avoiding the SWOs.

Incubation strategies of the Black-necked Crane(Grus nigricollis) in relation to ambient temperature and time of day

Background: The behavior of cranes reflects many of their survival strategies, but little has been known of the incubation strategies of cranes, in which both parents share incubation duties, in response to cold temperatures in alpine environments. The lack of information may restrict the effective conservation of the threatened Black-necked Crane(Grus nigricollis), a biparental bird nesting in high elevation wetlands.Methods: We directly observed and used infrared video cameras from 2014 to 2015 to study the incubation behavior and quantitatively measured the frequency and details of egg turning behavior in the Black-necked Crane at the Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve in western Gansu Province, China.Results: At lower ambient temperatures in the morning, crane parents spent more time on the nest with less recess frequency and prolonged on-bout duration, while at higher temperatures around noon, the parents had more frequent recesses from incubation and shorter periods between nest exchanges. They adjusted the amount of time incubating by varying the recess frequency and the length of on-bout duration. Mean nest attendance and egg turning frequency of females were significantly higher than those of the males. The nest attendance and on-bout duration of females showed a significantly negative relationship with those of males. The two parents responded differently to the change of temperature. Females spent more time on the nest at lower morning temperatures, while males increased their time on the nest at higher temperatures after noon. Higher incubation recess frequency and egg turning frequency were observed at noon, probably because parents spent more time foraging, taking advantage of the lower egg cooling rate.Conclusion: Both Black-necked Crane parents in the alpine environment adjusted their behavior in response to the thermal requirements of eggs and the weather conditions experienced. Our findings demonstrate that parents of this species incubated in different but complementary ways and efficiently enhanced egg care in a dynamic environment, so as to maximize benefits from the warm portion of the day and the intense solar radiation while minimizing the cost of rewarming eggs and the risks of cooling eggs.

Ergothioneine and its congeners:anti-ageing mechanisms and pharmacophore

Ergothioneine,Ovothiol,and Selenoneine are sulfur/selenium-containing histidine-derived natural products widely distributed across different organisms.They exhibit significant antioxidant properties,making them as potential lead compounds for promoting health.Increasing evidence suggests that Ergothioneine is positively correlated with healthy ageing and longevity.The mechanisms underlying Ergothioneine's regulation of the ageing process at cellular and molecular levels are beginning to be understood.In this review,we provide an in-depth and extensive coverage of the anti-ageing studies on Ergothioneine and discuss its possible intracellular targeting pathways.In addition,we highlight the recent efforts in elucidating the biosynthetic details for Ergothioneine,Ovothiol,and Selenoneine,with a particular focus on the study of their pharmacophore-forming enzymology.

Evolution on spatial patterns of structured laser beams:from spontaneous organization to multiple transformations

Spatial patterns are a significant characteristic of lasers.The knowledge of spatial patterns of structured laser beams is rapidly expanding,along with the progress of studies on laser physics and technology.Particularly in the last decades,owing to the in-depth attention on structured light with multiple degrees of freedom,the research on spatial and spatiotemporal structures of laser beams has been promptly developed.Such beams have hatched various breakthroughs in many fields,including imaging,microscopy,metrology,communication,optical trapping,and quantum information processing.Here,we would like to provide an overview of the extensive research on several areas relevant to spatial patterns of structured laser beams,from spontaneous organization to multiple transformations.These include the early theory of beam pattern formation based on the Maxwell–Bloch equations,the recent eigenmodes superposition theory based on the time-averaged Helmholtz equations,the beam patterns extension of ultrafast lasers to the spatiotemporal beam structures,and the structural transformations in the nonlinear frequency conversion process of structured beams.

祁连山绿色发展:从生态治理到生态恢复

在祁连山生态环境经重锤整治、生态恢复初显成效之际,第二次青藏高原综合科学考察之'祁连山综合考察'全面开启.优先围绕生态系统与生态安全、固体水库动态变化、人类活动变化与生态生计影响三大关键任务,开展天-空-地一体化考察,定量核算了生态环境整治后局部的生态环境收益与经济损失,并基于远程耦合方法核算了祁连山的全局生态系统服务价值.研究发现:生态环境整治提升了生态环境服务价值;暖湿化背景下生态系统整体向好,珍稀物种种群扩大,但对局部草原过牧管控不力导致退化;冰川冰储量亏损加剧,冰川融水径流贡献率将越过临界点;过去10多年冻土融化释放的水量约为1.18 km3/a,相当于祁连山出山河流年径流总量的10%;祁连山全局生态系统服务估算价值高达10676(±1601)亿元,远高于2017年区域经济损失的53.09亿元.鉴于祁连山对于全国的巨大生态价值,建议国家加大生态补偿力度,实现祁连山生态生计双赢的绿色发展.祁连山综合科学考察成果可为祁连山国家公园建设,以及'山水林田湖草'系统保护与修复提供详实数据和决策依据,为'丝绸之路经济带'沿线国家流域治理提供典型案例和科学支撑.

重度砍伐后极小种群野生植物崖柏群落结构动态

砍伐导致濒危植物种群个体数量减少,群落结构改变,加剧物种灭绝风险。崖柏(Thuja sutchuenensis)为典型极小种群野生植物,森林砍伐是导致其种群数量急剧下降的主要原因。但是,到目前为止,有关崖柏种群及其群落对砍伐的响应鲜有报道。本研究以重度砍伐后的崖柏群落为研究对象,基于对崖柏群落固定样地的调查和两次复查,对比分析了伐后崖柏种群径级结构、种群生存力、物种多样性及其群落结构动态等特征。结果表明:崖柏残存群落伐后13年崖柏种群个体数量增加了22.58%,其中幼苗幼树占85.71%,而崖柏种群生存率下降25.43%,种群死亡密度和危险率分别增加了24.12%和28.62%。崖柏群落物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数分别增加96.43%和33.35%。研究结果表明,砍伐使崖柏种群生存力及其在群落中的优势度持续下降,崖柏占优势的针阔混交林有向阔叶林演替的趋势,崖柏种群受到严重威胁,亟需采取紧急保护措施。

神农架植物物种空间周转的驱动因素

揭示区域物种组成随环境梯度的变化规律,掌握物种多样性的周转过程及其与环境的耦合关系,是理解物种多样性形成的生态过程的核心,也是生物多样性保护和保护地网络构建的科学基础。神农架是众多古老、孑遗和特有植物的关键栖息地,也是全球落叶木本植物最丰富的地区之一。然而,我们对影响神农架植物物种周转并形成镶嵌格局的驱动因素知之甚少。本研究基于对神农架长期系统的植物群落物种调查数据,通过广义相异模型(GDM)和偏回归分析等方法,分析了气候差异、地理距离、人为干扰等因素对神农架植物物种周转的驱动效应。结果表明,随着年均温(MAT)、≥0℃积温、≥10℃积温差异和地理距离增大,植物β多样性显著增加,而年均降水量(MAP)、距离道路距离及森林破碎化等人为干扰因素对植物β多样性无显著影响。地理距离、气候差异和人为干扰分别解释了物种相异性变异的28.75%、34.56%和12.55%,其交互作用解释了变异的8.52%。地理距离、气候差异和人为干扰共同解释了物种相异性变异的43.47%。综上,地理距离和温度分异是驱动神农架植物物种空间周转过程的关键因素。保护海拔梯度上植被的垂直带谱及复杂多样的地貌异质性,是维持神农架物种周转生态过程的关键,也是神农架国家公园建设乃至鄂西北保护地网络构建应关注的重点。

Influence of ammonium and nitrate supply on growth, nitrate reductase activity and N-use efficiency in a natural hybrid pine and its parents

Selection of tree species with a high capacity to assimilate N and efficiently utilize N resources would facilitate the success of initial tree seedling establishment in infertile soils.The preference for N forms was tested using three pine species(Pinus densata,Pinus tabuliformis and Pinus yunnanensis).Pinus densata is a natural diploid hybrid between P.tabuliformis and P.yunnanensis.Methods Seedlings of three pine species were supplied with nitrate-N,ammonium-N(at two different pH regimes)or combined ammonium and nitrate as a nitrogen source in perlite culture in a controlled environment.Important Findings Seedlings of P.densata had higher total biomass and net photosynthesis when supplied with nitrate-N and ammonium nitrate than with ammonium-N.In parental species,total biomass and net photosynthesis for P.yunnanensis seedlings was higher in ammonium-N than in nitrate-N,whereas the other parental species P.tabuliformis had the highest total biomass among species for all treatments except ammonium with CaCO_(3).Most morphological traits in P.densata seedlings were intermediate between its two parental species.However,N-use efficiency and photosynthetic N-use efficiency of P.densata significantly exceeded both parents when supplied with nitrate-N and ammonium nitrate.The results suggested that the diploid hybrid tree species P.densata has a preference for nitrate and is not well adapted to ammonium-N as a sole nitrogen source regardless of the growth medium pH.Based on changes in environmental conditions,such as predicted future temperature increases in high altitude areas associated with climate change,P.densata is likely to be increasingly competitive and have wide adaptation in high altitude regions.

Multicarbons generation factory:CuO/Ni single atoms tandem catalyst for boosting the productivity of CO_(2)electrocatalysis

Tandem electrocatalysis is an emerging concept for effective electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)towards multicarbons(C_(2+)).This decouples the multiple steps of CO_(2)-to-C_(2+)into two steps of CO_(2)-to-CO and CO-to-C_(2+)catalyzed by individual catalysts,to improve the Faradic efficiency(FE).However,due to the mass-transport limitation of CO from the generation site to the long-distance consumption site,such a strategy still remains challenge for high-rate production of C_(2+)products.Herein,we designed CuO/Ni single atoms tandem catalyst,which made the catalytic sites of Ni and Cu for independently catalyzing CO_(2)-to-CO and CO-to-C_(2+)compactly neighbored,enabling the in-situ generation and rapid consumption of CO.The CuO/Ni SAs tandem catalyst achieved a particularly high partial current density of C_(2+)products(1220.8 mA/cm^(2)),while still maintained outstanding C_(2+)products FE(81.4%)and excellent selectivities towards ethylene(FE 54.1%)and ethanol(FE 28.8%),enabling the profitable production of multicarbons by CO_(2)RR.

A hierarchical heterostructure of CdS QDs confined on 3D ZnIn_(2)S_(4) with boosted charge transfer for photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction

Metal sulfide based materials as photocatalysts for energy conversion are essential to produce value-added chemical fuels,but their intrinsically slow carrier dynamics and low activity are yet to be resolved.Herein,we developed a unique heterogeneously nanostructured ZnIn_(2)S_(4)-CdS heterostructure that involves zero-dimensional(0D)CdS quantum dots uniformly confined on three-dimensional(3D)ZnIn_(2)S_(4)nanoflowers,which achieves an excellent catalytic performance of CO_(2) photoconversion under visible-light irradiation.The obtained hierarchical heterostructure can significantly enhance the light harvesting,shorten the migration distance of carriers,and obviously accelerate the transport of electrons.As evidenced by the ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy,the formed interface can effectively facilitate charge separation and transport.This work opens up a new avenue to carefully design the elaborate heterostructures for achieving optimal charge separation efficiency by lowering interfacial kinetic barriers and energy losses at the interface.

Divergent patterns of foliar δ^(13)C and δ^(15)N in Quercus aquifolioides with an altitudinal transect on the Tibetan Plateau: an integrated study based on multiple key leaf functional traits

Aims With a close association with plant water availability,foliar δ^(13)C had been investigated extensively in alpine regions;however,foliar δ^(15)N has rarely been concurrently used as an indicator of plant nitrogen availability.Due to the positive correlations between leaf nitrogen con-tent and foliar δ^(13)C andδ15N found in previous studies,we expected that they should show consistent patterns along an altitudinal gradient.Methods To test our hypothesis,we measured foliar δ^(13)C andδ15N in conjunc-tion with multiple key leaf functional traits of Quercus aquifolioides,a dominant species of alpine forest on the eastern slopes of the sygera mountains,southeastern Tibetan Plateau from 2500 to 3800 m.Important findings(i)Contrary to our hypothesis,foliar δ^(13)C exhibited a significant pos-itive linear relationship with altitude;in contrast,foliarδ15N initially increased and subsequently decreased with altitude,the change in trend occurring around 3300 m.(ii)our analyses indicated that leaf internal resistance and stomatal conductance,rather than photosynthetic capacity indicated by leaf N concentration,appar-ently explained the altitudinal variation in foliar δ^(13)C,while differ-ences in foliar δ^(15)N were likely the result of soil N availability.(iii)Principal component analysis revealed a clear association between δ^(13)C and a tradeoff between water loss and carbon gain,indicated by traits related to gas exchange such as leaf thickness,density,sto-matal properties.In contrast,the second axis was associated withδ15N and nitrogen acquisition strategy in Q.aquifolioides across its altitudinal distribution,represented by traits related to nitrogen concentration and stomata per gram of leaf nitrogen.

Heterologous expression of Avermectins biosynthetic gene cluster by construction of a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome library of the producers

Avermectins,a group of polyketide natural products,are widely used as anthelmintics in agriculture.Metabolic engineering and combinatorial biosynthesis were extensively employed to improve Avermectins production and create novel Avermectin derivatives,including Ivermectin and Doramectin.It is labor intensive and time cost to genetically manipulate Avermectins producer Streptomyces avermitilis in vivo.Cloning and heterologous expression of Avermectins biosynthetic gene cluster will make it possible to tailor the cluster in vitro.We constructed a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome(BAC)library of S.avermitilis ATCC 31267 with inserted DNA fragments ranged from 100 to 130 Kb.Five recombinant BAC clones which carried the Avermectins biosynthetic gene cluster ave(81 Kb in size)were screened out from the library.Then,ave was hetero-expressed in S.lividans.Three Avermectin components,A2a,B1a and A1a were detected from the cell extracts of recombinant strains.It will facilitate the development of Avermectin derivatives by polyketide synthase domain swapping and provide functional element for Avermectins synthetic biology study.