Understanding the vertical distribution of ozone is crucial when assessing both its horizontal and vertical transport,as well as when analyzing the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere.One of the most ef...Understanding the vertical distribution of ozone is crucial when assessing both its horizontal and vertical transport,as well as when analyzing the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere.One of the most effective ways to obtain high spatial resolution ozone profiles is through satellite observations.The Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument(EMI)deployed on the Gaofen-5 satellite is the first Chinese ultraviolet-visible hyperspectral spectrometer.However,retrieving ozone profiles using backscattered radiance values measured by the EMI is challenging due to unavailable measurement errors and a low signal-to-noise ratio.The algorithm developed for the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument did not allow us to retrieve 87%of the EMI pixels.Therefore,we developed an algorithm specific to the characteristics of the EMI.The fitting residuals are smaller than 0.3%in most regions.The retrieved ozone profiles were in good agreement with ozonesonde data,with maximum mean biases of 20%at five latitude bands.By applying EMI averaging kernels to the ozonesonde profiles,the integrated stratospheric column ozone and tropospheric column ozone also showed excellent agreement with ozonesonde data,The lower layers(0-7.5 km)of the EMI ozone profiles reflected the seasonal variation in surface ozone derived from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center(CNEMC).However,the upper layers(9.7-16.7 km)of the ozone profiles show different trends,with the ozone peak occurring at an altitude of 9.7-16.7 km in March,2019.A stratospheric intrusion event in central China from August 11 to 15,2019,is captured using the EMI ozone profiles,potential vorticity data,and relative humidity data.The increase in the CNEMC ozone co ncentration showed that downward transport enhanced surface ozone pollution.展开更多
This paper first attempts to solve the transient heat conduction problem by combining the recently proposed local knot method(LKM)with the dual reciprocity method(DRM).Firstly,the temporal derivative is discretized by...This paper first attempts to solve the transient heat conduction problem by combining the recently proposed local knot method(LKM)with the dual reciprocity method(DRM).Firstly,the temporal derivative is discretized by a finite difference scheme,and thus the governing equation of transient heat transfer is transformed into a non-homogeneous modified Helmholtz equation.Secondly,the solution of the non-homogeneous modified Helmholtz equation is decomposed into a particular solution and a homogeneous solution.And then,the DRM and LKM are used to solve the particular solution of the non-homogeneous equation and the homogeneous solution of the modified Helmholtz equation,respectively.The LKM is a recently proposed local radial basis function collocationmethod with themerits of being simple,accurate,and free ofmesh and integration.Compared with the traditional domain-type and boundary-type schemes,the present coupling algorithm could be treated as a really good alternative for the analysis of transient heat conduction on high-dimensional and complicated domains.Numerical experiments,including two-and three-dimensional heat transfer models,demonstrated the effectiveness and accuracy of the new methodology.展开更多
Recently,air pollution especially fine particulate matters(PM_(2.5))and ozone(O_(3))has become a severe issue in China.In this study,we first characterized the temporal trends of PM_(2.5) and O_(3) for Beijing,Guangzh...Recently,air pollution especially fine particulate matters(PM_(2.5))and ozone(O_(3))has become a severe issue in China.In this study,we first characterized the temporal trends of PM_(2.5) and O_(3) for Beijing,Guangzhou,Shanghai,andWuhan respectively during 2018-2020.The annual mean PM2.5 has decreased by 7.82%-33.92%,while O_(3) concentration showed insignificant variations by-6.77%-4.65%during 2018-2020.The generalized additive models(GAMs)were implemented to quantify the contribution of individual meteorological factors and their gas precursors on PM_(2.5) and O_(3).On a short-term perspective,GAMs modeling shows that the daily variability of PM_(2.5) concentration is largely related to the variation of precursor gases(R=0.67-0.90),while meteorological conditions mainly affect the daily variability of O_(3) concentration(R=0.65-0.80)during 2018-2020.The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on PM_(2.5) and O_(3) concentrations were also quantified by using GAMs.During the 2020 lockdown,PM_(2.5) decreased significantly for these megacities,yet the ozone concentration showed an increasing trend compared to 2019.The GAMs analysis indicated that the contribution of precursor gases to PM_(2.5) and O_(3) changes is 3-8 times higher than that of meteorological factors.In general,GAMsmodeling on air quality is helpful to the understanding and control of PM2.5 and O3 pollution in China.展开更多
Abundances of a range of air pollutants can be inferred from satellite UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements by using the unique absorption signatures of gas species.Here,we implemented several spectral fitting methods to ...Abundances of a range of air pollutants can be inferred from satellite UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements by using the unique absorption signatures of gas species.Here,we implemented several spectral fitting methods to retrieve tropospheric NO_(2),SO_(2),and HCHO from the ozone monitoring instrument(OMI),with radiative simulations providing necessary information on the interactions of scattered solar light within the atmosphere.We analyzed the spatial distribution and temporal trends of satellite-observed air pollutants over eastern China during 2005-2017,especially in heavily polluted regions.We found significant decreasing trends in NO_(2) and SO_(2) since 2011 over most regions,despite varying temporal features and turning points.In contrast,an overall increasing trend was identified for tropospheric HCHO over these regions in recent years.Furthermore,generalized additive models were implemented to understand the driving forces of air quality trends in China and assess the effectiveness of emission controls.Our results indicated that although meteorological parameters,such as wind,water vapor,solar radiation and temperature,mainly dominated the day-to-day and seasonal fluctuations in air pollutants,anthropogenic emissions played a unique role in the long-term variation in the ambient concentrations of NO_(2),SO_(2),and HCHO in the past 13 years.Generally,recent declines in NO_(2) and SO_(2) could be attributed to emission reductions due to effective air quality policies,and the opposite trends in HCHO may urge the need to control anthropogenic volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions.展开更多
The Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument(EMI)is the first Chinese satellite-borne UV–Vis spectrometer aiming to measure the distribution of atmospheric trace gases on a global scale.The EMI instrument onbo...The Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument(EMI)is the first Chinese satellite-borne UV–Vis spectrometer aiming to measure the distribution of atmospheric trace gases on a global scale.The EMI instrument onboard the GaoFen-5 satellite was launched on 9 May 2018.In this paper,we present the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide(NO2)vertical column density(VCD)retrieval algorithm dedicated to EMI measurement.We report the first successful retrieval of tropospheric NO_(2) VCD from the EMI instrument.Our retrieval improved the original EMI NO_(2) prototype algorithm by modifying the settings of the spectral fit and air mass factor calculations to account for the on-orbit instrumental performance changes.The retrieved EMI NO_(2) VCDs generally show good spatiotemporal agreement with the satellite-borne Ozone Monitoring Instrument and TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(correlation coefficient R of ~0.9,bias<50%).A comparison with ground-based MAX-DOAS(Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy)observations also shows good correlation with an R of 0.82.The results indicate that the EMI NO_(2) retrieval algorithm derives reliable and precise results,and this algorithm can feasibly produce stable operational products that can contribute to global air pollution monitoring.展开更多
Previous studies reported a significant overestimation of the Sentinel-5 Precursor(S-5P)official operational SO_(2) product in global SO_(2) emissions[1],[2].As such,China successfully launched the GaoFen-5 satellite ...Previous studies reported a significant overestimation of the Sentinel-5 Precursor(S-5P)official operational SO_(2) product in global SO_(2) emissions[1],[2].As such,China successfully launched the GaoFen-5 satellite into the sun-synchronous polar orbit on May 9,2018[3].展开更多
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic,governments worldwide imposed lockdown measures in early 2020,resulting in notable reductions in air pollutant emissions.The changes in air quality during the pandemic have been in...In response to the COVID-19 pandemic,governments worldwide imposed lockdown measures in early 2020,resulting in notable reductions in air pollutant emissions.The changes in air quality during the pandemic have been investigated in numerous studies via satellite observations.Nevertheless,no relevant research has been gathered using Chinese satellite instruments,because the poor spectral quality makes it extremely difficult to retrieve data from the spectra of the Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument(EMI),the first Chinese satellite-based ultraviolet–visible spectrometer monitoring air pollutants.However,through a series of remote sensing algorithm optimizations from spectral calibration to retrieval,we successfully retrieved global gaseous pollutants,such as nitrogen dioxide(NO2),sulfur dioxide(SO2),and formaldehyde(HCHO),from EMI during the pandemic.The abrupt drop in NO2 successfully captured the time for each city when effective measures were implemented to prevent the spread of the pandemic,for example,in January 2020 in Chinese cities,February in Seoul,and March in Tokyo and various cities across Europe and America.Furthermore,significant decreases in HCHO in Wuhan,Shanghai,Guangzhou,and Seoul indicated that the majority of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)emissions were anthropogenic.Contrastingly,the lack of evident reduction in Beijing and New Delhi suggested dominant natural sources of VOCs.By comparing the relative variation of NO2 to gross domestic product(GDP),we found that the COVID-19 pandemic had more influence on the secondary industry in China,while on the primary and tertiary industries in Korea and the countries across Europe and America.展开更多
Coupling effect of chemical composition and physical structure is a key factor to construct superaerophobic electrodes.Almost all reports about superaerophobic electrodes were aimed at precisely controlling morphology...Coupling effect of chemical composition and physical structure is a key factor to construct superaerophobic electrodes.Almost all reports about superaerophobic electrodes were aimed at precisely controlling morphology of loaded materials(constructing specific structure)and ignored the due role of substrate.Nevertheless,in this work,by using high precision and controllable femtosecond laser,hierarchical micro-nano structures with superaerophobic properties were constructed on the surface of silicon substrate(fs-Si),and such special super-wettability could be successfully inherited to subsequent self-supporting electrodes through chemical synthesis.Femtosecond laser processing endowed electrodes with high electrochemical surface area,strong physical structure,and remarkable superaerophobic efficacy.As an unconventional processing method,the reconstructed morphology of substrate surface bears the responsibility of superaerophobicity,thus liberating the structural constraints on loaded materials.Since this key of coupling effect is transferred from the loaded materials to substrate,we provided a new general scheme for synthesizing superaerophobic electrodes.The successful introduction of femtosecond laser will open a new idea to synthesize self-supporting electrodes for gas-involving reactions.展开更多
Gene Ontology(GO)has been widely used to annotate functions of genes and gene products.Here,we proposed a new method,Triplet GO,to deduce GO terms of protein-coding and noncoding genes,through the integration of four ...Gene Ontology(GO)has been widely used to annotate functions of genes and gene products.Here,we proposed a new method,Triplet GO,to deduce GO terms of protein-coding and noncoding genes,through the integration of four complementary pipelines built on transcript expression profile,genetic sequence alignment,protein sequence alignment,and naīve probability.Triplet GO was tested on a large set of 5754 genes from 8 species(human,mouse,Arabidopsis,rat,fly,budding yeast,fission yeast,and nematoda)and 2433 proteins with available expression data from the third Critical Assessment of Protein Function Annotation challenge(CAFA3).Experimental results show that Triplet GO achieves function annotation accuracy significantly beyond the current state-of-the-art approaches.Detailed analyses show that the major advantage of Triplet GO lies in the coupling of a new triplet network-based profiling method with the feature space mapping technique,which can accurately recognize function patterns from transcript expression profiles.Meanwhile,the combination of multiple complementary models,especially those from transcript expression and protein-level alignments,improves the coverage and accuracy of the final GO annotation results.The standalone package and an online server of Triplet GO are freely available at https://zhanggroup.org/Triplet GO/.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42225504 and 41977184)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA23020301)+3 种基金the Key Research and Development Project of Anhui Province(202104i07020002)the Major Projects of High Resolution Earth Observation Systems of National Science and Technology(05-Y30B01-9001-19/20-3)the Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry/China Meteorological Administration(LAC/CMA)(2022B06)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2021443).
文摘Understanding the vertical distribution of ozone is crucial when assessing both its horizontal and vertical transport,as well as when analyzing the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere.One of the most effective ways to obtain high spatial resolution ozone profiles is through satellite observations.The Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument(EMI)deployed on the Gaofen-5 satellite is the first Chinese ultraviolet-visible hyperspectral spectrometer.However,retrieving ozone profiles using backscattered radiance values measured by the EMI is challenging due to unavailable measurement errors and a low signal-to-noise ratio.The algorithm developed for the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument did not allow us to retrieve 87%of the EMI pixels.Therefore,we developed an algorithm specific to the characteristics of the EMI.The fitting residuals are smaller than 0.3%in most regions.The retrieved ozone profiles were in good agreement with ozonesonde data,with maximum mean biases of 20%at five latitude bands.By applying EMI averaging kernels to the ozonesonde profiles,the integrated stratospheric column ozone and tropospheric column ozone also showed excellent agreement with ozonesonde data,The lower layers(0-7.5 km)of the EMI ozone profiles reflected the seasonal variation in surface ozone derived from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center(CNEMC).However,the upper layers(9.7-16.7 km)of the ozone profiles show different trends,with the ozone peak occurring at an altitude of 9.7-16.7 km in March,2019.A stratospheric intrusion event in central China from August 11 to 15,2019,is captured using the EMI ozone profiles,potential vorticity data,and relative humidity data.The increase in the CNEMC ozone co ncentration showed that downward transport enhanced surface ozone pollution.
基金supported by the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China (No.11802151)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (No.ZR2019BA008)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2019M652315).
文摘This paper first attempts to solve the transient heat conduction problem by combining the recently proposed local knot method(LKM)with the dual reciprocity method(DRM).Firstly,the temporal derivative is discretized by a finite difference scheme,and thus the governing equation of transient heat transfer is transformed into a non-homogeneous modified Helmholtz equation.Secondly,the solution of the non-homogeneous modified Helmholtz equation is decomposed into a particular solution and a homogeneous solution.And then,the DRM and LKM are used to solve the particular solution of the non-homogeneous equation and the homogeneous solution of the modified Helmholtz equation,respectively.The LKM is a recently proposed local radial basis function collocationmethod with themerits of being simple,accurate,and free ofmesh and integration.Compared with the traditional domain-type and boundary-type schemes,the present coupling algorithm could be treated as a really good alternative for the analysis of transient heat conduction on high-dimensional and complicated domains.Numerical experiments,including two-and three-dimensional heat transfer models,demonstrated the effectiveness and accuracy of the new methodology.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2018YFC0213104 and 2017YFC0210002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41977184,41941011,and 51778596)+5 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA23020301)the Major Projects of High Resolution Earth Observation Systems of National Science and Technology(No.05-Y30B01-9001-19/20-3)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(No.2021443),the Young Talent Project of the Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment,CAS(CERAE202004)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2020TQ0320 and 2021M693068)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2108085QD178)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Recently,air pollution especially fine particulate matters(PM_(2.5))and ozone(O_(3))has become a severe issue in China.In this study,we first characterized the temporal trends of PM_(2.5) and O_(3) for Beijing,Guangzhou,Shanghai,andWuhan respectively during 2018-2020.The annual mean PM2.5 has decreased by 7.82%-33.92%,while O_(3) concentration showed insignificant variations by-6.77%-4.65%during 2018-2020.The generalized additive models(GAMs)were implemented to quantify the contribution of individual meteorological factors and their gas precursors on PM_(2.5) and O_(3).On a short-term perspective,GAMs modeling shows that the daily variability of PM_(2.5) concentration is largely related to the variation of precursor gases(R=0.67-0.90),while meteorological conditions mainly affect the daily variability of O_(3) concentration(R=0.65-0.80)during 2018-2020.The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on PM_(2.5) and O_(3) concentrations were also quantified by using GAMs.During the 2020 lockdown,PM_(2.5) decreased significantly for these megacities,yet the ozone concentration showed an increasing trend compared to 2019.The GAMs analysis indicated that the contribution of precursor gases to PM_(2.5) and O_(3) changes is 3-8 times higher than that of meteorological factors.In general,GAMsmodeling on air quality is helpful to the understanding and control of PM2.5 and O3 pollution in China.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41722501,91544212,51778596,41575021,41875043,and 41977184)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2018YFC0213104,2017YFC0210002,and 2016YFC0203302)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA23020301)the National Key Project for Causes and Control of Heavy Air Pollution(Nos.DQGG0102 and DQGG0205)the Major Projects of High Resolution Earth Observation Systems of National Science and Technology(05-Y30B01-9001-19/20-1).
文摘Abundances of a range of air pollutants can be inferred from satellite UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements by using the unique absorption signatures of gas species.Here,we implemented several spectral fitting methods to retrieve tropospheric NO_(2),SO_(2),and HCHO from the ozone monitoring instrument(OMI),with radiative simulations providing necessary information on the interactions of scattered solar light within the atmosphere.We analyzed the spatial distribution and temporal trends of satellite-observed air pollutants over eastern China during 2005-2017,especially in heavily polluted regions.We found significant decreasing trends in NO_(2) and SO_(2) since 2011 over most regions,despite varying temporal features and turning points.In contrast,an overall increasing trend was identified for tropospheric HCHO over these regions in recent years.Furthermore,generalized additive models were implemented to understand the driving forces of air quality trends in China and assess the effectiveness of emission controls.Our results indicated that although meteorological parameters,such as wind,water vapor,solar radiation and temperature,mainly dominated the day-to-day and seasonal fluctuations in air pollutants,anthropogenic emissions played a unique role in the long-term variation in the ambient concentrations of NO_(2),SO_(2),and HCHO in the past 13 years.Generally,recent declines in NO_(2) and SO_(2) could be attributed to emission reductions due to effective air quality policies,and the opposite trends in HCHO may urge the need to control anthropogenic volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.41722501,91544212,51778596,and 41575021)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(nos.2018YFC0213104,2017YFC0210002,and 2016YFC0203302)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(no.XDA23020301)the National Key Project for Causes and Control of Heavy Air Pollution(nos.DQGG0102 and DQGG0205)the National High-Resolution Earth Observation Project of China(no.05-Y30B01-9001-19/20-3).
文摘The Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument(EMI)is the first Chinese satellite-borne UV–Vis spectrometer aiming to measure the distribution of atmospheric trace gases on a global scale.The EMI instrument onboard the GaoFen-5 satellite was launched on 9 May 2018.In this paper,we present the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide(NO2)vertical column density(VCD)retrieval algorithm dedicated to EMI measurement.We report the first successful retrieval of tropospheric NO_(2) VCD from the EMI instrument.Our retrieval improved the original EMI NO_(2) prototype algorithm by modifying the settings of the spectral fit and air mass factor calculations to account for the on-orbit instrumental performance changes.The retrieved EMI NO_(2) VCDs generally show good spatiotemporal agreement with the satellite-borne Ozone Monitoring Instrument and TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(correlation coefficient R of ~0.9,bias<50%).A comparison with ground-based MAX-DOAS(Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy)observations also shows good correlation with an R of 0.82.The results indicate that the EMI NO_(2) retrieval algorithm derives reliable and precise results,and this algorithm can feasibly produce stable operational products that can contribute to global air pollution monitoring.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC0213104, 2017YFC0210002, 2016YFC0203302 and 2017YFC0212800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41722501, 91544212, 51778596, 41575021, 41977184 and 41875043)+4 种基金Anhui Science and Technology Major Project (18030801111)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA23020301)the National Key Project for Causes and Control of Heavy Air Pollution (DQGG0102 and DQGG0205)the National High-Resolution Earth Observation Project of China (05-Y30B019001-19/20-3)Civil Aerospace Technology Advance Research Project (Y7K00100KJ)
文摘Previous studies reported a significant overestimation of the Sentinel-5 Precursor(S-5P)official operational SO_(2) product in global SO_(2) emissions[1],[2].As such,China successfully launched the GaoFen-5 satellite into the sun-synchronous polar orbit on May 9,2018[3].
基金This research was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA23020301)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC0213104 and 2017YFC0210002)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41977184,41941011,and 51778596)the Key Research and Development Project of Anhui Province(202104i07020002)the Major Projects of High Resolution Earth Observation Systems of National Science and Technology(05-Y30B01-9001-19/20-3)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2021443)the Young Talent Project of the Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment,CAS(CERAE202004).
文摘In response to the COVID-19 pandemic,governments worldwide imposed lockdown measures in early 2020,resulting in notable reductions in air pollutant emissions.The changes in air quality during the pandemic have been investigated in numerous studies via satellite observations.Nevertheless,no relevant research has been gathered using Chinese satellite instruments,because the poor spectral quality makes it extremely difficult to retrieve data from the spectra of the Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument(EMI),the first Chinese satellite-based ultraviolet–visible spectrometer monitoring air pollutants.However,through a series of remote sensing algorithm optimizations from spectral calibration to retrieval,we successfully retrieved global gaseous pollutants,such as nitrogen dioxide(NO2),sulfur dioxide(SO2),and formaldehyde(HCHO),from EMI during the pandemic.The abrupt drop in NO2 successfully captured the time for each city when effective measures were implemented to prevent the spread of the pandemic,for example,in January 2020 in Chinese cities,February in Seoul,and March in Tokyo and various cities across Europe and America.Furthermore,significant decreases in HCHO in Wuhan,Shanghai,Guangzhou,and Seoul indicated that the majority of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)emissions were anthropogenic.Contrastingly,the lack of evident reduction in Beijing and New Delhi suggested dominant natural sources of VOCs.By comparing the relative variation of NO2 to gross domestic product(GDP),we found that the COVID-19 pandemic had more influence on the secondary industry in China,while on the primary and tertiary industries in Korea and the countries across Europe and America.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21601018,51976015,51902029,61605017,and 51573023)the Science and Technology Development Planning Project of Jilin Province(Nos.20200201534JC,20200201250JC,20190103035JH,and 20200201234JC)+2 种基金Jilin Association for Science and Technology(No.QT202003)the Science and Technology Research Planning Project of the Education Department of Jilin Province(Nos.JJKH20210801KJ and JJKH20200745KJ)Project of Education Department in Jilin Province(Nos.20190586KJ and 20190552KJ).
文摘Coupling effect of chemical composition and physical structure is a key factor to construct superaerophobic electrodes.Almost all reports about superaerophobic electrodes were aimed at precisely controlling morphology of loaded materials(constructing specific structure)and ignored the due role of substrate.Nevertheless,in this work,by using high precision and controllable femtosecond laser,hierarchical micro-nano structures with superaerophobic properties were constructed on the surface of silicon substrate(fs-Si),and such special super-wettability could be successfully inherited to subsequent self-supporting electrodes through chemical synthesis.Femtosecond laser processing endowed electrodes with high electrochemical surface area,strong physical structure,and remarkable superaerophobic efficacy.As an unconventional processing method,the reconstructed morphology of substrate surface bears the responsibility of superaerophobicity,thus liberating the structural constraints on loaded materials.Since this key of coupling effect is transferred from the loaded materials to substrate,we provided a new general scheme for synthesizing superaerophobic electrodes.The successful introduction of femtosecond laser will open a new idea to synthesize self-supporting electrodes for gas-involving reactions.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62072243 and 61772273 to Dong-Jun Yu)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu,China(Grant No.BK20201304 to Dong-Jun Yu)+7 种基金the Foundation of National Defense Key Laboratory of Science and Technology,China(Grant No.JZX7Y202001SY000901 to DongJun Yu)the China Scholarship Council(Grant No.201906840041 to Yi-Heng Zhu)the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,USA(Grant No.P30ES017885 to Gilbert S.Omenn)the National Cancer Institute,USA(Grant No.U24CA210967 to Gilbert S.Omenn)the National Institute of General Medical Sciences,USA(Grant Nos.GM136422 and S10OD026825 to Yang Zhang)the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,USA(Grant No.AI134678 to Peter L.Freddolino and Yang Zhang)the National Science Foundation,USA(Grant Nos.IIS1901191,DBI2030790,and MTM2025426 to Yang Zhang)used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment(XSEDE),which is supported by the National Science Foundation,USA(Grant No.ACI1548562)。
文摘Gene Ontology(GO)has been widely used to annotate functions of genes and gene products.Here,we proposed a new method,Triplet GO,to deduce GO terms of protein-coding and noncoding genes,through the integration of four complementary pipelines built on transcript expression profile,genetic sequence alignment,protein sequence alignment,and naīve probability.Triplet GO was tested on a large set of 5754 genes from 8 species(human,mouse,Arabidopsis,rat,fly,budding yeast,fission yeast,and nematoda)and 2433 proteins with available expression data from the third Critical Assessment of Protein Function Annotation challenge(CAFA3).Experimental results show that Triplet GO achieves function annotation accuracy significantly beyond the current state-of-the-art approaches.Detailed analyses show that the major advantage of Triplet GO lies in the coupling of a new triplet network-based profiling method with the feature space mapping technique,which can accurately recognize function patterns from transcript expression profiles.Meanwhile,the combination of multiple complementary models,especially those from transcript expression and protein-level alignments,improves the coverage and accuracy of the final GO annotation results.The standalone package and an online server of Triplet GO are freely available at https://zhanggroup.org/Triplet GO/.