《Routledge语言测试手册(第二版)》述评

Glenn Fulcher教授与Luke Harding教授合编的新作《Routledge语言测试手册(第二版)》于2022年由Routledge公司出版,各章节由领域内的知名专家学者倾力创作。该手册全面审视了语言测试的多个方面,包括测试设计、实施、分析、评估方法以及测试在不同领域中的应用,反映了当前研究的前沿动态,并对未来发展提出展望,是语言测试研究者的必读之作。本文旨在介绍手册的主要内容并对其进行评价。

Probing the electric double layer structure at nitrogen-doped graphite electrodes by constant-potential molecular dynamics simulations

Electric double layer(EDL)is a critical topic in electrochemistry and largely determines the working performance of lithium batteries.However,atomic insights into the EDL structures on heteroatom-modified graphite anodes and EDL evolution with electrode potential are very lacking.Herein,a constant-potential molecular dynamics(CPMD)method is proposed to probe the EDL structure under working conditions,taking N-doped graphite electrodes and carbonate electrolytes as an example.An interface model was developed,incorporating the electrode potential and atom electronegativities.As a result,an insightful atomic scenario for the EDL structure under varied electrode potentials has been established,which unveils the important role of doping sites in regulating both the EDL structures and the following electrochemical reactions at the atomic level.Specifically,the negatively charged N atoms repel the anions and adsorb Li~+at high and low potentials,respectively.Such preferential adsorption suggests that Ndoped graphite can promote Li~+desolvation and regulate the location of Li~+deposition.This CPMD method not only unveils the mysterious function of N-doping from the viewpoint of EDL at the atomic level but also applies to probe the interfacial structure on other complicated electrodes.

Graphene Nanoribbons Enhancing the Electronic Conductivity and Ionic Diffusion of Graphene Electrodes for High-Performance Microsupercapacitors

The electrochemical performance of microsupercapacitors with graphene electrodes is reduced by the issue of graphene sheets aggregation,which limits electrolyte ions penetration into electrode.Increasing the space between graphene sheets in electrodes facilitates the electrolyte ions penetration,but sacrifices its electronic conductivity which also influences the charge storage ability.The challenging task is to improve the electrodes’electronic conductivity and ionic diffusion simultaneously,boosting the device’s electrochemical performance.Herein,we experimentally realize the enhancement of both electronic conductivity and ionic diffusion from 2D graphene nanoribbons assisted graphene electrode with porous layer-uponlayer structure,which is tailored by graphene nanoribbons and self-sacrificial templates ethyl cellulose.The designed electrode-based device delivers a high areal capacitance of 71 mF cm^(-2)and areal energy density of 9.83μWh cm^(-2),promising rate performance,outstanding cycling stability with 97%capacitance retention after 20000 cycles,and good mechanical properties.The strategy paves the way for fabricating high-performance graphene-based MSCs.

First identification of a novel Aichivirus D in goats with diarrhea

Kobuvirus comprises 6 officially recognized species,namely Aichivirus A-F,and can be further divided into 20 genotypes through VP1 gene phylogenetic analysis(https://ictv.global/report/chapter/picornaviridae/picornaviridae/kobuvirus).Aichivirus A in human,Aichivirus B in bovine,Aichivirus C in porcine and caprine,Aichivirus D in yak have been proved to be associated with diarrhea(Chen Y S et al.2013;Yang et al.2015;Zhu et al.2016;Zhai et al.2017;Wang et al.2020;Abi et al.2022;Yan et al.2023).

Recalescence Velocity and Microstructure Evolution of Deeplyundercooled Cu_(65)Ni_(35) Alloy

The Cu_(65)Ni_(35) alloy liquid was undercooled by the fluxing method,and the rapid solidification structure was obtained by natural cooling.The solidification interface migration information of Cu_(65)Ni_(35) alloy liquid in rapid solidification stage was photographed with the help of high-speed camera,and the recalescence velocity was calculated.The microstructure evolution of the alloy was systematically studied by observing the microstructure morphology and taking photos on the metallographic microscope.By analyzing the evolution of dendrite grain size and microstructure microhardness with undercoolingand relying on electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)technology,the grain refinement mechanism of microstructure under high undercooling and low undercooling is finally confirmed.

A review of nanocarbons in energy electrocatalysis: Multifunctional substrates and highly active sites

Nanocarbons are of progressively increasing importance in energy electrocatalysis, including oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, hydrogen evolution, COreduction, etc. Precious-metal-free or metal-free nanocarbon-based electrocatalysts have been revealed to potentially have effective activity and remarkable durability, which is promising to replace precious metals in some important energy technologies,such as fuel cells, metal–air batteries, and water splitting. In this review, rather than overviewing recent progress completely, we aim to give an in-depth digestion of present achievements, focusing on the different roles of nanocarbons and material design principles. The multifunctionalities of nanocarbon substrates(accelerating the electron and mass transport, regulating the incorporation of active components,manipulating electron structures, generating confinement effects, assembly into 3 D free-standing electrodes) and the intrinsic activity of nanocarbon catalysts(multi-heteroatom doping, hierarchical structure,topological defects) are discussed systematically, with perspectives on the further research in this rising research field. This review is inspiring for more insights and methodical research in mechanism understanding, material design, and device optimization, leading to a targeted and high-efficiency development of energy electrocatalysis.

Recent advances in spinel-type electrocatalysts for bifunctional oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions

The demand for efficient and environmentally-benign electrocatalysts that help availably harness the renewable energy resources is growing rapidly. In recent years, increasing insights into the design of water electrolysers, fuel cells, and metal–air batteries emerge in response to the need for developing sustainable energy carriers, in which the oxygen evolution reaction and the oxygen reduction reaction play key roles. However, both reactions suffer from sluggish kinetics that restricts the reactivity. Therefore, it is vital to probe into the structure of the catalysts to exploit high-performance bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts. Spinel-type catalysts are a class of materials with advantages of versatility, low toxicity, low expense, high abundance, flexible ion arrangement, and multivalence structure. In this review, we afford a basic overview of spinel-type materials and then introduce the relevant theoretical principles for electrocatalytic activity, following that we shed light on the structure–property relationship strategies for spinel-type catalysts including electronic structure, microstructure, phase and composition regulation,and coupling with electrically conductive supports. We elaborate the relationship between structure and property, in order to provide some insights into the design of spinel-type bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts.

Reference Gene Selection for Normalization of PCR Analysis in Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Infected with H5N1 AIV

Chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) are among the most commonly used cells for the study of interactions between chicken hosts and H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV).In this study,the expression of eleven housekeeping genes typically used for the normalization of quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) analysis in mammals were compared in CEFs infected with H5N1 AIV to determine the most reliable reference genes in this system.CEFs cultured from 10-day-old SPF chicken embryos were infected with 100 TCID50 of H5N1 AIV and harvested at 3,12,24 and 30 hours post-infection.The expression levels of the eleven reference genes in infected and uninfected CEFs were determined by real-time PCR.Based on expression stability and expression levels,our data suggest that the ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4) and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta polypeptide (YWHAZ) are the best reference genes to use in the study of host cell response to H5N1 AIV infection.However,for the study of replication levels of H5N1 AIV in CEFs,the β-actin gene (ACTB) and the ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4) gene are the best references.

Radiomics and nomogram of magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative prediction of microvascular invasion in small hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Microvascular invasion(MVI)of small hepatocellular carcinoma(sHCC)(≤3.0 cm)is an independent prognostic factor for poor progression-free and overall survival.Radiomics can help extract imaging information associated with tumor pathophysiology.AIM To develop and validate radiomics scores and a nomogram of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid(Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)for preoperative prediction of MVI in sHCC.METHODS In total,415 patients were diagnosed with sHCC by postoperative pathology.A total of 221 patients were retrospectively included from our hospital.In addition,we recruited 94 and 100 participants as independent external validation sets from two other hospitals.Radiomics models of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI)were constructed and validated using machine learning.As presented in the radiomics nomogram,a prediction model was developed using multivariable logistic regression analysis,which included radiomics scores,radiologic features,and clinical features,such as the alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)level.The calibration,decision-making curve,and clinical usefulness of the radiomics nomogram were analyzed.The radiomic nomogram was validated using independent external cohort data.The areas under the receiver operating curve(AUC)were used to assess the predictive capability.RESULTS Pathological examination confirmed MVI in 64(28.9%),22(23.4%),and 16(16.0%)of the 221,94,and 100 patients,respectively.AFP,tumor size,non-smooth tumor margin,incomplete capsule,and peritumoral hypointensity in hepatobiliary phase(HBP)images had poor diagnostic value for MVI of sHCC.Quantitative radiomic features(1409)of MRI scans)were extracted.The classifier of logistic regression(LR)was the best machine learning method,and the radiomics scores of HBP and DWI had great diagnostic efficiency for the prediction of MVI in both the testing set(hospital A)and validation set(hospital B,C).The AUC of HBP was 0.979,0.970,and 0.803,respectively,and the AUC of DWI was 0.971,0.816,and 0.801(P<0.05),respectively.Good calibration and discrimination of the radiomics and clinical combined nomogram model were exhibited in the testing and two external validation cohorts(C-index of HBP and DWI were 0.971,0.912,0.808,and 0.970,0.843,0.869,respectively).The clinical usefulness of the nomogram was further confirmed using decision curve analysis.CONCLUSION AFP and conventional Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI features have poor diagnostic accuracies for MVI in patients with sHCC.Machine learning with an LR classifier yielded the best radiomics score for HBP and DWI.The radiomics nomogram developed as a noninvasive preoperative prediction method showed favorable predictive accuracy for evaluating MVI in sHCC.

Recent advances in electrocatalytic oxygen reduction for on-site hydrogen peroxide synthesis in acidic media

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) via two-electron pathway is a promising approach to decentralized and on-site hydrogen peroxide (H_(2)O_(2)) production beyond the traditional anthraquinone process.In recent years,electrochemical H_(2)O_(2) production in acidic media has attracted increasing attention owing to its stronger oxidizing capacity,superior stability,and higher compatibility with various applications.Here,recent advances of H_(2)O_(2) electrosynthesis in acidic media are summarized.Specifically,fundamental aspects of two-electron ORR mechanism are firstly presented with an emphasis on the pH effect on catalytic performance.Major categories of promising electrocatalysts are then reviewed,including noble-metal-based materials,non-noble-metal single-atom catalysts,non-noblemetal compounds,and metal-free carbon-based materials.The innovative development of electrochemical devices and in situ/on-site application of electrogenerated H_(2)O_(2) are also highlighted to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale fundamental research and practically relevant H_(2)O_(2) electrosynthesis.Finally,critical perspectives on present challenges and promising opportunities for future research are provided.

Molecular-scale controllable conversion of biopolymers into hard carbons towards lithium and sodium ion batteries: A review

Hard carbons are widely investigated as potential anodes for lithium and sodium ion batteries owing to their internally well-tailored textures(closed pores and defects) and large microcrystalline interlayer spacing. The renewable biomass is a green and economically attractive carbon source to produce hard carbons. However, the chemical and structural complexity of biomass has plagued the understanding of evolution mechanism from organic precursors to hard carbons and the structure-property relationship.This makes it difficult to finely tune the microstructure of biomass-derived hard carbons, thus greatly restricting their high-performance applications. Most recently, the optimal utilization and controllable conversion of biomass-derived biopolymers(such as starch, cellulose and lignin) at the molecular level have become a burgeoning area of research to develop hard carbons for advanced batteries.Considering the principal source of carbonaceous materials is from biomass pyrolysis, we firstly overview the chemical structures and pyrolysis behaviors of three main biopolymers. Then, the controllable preparation of hard carbons using various physicochemical properties of biopolymers at the molecular level is systematically discussed. Furthermore, we highlight present challenges and further opportunities in this field. The Review will guide future research works on the design of sustainable hard carbons and the optimization of battery performance.

Core-branch Co Ni hydroxysulfides with versatilely regulated electronic and surface structures for superior oxygen evolution electrocatalysis

To satisfy the rapid development of gas-involving electrocatalysis(O2, CO2, N2, etc.), nanostructured electrocatalysts with favorably regulated electronic structure and surface nanostructures are urgently required. Herein, we highlighted a core-branch hydroxysulfide as a significantly enhanced oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalyst. This hydroxysulfide was facilely fabricated via a versatile interfacial reaction in S2- inorganic solution at room temperature for a designed period. The moderative growth kinetics contributed to the growth of interconnected hydroxysulfide nanosheets with high-sulfur contents on the hydroxide precursor substrates, resulting in a hierarchical nanostructure with multifunctional modifications, including regulated electronic structure, rapid electron highway, excellent accessibility, and facilitated mass transfer. Such synthetic methodology can be generalized and facilely governed by regulating the temperature, concentration, duration, and solvent for targeted nanostructures. Contributed to the favorably regulated electronic structure and surface nanostructure, the as-obtained core-branch Co2NiS2.4(OH)1.2 sample exhibits superior OER performance, with a remarkably low overpotential(279 m V required for 10.0 m A c^m-2), a low Tafel slope(52 m V dec^-1), and a favorable long-term stability. This work not only presents a promising nanostructured hydroxysulfide for excellent OER electrocatalysis, but also shed fresh lights on the further rational development of efficient electrocatalysts.

Review on lithium metal anodes towards high energy density batteries

Lithium metal anode(LMA) is a promising candidate for achieving next-generation high-energy-density batteries due to its ultrahigh theoretical capacity and most negative electrochemical potential. However, the practical application of lithium metal battery(LMB) is largely retarded by the instable interfaces, uncontrolled dendrites, and rapid capacity deterioration. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview towards the working principles and inherent challenges of LMAs. Firstly, we diligently summarize the intrinsic mechanism of Li stripping and plating process. The recent advances in atomic and mesoscale simulations which are crucial in guiding mechanism study and material design are also summarized. Furthermore, the advanced engineering strategies which have been proved effective in protecting LMAs are systematically reviewed, including electrolyte optimization, artificial interface, composite/alloy anodes and so on. Finally, we highlight the current limitations and promising research directions of LMAs. This review sheds new lights on deeply understanding the intrinsic mechanism of LMAs, and calls for more endeavors to realize practical Li metal batteries.

Pumpkin-like MoP-MoS_(2)@Aspergillus niger spore-derived N-doped carbon heterostructure for enhanced potassium storage

Biomass-derived carbon materials are widely applied in the energy storage and conversion fields due to their rich sources,low price and environmental friendliness.Herein,a unique pumpkin-like MoPMoS_(2)@Aspergillus niger spore-derived N-doped carbon(SNC)composite has been prepared via a simple hydrothermal and subsequent phosphorization process.Interestingly,the resulting MoP-MoS_(2)@SNC well inherits the pristine morphology of spore carbon,similar to the natural pumpkin,with hollow interiors and uneven protrusions on the surface.The special structure allows it to have sufficient space to fully contact the electrolyte and greatly reduces the ion transport distance.The theory calculations further demonstrate that the formed MoP-MoS_(2)heterostructure can enhance the adsorption of K ions and electronic couplings.With these unique advantages,the MoP-MoS_(2)@SNC anode for potassium storage shows a high reversible capability of 286.2 mAh g&(-1) at 100 mA g^(-1) after 100 cycles and superior rate performance.The enhanced electrochemical performance is mainly related to the unique pumpkin-like morphology of SNC and the construction of MoP-MoS_(2)heterostructure,as well as their perfect coupling.This study provides a feasible design idea for developing green,low-cost,and high-performance electrode materials for next-generation energy storage.

Regeneration of single-atom catalysts deactivated under acid oxygen reduction reaction conditions

Single-atom catalysts serve as a promising candidate to realize noble-metal-free electrocatalytic oxygen reduction in acid media.However,their poor stability under working conditions strictly restrains their practical applications.Therefore,regeneration of their electrocatalytic activity is of great significance.Herein,the regeneration of a Fe-N-C single-atom catalyst is demonstrated to be feasible by a facile annealing regeneration strategy.The activity after regeneration recovers to that of the pristine electrocatalyst and surpasses the deactivated electrocatalyst.The regeneration mechanism is identified to be selfetching of the surface carbon layer and consequent exposure of the previously buried single-atom sites.Furthermore,the regeneration strategy is applicable to other single-atom catalysts.This work demonstrates the feasibility of regenerating oxygen reduction electrocatalysts and affords a pioneering approach to deal with rapid deactivation under working conditions.

Vanadium-based compounds and heterostructures as functional sulfur catalysts for lithium-sulfur battery cathodes

Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have attracted wide attention for their high theoretical energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the shuttle effect of polysulfides and the insulation of active materials severely restrict the development of Li-S batteries.Constructing conductive sulfur scaffolds with catalytic conversion capability for cathodes is an efficient approach to solving above issues.Vanadium-based compounds and their heterostructures have recently emerged as functional sulfur catalysts supported on conductive scaffolds.These compounds interact with polysulfides via different mechanisms to alleviate the shuttle effect and accelerate the redox kinetics,leading to higher Coulombic efficiency and enhanced sulfur utilization.Reports on vanadium-based nanomaterials in Li-S batteries have been steadily increasing over the past several years.In this review,first,we provide an overview of the synthesis of vanadium-based compounds and heterostructures.Then,we discuss the interactions and constitutive relationships between vanadium-based catalysts and polysulfides formed at sulfur cathodes.We summarize the mechanisms that contribute to the enhancement of electrochemical performance for various types of vanadium-based catalysts,thus providing insights for the rational design of sulfur catalysts.Finally,we offer a perspective on the future directions for the research and development of vanadium-based sulfur catalysts.

Recent progress on the prediction of two-dimensional materials using CALYPSO

In recent years, structure design and predictions based on global optimization approach as implemented in CALYPSO software have gained great success in accelerating the discovery of novel two-dimensional(2D) materials. Here we highlight some most recent research progress on the prediction of novel 2D structures, involving elements, metal-free and metal-containing compounds using CALYPSO package. Particular emphasis will be given to those 2D materials that exhibit unique electronic and magnetic properties with great potentials for applications in novel electronics, optoelectronics,magnetronics, spintronics, and photovoltaics. Finally, we also comment on the challenges and perspectives for future discovery of multi-functional 2D materials.

Effective exposure of nitrogen heteroatoms in 3D porous graphene framework for oxygen reduction reaction and lithium–sulfur batteries

The introduction of nitrogen heteroatoms into carbon materials is a facile and efficient strategy to regulate their reactivities and facilitate their potential applications in energy conversion and storage. However,most of nitrogen heteroatoms are doped into the bulk phase of carbon without site selectivity, which significantly reduces the contacts of feedstocks with the active dopants in a conductive scaffold. Herein we proposed the chemical vapor deposition of a nitrogen-doped graphene skin on the 3D porous graphene framework and donated the carbon/carbon composite as surface N-doped grapheme（SNG）. In contrast with routine N-doped graphene framework（NGF） with bulk distribution of N heteroatoms, the SNG renders a high surface N content of 1.81 at%, enhanced electrical conductivity of 31 S cm^（-1）, a large surface area of 1531 m^2 g^（-1）, a low defect density with a low I_D/I_G ratio of 1.55 calculated from Raman spectrum, and a high oxidation peak of 532.7 ℃ in oxygen atmosphere. The selective distribution of N heteroatoms on the surface of SNG affords the effective exposure of active sites at the interfaces of the electrode/electrolyte, so that more N heteroatoms are able to contact with oxygen feedstocks in oxygen reduction reaction or serve as polysulfide anchoring sites to retard the shuttle of polysulfides in a lithium–sulfur battery. This work opens a fresh viewpoint on the manipulation of active site distribution in a conductive scaffolds for multi-electron redox reaction based energy conversion and storage.

Dual-site collaboration boosts electrochemical nitrogen reduction on Ru-S-C single-atom catalyst

Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen into ammonia(NH_(3))is a highly attractive but challenging route for NH_(3)production.We propose to realize a synergetic work of multi reaction sites to overcome the limitation of sustainable NH_(3)production.Herein,using ruthenium-sulfur-carbon(Ru-S-C)catalyst as a prototype,we show that the Ru/S dual-site cooperates to catalyse eletrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction(eNRR)at ambient conditions.With the combination of theoretical calculations,in situ Raman spectroscopy,and experimental observation,we demonstrate that such Ru/S dual-site cooperation greatly facilitates the activation and first protonation of N_(2)in the rate-determining step of eNRR.As a result,Ru-S-C catalyst exhibits significantly enhanced eNRR performance compared with the routine Ru-N-C catalyst via a single-site catalytic mechanism.We anticipate that our specifically designed dual-site collaborative catalytic mechanism will open up a new way to offers new opportunities for advancing sustainable NH_(3)production.

Technetium-99m-labeled annexin V imaging for detecting prosthetic joint infection in a rabbit model

Accurate and timely diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection is essential to initiate early treatment and achieve a favorable outcome. In this study, we used a rabbit model to assess the feasibility of technetium-99m-labeled annexin V for detecting prosthetic joint infection. Right knee arthroplasty was performed on 24 New Zealand rabbits. After surgery, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was intra-articularly injected to create a model of prosthetic joint infection （the infected group, n = 12）. Rabbits in the control group were injected with sterile saline （n= 12）. Seven and 21 days after surgery, technetium-99m-labeled annexin V imaging was per- formed in 6 rabbits of each group. Images were acquired 1 and 4 hours after injection of technetium-99m- labeled annexin V （150 MBq）. The operated-to-normal-knee activity ratios were calculated for quantitative ana- lysis. Seven days after surgery, increased technetium-99m-labeled annexin V uptake was observed in all cases. However, at 21 days a notable decrease was found in the control group, but not in the infected group. The operated-to-normal-knee activity ratios of the infected group were 1.84 ±0.29 in the early phase and 2.19 ±0.34 in the delay phase, both of which were significantly higher than those of the control group （P=0.03 and P=0.02）. The receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed that the operated-to-normal-knee activity ratios of the delay phase at 21 days was the best indicator, with an accuracy of 80%. In conclusion, technetium- 99m-labeled annexin V imaging could effectively distinguish an infected prosthetic joint from an uninfected prosthetic joint in a rabbit model.