Research progress in tumor angiogenesis and drug resistance in breast cancer

Angiogenesis is considered a hallmark pathophysiological process in tumor development. Aberrant vasculature resulting from tumor angiogenesis plays a critical role in the development of resistance to breast cancer treatments, via exacerbation of tumor hypoxia, decreased effective drug concentrations within tumors, and immune-related mechanisms. Antiangiogenic therapy can counteract these breast cancer resistance factors by promoting tumor vascular normalization. The combination of antiangiogenic therapy with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for overcoming drug resistance in breast cancer. This review examines the mechanisms associated with angiogenesis and the interactions among tumor angiogenesis, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, drug distribution, and immune mechanisms in breast cancer. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive summary of specific antiangiogenic drugs, and relevant studies assessing the reversal of drug resistance in breast cancer. The potential mechanisms underlying these interventions are discussed, and prospects for the clinical application of antiangiogenic therapy to overcome breast cancer treatment resistance are highlighted.

Yuzaoea gen. nov., a new biraphid diatom(Bacillariophyceae)genus and its phylogenetic significance

The flexed frustules in pennate diatoms are usually associated with monoraphid diatoms. Interestingly, we found a biraphid diatom species with flexed frustules in an offshore intertidal beach environment on Weizhou Island,Beihai City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Therefore, based on morphological characteristics, we described a new genus of diatoms Yuzaoea sinensis gen. et sp. nov. CH Li, HH Liu, YH Gao & CP Chen. The frustule of this genus is characterized by heterogeneous frustule with one concave valve and one convex valve,complete raphe on both valves, straight and moderately eccentric raphe, uniseriate striae and girdle bands with a single row of areolae. The most identifying feature of this genus was the flexed frustule, which is rare in biraphid diatoms and common in monoraphid diatoms. We compared the morphometric characteristics of genus Yuzaoea with genus Rhoikoneis and several genera within the family Rhoicospheniaceae, including Rhoicosphenia,Campylopyxis, and Cuneolus. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA and rbc L showed that the genus Yuzaoea was the sister group to the clade of Rhoicosphenia with a high support value(bootstrap values = 100%), and the clade “Yuzaoea+Rhoicosphenia” was sister to the clade of monoraphid diatoms, in which the genera Achnanthidium, Planothidium and some Cocconeis with high support values(bootstrap = 100%).Morphologically, the genus Yuzaoea shares many morphological features with monoraphid diatoms like genera Achnanthidium and Planothidium and the members within the Rhoicospheniaceae. Therefore, based on a combined morphological studies and phylogenetic results we suggested that this branch may represented the evolution of one kind monoraphid diatoms, from biraphid diatoms(e.g. genus Yuzaoea), to incompleted biraphid diatoms(e.g. genera Rhoicosphenia, Campylopyxis), to monoraphid diatoms(e.g. genera Achnanthidium and Planothidium).

Relationship between toxic and harmful microalgae and environmental factors in typical mariculture areas of East China Sea

Toxic and harmful algal blooms are usually more frequent in mariculture areas due to the abundant trophic conditions.To investigate the relationship between toxic and harmful microalgae and environmental factors,we set up 12 stations near three mariculture regions(Gouqi Island,Sandu Bay,and Dongshan Bay)in the East China Sea.We collected samples from all four seasons starting from May 2020 to March 2021.We identifi ed 199 species belonging to 70 genera,of which 38 species were toxic and harmful,including 24 species of Dinophyceae,13 species of Bacillariophyceae,and 1 species of Raphidophyceae.The species composition of toxic and harmful microalgae showed a predominance of diatoms in the summer(August),and dinofl agellates in the spring(May),autumn(November),and winter(March).The cell densities of toxic and harmful microalgae were higher in summer(with an average value of 15.34×10^(3) cells/L)than in other seasons,3.53×10^(3) cells/L in spring,1.82×10^(3) cells/L in winter,and 1.0×10^(3) cells/L in autumn.Pseudo-nitzschia pungens,Prorocentrum minimum,Paralia sulcata,and Prorocentrum micans were the dominant species and were available at all 12 stations in the three mariculture areas.We selected 10 toxic and harmful microalgal species with frequency>6 at the survey stations for the redundancy analysis(RDA),and the results show that NO^(-)_(3),water temperature(WT),pH,DO,and NO^(-)_(2) were the main factors on distribution of toxic and harmful microalgae.We concluded that the rich nutrient conditions in the East China Sea mariculture areas increased the potential for the risk of toxic and harmful microalgal bloom outbreaks.

Brachyuran Crab Fauna Character Estimated from Marine Water of Bangladesh and Noted New Record (Crustacea: Decapoda) as Distribution

As habitat and distribution, in the study a total of 18 crab species were identified, belonging to 10 families (Calappidae, Epialtidae, Gecarcinidae, Grapsidae, Matutidae, Ocypodidae, Panopeidae, Sesarmidae, Varunidae, and Xanthidae) order Decapoda under subphylum crustacean with relevant distinguish morphological and meristic character and geographical position. We investigated crab species of Bangladesh from December 2013 to October 2014. All species samples were collected by hand picking on a baseline survey in Saint Martin’s Island (the only coral island of Bangladesh) and adjacent marine water body of Bay of Bengal, Satkhira area (brackish and freshwater) and mangrove forest area (Sundarban). Among 18 species, 10 crab species from Family Epialtidae (1 species), Gecarcinidae (2 species), Ocypodidae (1 species), Panopeidae (1 species), Sesarmidae (1 species) and Xanthidae (4 species) were newly occurred in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Cardisoma armatum and Zosymus aeneus species were larger than other enlisted species.

Genetic and morphological differences between yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) from the Bohai Sea, China and the Southern Ocean, Australia

The aquaculture of yellowtail kingfish(Seriola lalandi)has expanded around the globe,including China.Genetic resource of Chinese S.lalandi urgently needs to be assessed for improving production.Here,we collected wild S.lalandi samples from the Bohai Sea,China and evaluated its genetic diversity based on 17,690 nuclear loci.A population from the Southern Ocean,Australia was used for comparison.The analyses showed that the Chinese and Australian S.lalandi formed two completely distinct clusters and there was no genetic introgression from the Australian S.lalandi into the Chinese S.lalandi population.The genetic diversity is slightly lower,but comparable in Chinese versus Australian yellowtail kingfish(Chinese population,expected heterozygosity:0.19,observed heterozygosity:0.19,nucleotide diversity:0.19±0.09;Australian population,expected heterozygosity:0.23,observed heterozygosity:0.22,nucleotide diversity:0.22±0.11).Overall,our results indicated that Chinese S.lalandi could be a potential subject for genetic breeding programs.We also investigated morphological characters and developed molecular markers for population identification.Comparison of meristic characters between the Chinese population and the Australian population revealed that main shape difference were in the number of dorsal spines,dorsal fin rays and the number of upper gill rakers.Geometric morphology based on eight landmarks also revealed significant difference between the two populations including the distance between the tip of snout to origin of pelvic fin and the distance between the tip of snout to origin of pectoral fin.These morphological characters can be used for easy identification of the Chinese S.lalandi.

Morphological and skeletal comparison and ecological adaptability of Mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi and big-eye Mandarin fish Siniperca kneri

Most of the closely related fish species are similar in appearance,with slight differences.This study evaluated 35 morphological characteristic parameters and the number,shape,and spatial location of bones in the skull and vertebrae of the mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi and big-eye mandarin fish Siniperca kneri.We can understand their ecological adaptability,compare their morphological and skeletal differences,and elucidate the relationship between their phenotypic trait differences and skeletal characteristics.The results were as follows:1.The Student’s t-test results revealed significant differences between S.chuatsi and S.kneri in terms of head depth,head back length,snout length,interorbital distance,distance of the eyes from the oral fissure,and width between the posterior trunk and base of the caudal fin.Principal component and discriminant analysis showed that the main morphological differences between S.chuatsi and S.kneri were in the eye position,head hump and body shape.2.There was no significant difference in the number and shape of the skull and vertebrae between S.chuatsi and S.kneri,but they differed in spatial position.The terminus of the maxilla in S.chuatsi is located at the lower border of the postorbital bone,but at the anterior in S.kneri.The size of head hump is closely related to the spatial location of the splanchnocranium in S.chuatsi and S.kneri.The angles between the caudal vertebrae centrum and each of the following:the neural arch and spine;haemal arch and spine of S.chuatsi are larger than those of S.kneri.In conclusion,the morphological differences between S.chuatsi and S.kneri are closely related to the spatial position of skeleton.These phenotypic differences reflect the ecological adaptation of mandarin fish to different natural environments.

Eye location, cranial asymmetry, and swimming behavior of different variants of Solea senegalensis

Many flatfish species,such as Scophthalmus maximus,Paralichthys olivaceus,Solea senegalensis,are extensively cultured worldwide.In flatfishes,eye migration varies among different species and even within the same species.The genetic mechanism underlying eye migration is still unclear,and it is the key to improve metamorphosis in flatfish aquaculture and understand flatfish evolution.In this study,the high frequency of eye location variants in an artificial S.senegalensis population allowed us to investigate the eye preference during migration;completeness of the eye migration;and other related left-right asymmetric characteristics,such as asymmetrical skull remodeling and lying down on one side.The different frequencies of eye preference during migration,completeness of the eye migration,and settling side suggest that they are determined by different genotypes and imply independent evolutionary events during flatfish evolution.We found that the swimming time may be related to the completeness of eye migration,and further the migration of the eye,the more time the fish spent at the sea bottom.The left-right asymmetric degrees of not only the frontal bones and lateral ethmoids but also the jaw bone,including the premaxillary,maxillary,and dentary bones,depend on the completeness of eye migration.Finally,we proposed a hypothesis for the asymmetric origin of flatfish that provides reasonable explanations for the selective advantages of primitive flatfish species.