Expert consensus on the technical specifications of the in vitro skin penetration test of cosmetic product by Franz diffusion cell

Background:Diffusion cell test is one of the most commonly used in vitro model to detect the percutaneous absorption of cosmetic ingredients.Although PRC State Administration of Quality Supervision and Quarantine has issued the guideline for the in vitro test method for the percutaneous absorption of drug molecules,there is still a lack of guideline for the percutaneous absorption test of cosmetic components.Objective:In order to improve the standardized level and make the in vitro percutaneous absorption test of cosmetic ingredients more comparable,based on the international and domestic experience,Transdermal Drug Delivery Committee of the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies organized the experts to discuss and formed this consensus as reference for the percutaneous absorption test of cosmetic components.Materials and Methods:To standardize the in vitro diffusion cell test technique for transdermal penetration of functional cosmetic ingredients,the Transdermal Drug Delivery Professional Committee of the World Federation of Societies of Traditional Chinese Medicine has organized many discussions among experts.

Towards Intelligent Reflecting Surface Empowered 6G Terahertz Communications: A Survey

Terahertz(THz)communications have been widely envisioned as a promising enabler to provide adequate bandwidth and achieve ultra-high data rates for sixth generation(6G)wireless networks.In order to mitigate blockage vulnerability caused by serious propagation attenuation and poor diffraction of THz waves,an intelligent reflecting surface(IRS),which manipulates the propagation of incident electromagnetic waves in a programmable manner by adjusting the phase shifts of passive reflecting elements,is proposed to create smart radio environments,improve spectrum efficiency and enhance coverage capability.Firstly,some prospective application scenarios driven by the IRS empowered THz communications are introduced,including wireless mobile communications,secure communications,unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)scenario,mobile edge computing(MEC)scenario and THz localization scenario.Then,we discuss the enabling technologies employed by the IRS empowered THz system,involving hardware design,channel estimation,capacity optimization,beam control,resource allocation and robustness design.Moreover,the arising challenges and open problems encountered in the future IRS empowered THz communications are also highlighted.Concretely,these emerging problems possibly originate from channel modeling,new material exploration,experimental IRS testbeds and intensive deployment.Ultimately,the combination of THz communications and IRS is capable of accelerating the development of 6G wireless networks.

Identification of Sphaeroma terebrans via morphology and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene

Sphaeroma terebrans, a wood-boring isopoda, is distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical mangroves. The taxonomy of S. terebrans is usually based on morphological characteristics, with its molecular identification still poorly understood. The number of teeth on the uropodal exopod and the length of the propodus of the seventh pereopod are considered as the major morphological characteristics in S. terebrans, which can cause difficulty in regards to accurate identification. In this study, we identified S. terebrans via molecular and morphological data. Furthermore, the validity of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I （COl） gene as a DNA barcode for the identification of genus Sphaeroma, including species S. terebrans, S. retrolaeve, and S. serratum, was examined. The mitochondrial COl gene sequences of all specimens were sequenced and analysed. The interspecific Kimura 2-parameter distances were higher than intraspecific distances and no intraspecificinterspecific distance overlaps were observed. In addition, genetic distance and nucleotide diversity （TT） exhibited no differences within S. terebrans. Our results revealed that the mitochondrial COl gene can serve as a valid DNA barcode for the identification of S. terebrans. Furthermore, the number of teeth on the uropodal exopod and the length of the propodus of the seventh pereopod were found to be unreliable taxonomic characteristics for S. terebrans.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Macro brachium nippon ense in response to Aerom onas veronii or Staphylococcus au reus infection

Macrobrachium nipponense is an economically important freshwater prawn that is often threatened by many aquatic pathogens.In this study,comparative transcriptomic analysis was fi rstly used to explore the transcriptional response of M.nipponense to Aeromonas veronii or Staphylococcus aureus stimulation.A total of 400.19 million clean reads were obtained and assembled into 56944 unigenes with an average length of 1253 bp.A total of 1857 diff erentially expressed genes were found after A.veronii infection,including 677 genes that were up-regulated and 1180 genes that were down-regulated,while 1061 signifi cant diff erentially expressed genes were identifi ed after S.aureus infection,including 390 up-regulated and 671 down-regulated genes.Many immune-related genes including Spaetzle,prophenoloxidase activating factor,C-type lectin,anti-lipopolysaccharide factor,and inhibitor of apoptosis 2 protein were commonly up-regulated after A.veronii or S.aureus infection.This study will enrich our understanding of the immune response to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria infection in crustaceans.

Terahertz Wireless Communications

With Wireless communications in the 0.1-10TeraHertz(THz)band are envisioned as one of the key enablers towards ubiquitous wireless communications beyond 5G accommodating a massive number of connected devices and ultra-high user data rates in the order of Tera-bit-per-second.The THz band is located between the millimeter-wave(mmWave)and the far infrared(IR)band and still considered as one of the least investigated and exploited regions in the electromagnetic spectrum.

Full-length transcriptome sequence and SSR marker development for genetic diversity research in yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus

Yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus is an important economic fish in Chinese coastal areas.Given its narrow distribution and overfishing,the genetic diversity of yellowfin seabream has been restricted for artificial breeding and reproduction.We performed full-length transcriptome sequencing and assembly of the genome of yellowfin seabream.A total of 68086 unigenes were obtained,with an N50 of 3391 bp on average length of 2933 bp.A total number of 50593 expressed sequence tags linked to simple sequence repeats(EST-SSR)were identified,among them dinucleotide repeats(40.6%)and AC/GT motifs(38.5%)were the most frequent.Of the 190 EST-SSRs for which PCR primer pairs were designed,150 primer pairs successfully amplified target loci and 15 SSRs showed high polymorphism.The alleles per locus ranged 6-50 on average of 25.3.The expected and observed heterozygosity varied from 0.632 to 0.969 and from 0.519 to 0.953,respectively.The polymorphic index content(PIC)values of each locus ranged 0.587-0.966 on average of 0.851.Among six yellowfin seabream population samples preliminarily tested for genetic diversity and differentiation,the Fangchenggang(FCG)population in Guangxi Province had the highest mean observed heterozygosity(H_(o))value(0.786),whereas the Zhangzhou(ZZ)population in Fujian Province had the lowest(0.678).The pairwise fixation index(Fst)values indicated significant population differentiation among six yellowfin seabream populations.This study provided evidence for the usefulness of the transcriptomic resource information and EST-SSR markers for natural resource conservation,population genetics,and breeding studies of yellowfin seabream in South China.

Identification of potential sex-related genes in Siniperca chuatsi

Mandarin fish(Siniperca chuatsi)is an economically important freshwater fish cultured in China.In this species,females grow faster than males.However,due to the lack of available genomic and transcriptome information,the mechanisms of sex differentiation remain poorly understood.In this study,Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence four cDNA libraries;the tissues examined included hypothalamus,pituitary gland,ovary,and testis.A total of 134124 high-quality unigenes were obtained on average length of 1361 bp and N50 of 3312 bp.A search of all-unigene sequences against NR,NT,SwissProt,KOG,KEGG,GO,and InterPro databases resulted in 59688(44.50%),76329(56.91%),50432(37.60%),45741(34.10%),48760(36.35%),5241(3.91%),and 46099(34.37%)annotations,respectively.In a comparison of ovarian and testicular libraries,15289 ovary-biased genes and 10035 testis-biased genes were identified,including a series of genes related to sex determination and differentiation,such as cyp19a1a,foxl2,sox9,dmrt1,amh,and others.In addition,49495 SSRs and 85899 SNPs were detected in transcriptome data.Quantitative real-time PCR results of 15 sex-related functional genes indicated that RNA-seq data was reliable.This study will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of sex differentiation and development in Mandarin fish.

Kinetics and mechanism of hexavalent chromium removal by basic oxygen furnace slag

Basic oxygen furnace slag（BOFS） has the potential to remove hexavalent chromium（Cr（VI））from wastewater by a redox process due to the presence of minerals containing Fe2＋. The effects of the solution p H, initial Cr（VI） concentration, BOFS dosage, BOFS particle size, and temperature on the removal of Cr（VI） was investigated in detail through batch tests. The chemical and mineral compositions of fresh and reacted BOFS were characterized using scanning electron microscope（SEM） equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer（EDS）system and X-ray diffractometer（XRD）. The results show that Cr（VI） in wastewater can be efficiently removed by Fe2＋released from BOFS under appropriate acidic conditions. The removal of Cr（VI） by BOFS significantly depended on the parameters mentioned above. The reaction of Cr（VI） with BOFS followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Fe2＋responsible for Cr（VI） removal was primarily derived from the dissolution of Fe O and Fe3O4 in BOFS. When H2SO4 was used to adjust the solution acidity, gypsum（Ca SO4·2H2O）could be formed and become an armoring precipitate layer on the BOFS surface, hindering the release of Fe2＋and the removal of Cr（VI）. Finally, the main mechanism of Cr（VI） removal by BOFS was described using several consecutive reaction steps.

In situ tracking of the lithiation and sodiation process of disodium terephthalate as anodes for rechargeable batteries by Raman spectroscopy

Organic compounds represent an appealing group of electrode materials for rechargeable batteries due to their merits of biomass,sustainability,environmental friendliness,and processability.Disodium terephthalate(Na_(2)C_(8)H_(4)O_(4),Na_(2)TP),an organic salt with a theoretical capacity of 255 mAh·g^(-1),is electroactive towards both lithium and sodium.However,its electrochemical energy storage(EES)process has not been directly observed via in situ characterization techniques and the underlying mechanisms are still under debate.Herein,in situ Raman spectroscopy was employed to track the de/lithiation and de/sodiation processes of Na2TP.The appearance and then disappearance of the–COOLi Raman band at 1625 cm^(-1) during the de/lithiation,and the increase and then decrease of the–COONa Raman band at 1615 cm^(-1) during the de/sodiation processes of Na2TP elucidate the one-step with the 2Li+or 2Na+transfer mechanism.We also found that the inferior cycling stability of Na2TP as an anode for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)than lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)could be due to the larger ion radium of Na+than Li+,which results in larger steric resistance and polarization during EES.The Na2TP,therefore,shows greater changes in spectra during de/sodiation than de/lithiation.We expect that our findings could provide a reference for the rational design of organic compounds for EES.

Multiscale Feature Fusion for Gesture Recognition Using Commodity Millimeter-Wave Radar

Gestures are one of the most natural and intuitive approach for human-computer interaction.Compared with traditional camera-based or wearable sensors-based solutions,gesture recognition using the millimeter wave radar has attracted growing attention for its characteristics of contact-free,privacy-preserving and less environmentdependence.Although there have been many recent studies on hand gesture recognition,the existing hand gesture recognition methods still have recognition accuracy and generalization ability shortcomings in shortrange applications.In this paper,we present a hand gesture recognition method named multiscale feature fusion(MSFF)to accurately identify micro hand gestures.In MSFF,not only the overall action recognition of the palm but also the subtle movements of the fingers are taken into account.Specifically,we adopt hand gesture multiangle Doppler-time and gesture trajectory range-angle map multi-feature fusion to comprehensively extract hand gesture features and fuse high-level deep neural networks to make it pay more attention to subtle finger movements.We evaluate the proposed method using data collected from 10 users and our proposed solution achieves an average recognition accuracy of 99.7%.Extensive experiments on a public mmWave gesture dataset demonstrate the superior effectiveness of the proposed system.

基于熔融接枝烷基链提升聚丁烯发泡行为研究

聚烯烃材料引入长支化结构,能够提升材料熔体强度和异相成核作用,使聚合物具备更加优异的发泡性能,从而扩宽材料的应用领域.本文利用甲基丙烯酸十八烷基酯(SMA)熔融改性聚丁烯(PB),发现其链段缠结程度提升,发泡行为改善.通过红外谱图的化学结构分析以及材料的力学性能分析,发现随着SMA添加量的增加,材料拉伸强度降低,冲击强度呈现先升高后降低的趋势.示差扫描量热(DSC)的分析结果表明改性PB的结晶度下降.采用间歇釜式法制备PB发泡珠粒,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究发泡珠粒泡孔结构,结果表明:SMA改性后,发泡珠粒平均泡孔尺寸、孔径分布、泡孔密度都得到改善,发泡温度窗口加宽且发泡稳定性提升.当添加SMA达到3份时,珠粒平均泡孔直径为12.3μm,泡孔密度可达38×10^7个/cm^3,发泡倍率接近12倍,其中泡孔密度和发泡倍率分别是纯PB发泡珠粒的9.2倍和1.6倍.本文的研究成果为PB作为发泡材料提供了一定的理论和实验参考依据.

Review of heterogeneous photochemical reactions of NOy on aerosol-A possible daytime source of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere

As an important precursor of hydroxyl radical, nitrous acid （HONO） plays a key role in the chemistry of the lower atmosphere. Recent atmospheric measurements and model calculations show strong enhancement for HONO formation during daytime, while they are inconsistent with the known sources in the atmosphere, suggesting that current models are lacking important sources for HONO. In this article, heterogeneous photochemical reactions of nitric acid/nitrate anion and nitrogen oxide on various aerosols were reviewed and their potential contribution to HONO formation was also discussed. It is demonstrated that HONO can be formed by photochemical reaction on surfaces with deposited HNO3 , by photocatalytic reaction of NO2 on TiO2 or TiO2 -containing materials, and by photochemical reaction of NO2 on soot, humic acids or other photosensitized organic surfaces. Although significant uncertainties still exist in the exact mechanisms and the yield of HONO, these additional sources might explain daytime observations in the atmosphere.

Removal kinetics of phosphorus from synthetic wastewater using basic oxygen furnace slag

Removal kinetics of phosphorus through use of basic oxygen furnace slag（BOF-slag）was investigated through batch experiments. Effects of several parameters such as initial phosphorus concentration, temperature, BOF-slag size, initial p H, and BOF-slag dosage on phosphorus removal kinetics were measured in detail. It was demonstrated that the removal process of phosphorus through BOF-slag followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The apparent rate constant（kobs） significantly decreased with increasing initial phosphorus concentration, BOF-slag size, and initial p H, whereas it exhibited an opposite trend with increasing reaction temperature and BOF-slag dosage.A linear dependence of kobson total removed phosphorus（TRP） was established with kobs=（3.51 ± 0.11） × 10^-4× TRP. Finally, it was suggested that the Langmuir–Rideal（L–R）or Langmuir–Hinshelwood（L–H） mechanism may be used to describe the removal process of phosphorus using BOF-slag.

Preparation of V_2O_5 from converter slag containing vanadium

Preparation of V2O5 from converter slag （CS） was investigated through roasting, leaching, extracting, and precipitating processes. The corresponding roles of the parameters during every procedure were analyzed in detail. （NH4）2SO4 and KHSO4 were used as fusing agents to transform compounds containing vanadium into soluble species. Mass ratio of （NH4）2SO4 to CS, mass ratio of KHSO4 to CS, and roasting temperature during the roasting process can significantly influence leaching rate of vanadium （LRV）. With H2SO4 as leaching agent, 99.2 % vanadium in CS can be leached out under the optimum leaching conditions, which mainly refer to liquid-to-solid ratio, H2SO4 concentration, leaching temperature, and leaching time. Extracting and back-extracting processes were introduced to purify the vanadium from the H2SO4 lixivium. Extracting rate of vanadium （ERV） greatly depends on iron powder concentration, pH, diisooctyl phosphate （P2O4） content, volume ratio of extractant to H2SO4 lixivium, and extracting time. By adding ammonium hydroxide, 94.0 % vanadium in back-extracting solution can be separated in the form of precipitates. The product from the roasted precipitate mainly consists of V2O5, the content of which is higher than 90.0 %.

Photocatalytic activity of Fe-doped CaTiO_3 under UV–visible light

The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue（MB） over Fe-doped CaTiO3 under UV-visible light was investigated. The as-prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscope（SEM） equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer（EDS） system, Fourier transform infrared spectra（FT-IR）, and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy（DRS）. The results show that the doping with Fe significantly promoted the light absorption ability of CaTiO3 in the visible light region. The Fe-doped CaTiO3 exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than CaTiO3 for the degradation of MB.However, the photocatalytic activity of the Fe-doped CaTiO3 was greatly influenced by the calcination temperature during the preparation process. The Fe-doped CaTiO3 prepared at500°C exhibited the best photocatalytic activity, with degradation of almost 100% MB（10 ppm）under UV-visible light for 180 min.

Highly efficient removal of ozone by amorphous manganese oxides synthesized with a simple hydrothermal method

Amorphous manganese oxides (MnO_(x)) were synthesized by facile hydrothermal reactions between potassium permanganate and manganese acetate.Synthesis parameters,including hydrothermal time and temperature and molar ratio of precursors,significantly affected the ozone removal performance and structure property of MnO_(x).Amorphous MnO_(x)-1.5,which was prepared at the Mn^(2+)/Mn^(7+)molar ratio of 1.5 under hydrothermal conditions of 120℃ and 2 hr,showed the highest ozone removal rate of 93% after 480 min at the room temperature,RH (relative humidity)=80%and WHSV (weight hourly space velocity)=600 L/(g·hr).The morphology,composition and structure of catalysts were investigated with X-ray diffractometer (XRD),Raman spectra,N_(2) physisorption,field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),H2temperature-programmed reduction (H_(2)-TPR),O_(2) temperature-programmed desorption (O_(2)-TPD) and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS).It was confirmed that high catalytic activity of amorphous MnOxfor ozone removal was mainly ascribed to its abundant oxygen vacancies,high oxygen mobility and large specific surface area.

Cerium-modified amorphous manganese oxides for efficient catalytic removal of ozone

Manganese-based catalysts were widely developed for catalytic removal of ozone,and the low stability and water inactivation are major challenges.To improve removal performance of ozone,three methods were applied to modify amorphous manganese oxides,including acidification,calcination and Ce modification.The physiochemical properties of prepared samples were characterized,and the catalytic activity for ozone removal was evaluated.All modification methods can promote the removal of ozone by amorphous manganese oxides,and Ce modification showed the most significant enhancement.It was confirmed that the introduction of Ce markedly changed the amount and property of oxygen vacancies in amorphous manganese oxides.Superior catalytic activity of Ce-MnO_(x) can be ascribed to its more content and enhanced formation ability of oxygen vacancies,larger specific surface area and higher oxygen mobility.Furthermore,the durability tests under high relative humidity(80%)determined that Ce-MnO_(x) showed excellent stability and water resistance.These demonstrate the promising potential of amorphously Ce-modified manganese oxides for catalytic removal of ozone.

Significant influences of TiO_(2)crystal structures on NO_(2)and HONO emissions from the nitrates photolysis

The emissions of NO_(2)and HONO from the KNO_(3)photolysis in the presence of TiO_(2)were measured using a round-shape reactor coupled to a NO_(x)analyzer.TiO_(2)played important roles in the emission flux density of NO_(2)(R_(NO_(2)))and HONO(R HONO),depending on crystal structures and mass ratios of TiO_(2).R NO_(2)and R HONO significantly decreased with increasing the rutile and anatase mass ratios from 0 to 8 and 0.5 wt.%,respectively.Nevertheless,with further increasing the anatase mass ratio to 8 wt.%,there was an increase in R_(NO_(2))and R HONO.R NO_(2)on KNO_(3)/TiO_(2)/SiO_(2)had positive correlation with the KNO_(3)mass(1–20 wt.%),irradiation intensity(80–400 W/m^(2))and temperature(278–308 K),while it had the maximum value at the relative humidity(RH)of 55%.R HONO on KNO_(3)/TiO_(2)/SiO_(2)slightly varied with the KNO_(3)mass and temperature,whereas it increased with the irradiation intensity and RH.In addition,the mechanism for NO_(2)and HONO emissions from the nitrates photolysis and atmospheric implications were discussed.

Production of XX neo-male mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, after sexual differentiation by oral administration of 17α-methyltestosterone

A well-known fact about mandarin fish(Siniperca chuatsi)is that females grow faster than males.Mandarin fish that have all-female populations have economic advantages,but traditional neo-male fish are difficult to produce.In this study,indirect feeding of 500 mg/kg 17α-methyltestosterone(MT)to XX mandarin fish(60 dpf,days post fertilization)with completely differentiated ovaries induced secondary sex reversal.At 40 days after MT treatment,14.7%of mandarin fish with complete reversal was produced,which showed for the first time that XX mandarin fishes with differentiated ovaries still have potentially bisexual germ cells and the plasticity of sex reversal.In the MT treatment group,there was no significant difference in survival compared to the control group.The body weight of the MT treatment group was significantly lower than that of the control group 40 days after treatment(dat)(P<0.05).During MT treatment,serum 11-KT and T concentrations increased and serum E2 concentration decreased in the MT treatment group,but there was no significant difference in hormone levels between the MT treatment group and the control group.A masculinization of mandarin fish was also confirmed by the expression patterns of sex-specific genes sox9,dmrt1,cyp19a1a and foxl2.A significant amount of sox9 and dmrt1 was expressed in the fish gonads of the MT treatment group,whereas cyp19a1a and foxl2 were minimally expressed in the fish gonads.