Discussion on the privilege system in the laws of the Ming Dynasty

An important guiding thought that ran through the laws of the Ming Dynasty was ＂governing the country according to the corpus juries＂. The founding emperor of Ming Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang found that the laws of the former Yuan Dynasty could not suit the demands of the development of the new situations, so he developed the new statutes. The laws of the Ming Dynasty absorbed the lessons that the Yuan government law and discipline ceased to be binding or become lax, and put forward that the laws must be strict, and abolished the system of the prime minister, showing a high degree of centralization. The laws of the Ming Dynasty had the important influence on the political thoughts in the late feudal society, so the researches on the legal systems in the Ming dynasty have practical significance. This paper briefly expounds the legal privileges of the Ming Dynasty for reference.

M3受体在盐酸戊乙奎醚减轻内毒素诱导人肺微血管内皮细胞损伤中的作用

目的 评价M3受体在盐酸戊乙奎醚(PHC)减轻内毒素(LPS)诱导人肺微血管内皮细胞损伤中的作用.方法 正常人肺微血管内皮细胞和M3 shRNA转染人肺微血管内皮细胞,以1×105个∕ml的密度接种于6孔板(2 ml∕孔)或培养瓶(4 ml∕瓶)中,采用随机数字表法分为5组(n=5):对照组(C组)、LPS组、PHC+LPS组(P+LPS组)、LPS+M3 shRNA转染组(LPS+shRNA组)和PHC+LPS+M3 shRNA转染组(P+LPS+shRNA组).C组不给予药物处理;余各组均加入终浓度为0.1μg∕ml LPS;P+LPS组和P+LPS+shRNA组于加入LPS前1 h加入PHC 2μg∕ml;LPS+shRNA组和P+LPS+shRNA组以含2.5 nmol∕L M3受体shRNA的质粒转染细胞.加入LPS后1 h时,采用流式细胞仪测定内皮细胞纤维状肌动蛋白(F-actin)的含量;免疫荧光法检测肌球蛋白轻链激酶(MLCK)和血管内皮钙黏蛋白(VE-cadherin)的表达;Western blot法检测NF-κB p65和IκB的表达;ELISA法测定TNF-α和IL-6的含量;实时定量PCR法分别检测加入LPS后10、30和60 min时M3受体mRNA表达水平.结果 与C组比较,LPS组和P+LPS组F-actin含量降低,VE-cadherin和IκB表达下调,TNF-α和IL-6含量升高,MLCK和NF-κB p65表达上调(P<0.05);与C组比较,LPS组M3受体mRNA表达上调(P<0.05),P+LPS组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与LPS组比较,P+LPS组和LPS+shRNA组F-actin含量升高,VE-cadherin和IκB表达上调,TNF-α和IL-6浓度降低,MLCK、NF-κB p65和M3受体mRNA表达下调(P<0.05);与P+LPS组比较,P+LPS+shRNA组F-actin含量升高,VE-cadherin和IκB表达上调,TNF-α和IL-6浓度降低,MLCK、NF-κB p65和M3受体mRNA表达下调(P<0.05).结论 PHC可通过干扰M3受体,抑制NF-κB介导炎性反应,减轻LPS诱导的人肺微血管内皮细胞损伤.