Cloud Top Pressure Retrieval Using Polarized and Oxygen A-band Measurements from GF5 and PARASOL Satellites

Cloud top pressure(CTP)is one of the critical cloud properties that significantly affects the radiative effect of clouds.Multi-angle polarized sensors can employ polarized bands(490 nm)or O_(2)A-bands(763 and 765 nm)to retrieve the CTP.However,the CTP retrieved by the two methods shows inconsistent results in certain cases,and large uncertainties in low and thin cloud retrievals,which may lead to challenges in subsequent applications.This study proposes a synergistic algorithm that considers both O_(2)A-bands and polarized bands using a random forest(RF)model.LiDAR CTP data are used as the true values and the polarized and non-polarized measurements are concatenated to train the RF model to determine CTP.Additionally,through analysis,we proposed that the polarized signal becomes saturated as the cloud optical thickness(COT)increases,necessitating a particular treatment for cases where COT<10 to improve the algorithm's stability.The synergistic method was then applied to the directional polarized camera(DPC)and Polarized and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectance(POLDER)measurements for evaluation,and the resulting retrieval accuracy of the POLDER-based measurements(RMSEPOLDER=205.176 hPa,RMSEDPC=171.141 hPa,R^(2)POLDER=0.636,R^(2)DPC=0.663,respectively)were higher than that of the MODIS and POLDER Rayleigh pressure measurements.The synergistic algorithm also showed good performance with the application of DPC data.This algorithm is expected to provide data support for atmosphere-related fields as an atmospheric remote sensing algorithm within the Cloud Application for Remote Sensing,Atmospheric Radiation,and Updating Energy(CARE)platform.

Effect of bortezomib on migration and invasion in cervical carcinoma HeLa cell

Objective:To explore the effect of bortezomib on migration and invasion of cervical carcinoma HeLa cell and specific molecular mechanism.Methods:The effect of bortezomib on the viability of HeLa cell was measured by MTT assay.The effect of bortezomib on cell migration and invasion was measured by Transwell assay and invasion experiment respectively.The activation of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and expression level of MMP2,MMP9 were assayed by western blot.Results:MTT assay indicated bortezomib(2.5 μM.5 μM,10 μM)could inhibit HeLa cell viability,and the inhibitory rate was highest at 48 h.Transwell assay and invasion experiment results showed that bortezomib inhibited HeLa cell migration and invasion.Western blotting assays presented bortezomib could suppress the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR.and down-regulate the expression of MMP2 and MMP9.Conclusions:These results suggested bortezomib could inhibit migration and invasion in cervical carcinoma HeLa cell,which might be related to Akt/mTOR signal pathway.

Stress wave propagation and incompatible deformation mechanisms in rock discontinuity interfaces in deep-buried tunnels

Complex weak structural planes and fault zones induce significant heterogeneity,discontinuity,and nonlinear characteristics of a rock mass.When an earthquake occurs,these characteristics lead to extremely complex seismic wave propagation and vibrational behaviors and thus pose a huge threat to the safety and stability of deep buried tunnels.To investigate the wave propagation in a rock mass with different structural planes and fault zones,this study first introduced the theory of elastic wave propagation and elastodynamic principles and used the Zoeppritz equation to describe wave field decomposition and develop a seismic wave response model accordingly.Then,a physical wave propagation model was constructed to investigate seismic waves passing through a fault,and dynamic damage was analyzed by using shaking table tests.Finally,stress wave attenuation and dynamic incompatible deformation mechanisms in a rock mass with fault zones were explored.The results indicate that under the action of weak structural planes,stress waves appear as a complex wave field decomposition phenomenon.When a stress wave spreads to a weak structural plane,its scattering may transform into a tensile wave,generating tensile stress and destabilizing the rock mass;wave dynamic energy is absorbed by a low-strength rock through wave scattering,which significantly weakens the seismic load.Wave propagation accelerates the initiation and expansion of internal defects in the rock mass and leads to a dynamic incompatible deformation.This is one of the main causes for large deformation and even instability within rock masses.These findings provide an important reference and guide with respect to stability analysis of rock mass with weak structural planes and fault zones.

对流层臭氧卫星遥感反演综述

臭氧是地球大气中最重要的痕量气体之一,在气候变化和生态环境中均扮演着至关重要的角色。对流层臭氧作为光化学烟雾的重要成分之一,其浓度变化与人类活动息息相关。基于卫星遥感技术监测对流层臭氧浓度可以帮助我们更好地发现和定量解释对流层臭氧在不同季节、不同时刻以及不同区域的变化特征,探讨臭氧在对流层中的成因机制。随着卫星遥感技术的全面发展,臭氧遥感产品(例如臭氧总量、廓线等)无论在产品精度或是时空分辨率方面均取得了显著进步,然而,由于受较弱卫星信号与复杂下垫面的影响,对流层臭氧遥感产品精度仍无法满足目前对流层大气成分的精细化科学应用研究。主要围绕对流层臭氧卫星遥感,回顾和分析了臭氧卫星遥感载荷的发展历程和现状,结果表明国内外已基于不同谱段(紫外—可见光、热红外和太赫兹)实现了全球及区域臭氧的时空分布探测;讨论了基于不同技术遥感反演算法(直接与间接反演、多波段联合反演、天底—临边协同反演、基于机器学习技术的创新算法等)的特点及适用性,分析表明算法精度的提升包括从复杂大气背景下的辐射传输模拟、基于地面观测的先验信息优化以及仪器定标与信噪比等多方面的工作;展望了卫星遥感在全球和区域尺度提供可靠对流层臭氧观测数据的应用前景,为对流层臭氧污染的形成机理、人类活动与气候变化如何影响对流层臭氧浓度变化等方面的研究提供关键数据支撑。

Microdamage study of granite under thermomechanical coupling based on the particle flow code

The thermomechanical coupling of rocks refers to the interaction between the mechanical and thermodynamic behaviors of rocks induced by temperature changes.The study of this coupling interaction is essential for understanding the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of the surrounding rocks in underground engineering.In this study,an improved temperature-dependent linear parallel bond model is introduced under the framework of a particle flow simulation.A series of numerical thermomechanical coupling tests are then conducted to calibrate the micro-parameters of the proposed model by considering the mechanical behavior of the rock under different thermomechanical loadings.Good agreement between the numerical results and experimental data are obtained,particularly in terms of the compression,tension,and elastic responses of granite.With this improved model,the thermodynamic response and underlying cracking behavior of a deep-buried tunnel under different thermal loading conditions are investigated and discussed in detail.

Artificial intelligence for geoscience:Progress,challenges,and perspectives

This paper explores the evolution of geoscientific inquiry,tracing the progression from traditional physics-based models to modern data-driven approaches facilitated by significant advancements in artificial intelligence(AI)and data collection techniques.Traditional models,which are grounded in physical and numerical frameworks,provide robust explanations by explicitly reconstructing underlying physical processes.However,their limitations in comprehensively capturing Earth’s complexities and uncertainties pose challenges in optimization and real-world applicability.In contrast,contemporary data-driven models,particularly those utilizing machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL),leverage extensive geoscience data to glean insights without requiring exhaustive theoretical knowledge.ML techniques have shown promise in addressing Earth science-related questions.Nevertheless,challenges such as data scarcity,computational demands,data privacy concerns,and the“black-box”nature of AI models hinder their seamless integration into geoscience.The integration of physics-based and data-driven methodologies into hybrid models presents an alternative paradigm.These models,which incorporate domain knowledge to guide AI methodologies,demonstrate enhanced efficiency and performance with reduced training data requirements.This review provides a comprehensive overview of geoscientific research paradigms,emphasizing untapped opportunities at the intersection of advanced AI techniques and geoscience.It examines major methodologies,showcases advances in large-scale models,and discusses the challenges and prospects that will shape the future landscape of AI in geoscience.The paper outlines a dynamic field ripe with possibilities,poised to unlock new understandings of Earth’s complexities and further advance geoscience exploration.

心率血压乘积识别儿童代偿期休克的价值

目的探讨心率血压乘积识别儿童代偿期休克的价值。方法回顾性分析2015年10月至2021年3月就诊于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院重症监护室(PICU)99例诊断休克的患儿入PICU时(未应用血管活性药物状态)及休克纠正后的心率、血压、心率血压比值、心率血压乘积、乳酸及28 d转归等临床资料。根据28 d转归分为生存组和死亡组, 组间比较应用独立样本t检验、Mann-WhitneyU检验、χ^(2)检验。应用Pearson相关分析分析心率、血压、心率血压比值、心率血压乘积与乳酸的相关性, 受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析心率、血压、心率血压比值、心率血压乘积对乳酸>2 mmol/L的预测价值。结果 99例患儿中男49例、女50例, 年龄3.8(0.7, 6.0)岁, 其中脓毒性休克61例(62%), 心源性休克12例(12%), 失血性休克12例(12%), 川崎病休克综合征8例(8%), 过敏性休克6例(6%)。随访28 d生存66例(67%), 死亡33例(33%)。ROC曲线显示乳酸、心率/收缩压均对28 d死亡有预测价值(均P<0.05), 曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.769、0.649, 最佳临界值分别为3.15 mmol/L、2.0 次/(min·mmHg)(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), 灵敏度分别为96.0%、62.5%, 特异度分别为54.4%、69.0%。Pearson相关分析显示乳酸与心率/舒张压、心率/平均压、心率/收缩压、心率均正相关(r=0.476、0.452、0.425、0.177, 均P<0.01), 与收缩压、平均压、舒张压均负相关(r=-0.444、-0.410、-0.364, 均P<0.01), 与心率血压乘积无相关性(P>0.05);ROC曲线显示心率/收缩压预测乳酸>2 mmol/L的AUC最大为0.872[最佳临界值1.4 次/(min·mmHg), 灵敏度92.1%, 特异度70.9%, P<0.01]。当平均压≥65 mmHg时, 乳酸与心率平均压乘积、心率舒张压乘积、心率收缩压乘积、心率、心率/收缩压、心率/平均压、心率/舒张压均正相关(r=0.706、0.705、0.669、0.626、0.555、0.502、0.446, 均P<0.01);ROC曲线显示心率平均压乘积预测乳酸>2 mmol/L的AUC最大为0.974[最佳临界值9 446(次· mmHg/min), 灵敏度100.0%, 特异度90.9%, P<0.01]。结论心率血压乘积尤其是心率平均压乘积对儿童代偿期休克的动脉血乳酸异常升高有较高的预测价值, 优于心率/收缩压, 值得推荐用于儿童代偿期休克的早期识别。

Encapsulated three-dimensional bioprinted structure seeded with urothelial cells:a new construction technique for tissue-engineered urinary tract patch

Background:Traditional tissue engineering methods to fabricate urinary tract patch have some drawbacks such as compromised cell viability and uneven cell distribution within scaffold.In this study,we combined three-dimensional(3D)bioprinting and tissue engineering method to form a tissue-engineered urinary tract patch,which could be employed for the application on Beagles urinary tract defect mode to verify its effectiveness on urinary tract reconstruction.Methods:Human adipose-derived stem cells(hADSCs)were dropped into smooth muscle differentiation medium to generate induced microtissues(ID-MTs),flow cytometry was utilized to detect the positive percentage for CD44,CD105,CD45,and CD34 of hADSCs.Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA)and tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6(TSG-6)in hADSCs and MTs were identified by Western blotting.Then the ID-MTs were employed for 3D bioprinting.The bioprinted structure was encapsulated by transplantation into the subcutaneous tissue of nude mice for 1 week.After retrieval of the encapsulated structure,hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining were performed to demonstrate the morphology and reveal collagen and smooth muscle fibers,integral optical density(IOD)and area of interest were calculated for further semiquantitative analysis.Immunofluorescent double staining of CD31 andα-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)were used to reveal vascularization of the encapsulated structure.Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expression of interleukin-2(IL-2),α-SMA,and smoothelin of the MTs in the implanted structure.Afterward,the encapsulated structure was seeded with human urothelial cells.Immunofluorescent staining of cytokeratins AE1/AE3 was applied to inspect the morphology of seeded encapsulated structure.Results:The semi-quantitative assay showed that the relative protein expression of VEGFA was 0.355±0.038 in the hADSCs vs.0.649±0.150 in the MTs(t=3.291,P=0.030),while TSG-6 expression was 0.492±0.092 in the hADSCs vs.1.256±0.401 in the MTs(t=3.216,P=0.032).The semi-quantitative analysis showed that the mean IOD of IL-2 in the MT group was 7.67±1.26,while 12.6±4.79 in the hADSCs group,but semi-quantitative analysis showed that there was no statistical significance in the difference between the two groups(t=1.724,P=0.16).The semi-quantitative analysis showed that IOD was 71.7±14.2 in non-induced MTs(NI-MTs)vs.35.7±11.4 in ID-MTs for collagen fibers(t=3.428,P=0.027)and 12.8±1.9 in NI-MTs vs.30.6±8.9 in ID-MTs for smooth muscle fibers(t=3.369,P=0.028);furthermore,the mean IOD was 0.0613±0.0172 in ID-MTs vs.0.0017±0.0009 in NI-MTs forα-SMA(t=5.994,P=0.027),while 0.0355±0.0128 in ID-MTs vs.0.0035±0.0022 in NI-MTs for smoothelin(t=4.268,P=0.013),which indicate that 3D bioprinted structure containing ID-MTs could mimic the smooth muscle layer of native urinary tract.After encapsulation of the urinary tract patch for additional cell adhesion,urothelial cells were seeded onto the encapsulated structures,and a monolayer urothelial cell was observed.Conclusion:Through 3D bioprinting and tissue engineering methods,we provided a promising way to fabricate tissue-engineered urinary tract patch for further investigation.

Columnar optical,microphysical and radiative properties of the 2022 Hunga Tonga volcanic ash plumes

The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption on January 15,2022 was one of the most explosive volcanic eruptions of the 21st century and has attracted global attention.Here we show that large numbers of the volcanic aerosols from the eruption broke through the tropopause into the lower stratosphere,forming an ash plume with an overshooting top at 25-30 km altitude.In the four days following the eruption,the ash plume moved rapidly westward for nearly 10,000 km under stable stratospheric conditions characterized by strong tropical easterlies,weak meridional winds and weak vertical motion.The intrusion of the ash plume into the stratosphere resulted in a marked increase in atmospheric aerosol loading across northern Australia,with the aerosol optical depth(AOD)observed by satellites and sun-photometers peaking at 1.5 off the coast of northeastern Australia;these effects lasted for nearly three days.The ash plume was characterized by fine-mode particles clustered at a radius of about 0.26μm,with an observed peak volume of 0.25μm^(3)μm^(-2).The impact of the ash plume associated with the Hunga Tonga eruption on the stratospheric AOD and radiative balance in the tropical southern hemisphere is remarkable,with an observed volcanic-induced perturbation of the regional stratospheric AOD of up to 0.6.This perturbation largely explains an instantaneous bottom(top)of the atmosphere radiative forcing of-105.0(-65.0)W m^(-2)on a regional scale.