留园冠云峰庭院空间造园要素的量化特征及其意境研究

以苏州古典园林留园冠云峰庭院为研究对象,以造园要素的量化特征及其意境为研究目标,重点研究了我国古典庭院的造园艺术与手法特点。着重研究了冠云峰庭院建筑、峰石、水体的平立面布局在尺度上的量化数据及其特征;花木的总体布局特征;冠云峰庭院造园要素营造的实景与空间意境的联系;人与冠云峰庭院空间景境营造的关系。试图从定量和定性两方面,深入剖析我国传统庭院空间造园要素的营造手法及其量化特征;也提示观赏者在观赏具体庭院空间时,应从"切入点—路径—出口"的思考角度,来理解古代造园家营造具体空间的真正目的。旨在更好地传承和借鉴园林遗产精髓,并将其融入我国现代园林的理论与方法体系之中,逐渐形成真正蕴涵传统园林血脉的现代园林理论与方法体系。

Animal Exercise:A New Evaluation Method

At present,Animal Exercise courses rely too much on teachers’subjective ideas in teaching methods and test scores,and there is no set of standards as a benchmark for reference.As a result,students guided by different teachers have an uneven understanding of the Animal Exercise and cannot achieve the expected effect of the course.In this regard,the authors propose a scoring system based on action similarity,which enables teachers to guide students more objectively.The authors created QMonkey,a data set based on the body keys of monkeys in the coco dataset format,which contains 1,428 consecutive images from eight videos.The authors use QMonkey to train a model that recognizes monkey body movements.And the authors propose a new non-standing posture normalization method for motion transfer between monkeys and humans.Finally,the authors utilize motion transfer and structural similarity contrast algorithms to provide a reliable evaluation method for animal exercise courses,eliminating the subjective influence of teachers on scoring and providing experience in the combination of artificial intelligence and drama education.

Influence of materials’hygric properties on the hygrothermal performance of internal thermal insulation composite systems

Internal thermal insulation composite system(ITICS)can be an important measure for the energy-saving retrofitting of buildings.However,ITICS may cause harmful effects on the hygrothermal performance of building envelopes.This work investigated the influence of the materials’hygric properties on the hygrothermal perfor-mance of a typical ITICS in different climate conditions in China.Two base wall materials,the traditional concrete and a new type aerated concrete,were tested and compared for their hygric properties firstly.The influence of the hygroscopicity of exterior plasters,the permeability of insulation materials and the climate conditions were then analyzed with WUFI simulations.The hygrothermal performance was evaluated with consideration of the total water content(TWC)of the walls and the moisture flux strength,the relative humidity(RH)and the mould growth risk at the interface between the base wall and the insulation layer(B-I interface).The numerical analysis implies that the TWC of internal insulated walls depends mainly on the hygroscopicity of exterior plaster and the wind-driven rain intensity.The upper limits for the water absorption coefficient of exterior plasters used in Bei-jing,Shanghai and Fuzhou are 1e-9,1e-10,1e-10 m^(2)/s respectively.When such limits are guaranteed,a vapour tight system created by using insulation materials with a large vapour resistance factor or adding a vapour barrier can improve the hygrothermal performance of ITICS,especially for concrete walls in cold climate.

呼吸道传染病气溶胶传染致病机理及预测方法

近十多年来,多次爆发的呼吸道传染病反复说明了控制呼吸道传染病的重要性.病人呼出的微生物气溶胶包含大量携带病原体的飞沫和飞沫核,它们是呼吸道传染病传播的重要载体.本文就病人呼出气溶胶的蒸发、散布特性及微生物在其中的凋亡特性展开了讨论,总结了呼出气溶胶散布机理以及预测方法的研究进展,特别是2003年严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)爆发后的多学科综合研究进展.阐述了飞沫传播、短距离空气传播和长距离空气传播疾病的传播特性、致病机理和相关的风险预测模型,并根据致病机理给出了感控预防措施.本综述更新了目前对呼吸道传播疾病的理解,为制定呼吸道传染病的预防和控制措施打下基础.

Two VOZ transcription factors link an E3 ligase and an NLR immune receptor to modulate immunity in rice

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)proteins play critical roles in plant immunity.However,how NLRs are regulated and activate defense signaling is not fully understood.The rice(Oryza sativa)NLR receptor Piz-t confers broad-spectrum resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae and the RING-type E3 ligase AVRPIZ-T INTERACTING PROTEIN 10(APIP10)negatively regulates Piz-t accumulation.In this study,we found that APIP10 interacts with two rice transcription factors,VASCULAR PLANT ONEZINC FINGER 1(OsVOZ1)and OsVOZ2,and promotes their degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway.OsVOZ1 displays transcriptional repression activity while OsVOZ2 confers transcriptional activation activity in planta.The osvoz1 and osvoz2 single mutants display modest but opposite M.oryzae resistance in the non-Piz-t background.However,the osvoz1 osvoz2 double mutant exhibits strong dwarfism and cell death,and silencing of both genes via RNA interference also leads to dwarfism,mild cell death,and enhanced resistance to M.oryzae in the non-Piz-t background.Both OsVOZ1 and OsVOZ2 interact with Piz-t.Double silencing of OsVOZ1 and OsVOZ2 in the Piz-t background decreases Piz-t protein accumulation and transcription,reactive oxygen species-dependent cell death,and resistance to M.oryzae containing AvrPiz-t.Taken together,these results indicate that OsVOZ1 and OsVOZ2 negatively regulate basal defense but contribute positively to Piz-t-mediated immunity.

A monocot-specific hydroxycinnamoylputrescine gene cluster contributes to immunity and cell death in rice

Phenolamides(PAs), a diverse group of specialized metabolites, including hydroxycinnamoylputrescine(HP), hydroxycinnamoylagmatine, and hydroxycinnamoyltryptamine, are important in plant resistance to biotic stress. However, the genes involved in the biosynthesis and modulation of PAs have not been fully elucidated. This study identified an HP biosynthetic gene cluster in rice(Oryza sativa) comprising one gene(Os ODC) encoding a decarboxylase and two tandem-duplicated genes(Os PHT3 and Os PHT4)encoding putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl acyltransferases coexpressed in different tissues. Os ODC catalyzes the conversion of ornithine to putrescine, which is used in HP biosynthesis involving Os PHT3 and Os PHT4. Os PHT3 or Os PHT4 overexpression causes HP accumulation and cell death and putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl acyltransferases(PHT) activity-dependent resistance against the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Os ODC overexpression plants also confer enhanced resistance to M. oryzae.Notably, the basic leucine zipper transcription factor APIP5, a negative regulator of cell death, directly binds to the Os PHT4 promoter, repressing its transcription. Moreover, APIP5 suppression induces Os PHT4 expression and HP accumulation. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the HP biosynthetic gene cluster is conserved in monocots. These results characterized a previously unidentified monocot-specific gene cluster that is involved in HP biosynthesis and contributes to defense and cell death in rice.

Construction of Non-infectious SARS-CoV-2 Replicons and Their Application in Drug Evaluation

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has caused a devastating pandemic worldwide.Vaccines and antiviral drugs are the most promising candidates for combating this global epidemic,and scientists all over the world have made great efforts to this end.However,manipulation of the SARS-CoV-2 should be performed in the biosafety level3 laboratory.This makes experiments complicated and time-consuming.Therefore,a safer system for working with this virus is urgently needed.Here,we report the construction of plasmid-based,non-infectious SARS-CoV-2 replicons with turbo-green fluorescent protein and/or firefly luciferase reporters by reverse genetics using transformation-associated recombination cloning in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Replication of these replicons was achieved simply by direct transfection of cells with the replicon plasmids as evident by the expression of reporter genes.Using SARS-CoV-2 replicons,the inhibitory effects of E64-D and remdesivir on SARS-CoV-2 replication were confirmed,and the halfmaximal effective concentration(EC50)value of remdesivir and E64-D was estimated by different quantification methods respectively,indicating that these SARS-CoV-2 replicons are useful tools for antiviral drug evaluation.

SINA E3 Ubiquitin Ligases:Versatile Moderators of Plant Growth and Stress Response

Protein degradation mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS)is involved in many cellular processes in animals and plants.In the UPS,E3 ligases(E3s)are essential for recognizing target proteins and promoting substrate degradation.One E3 ligase,SINA(seven in absentia),which was first identified in Drosophila,is involved in a variety of signaling transduction networks in both animals and plants.Here we discuss recent advances in understanding SINA?mediated regulation of plant growth and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.

Function of hydroxycinnamoyl transferases for the biosynthesis of phenolamides in rice resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae

Phenolamide(PA)metabolites play important roles in the interaction between plants and pathogens.The putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase genes Os PHT3 and Os PHT4 positively regulate rice cell death and resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae.The b ZIP transcription factor APIP5,a negative regulator of cell death and rice immunity,directly binds to the Os PHT4 promoter to regulate putrescine-derived PAs.Whether other hydroxycinnamoyl transferase(HT)genes also participate in APIP5-mediated immunity remains unclear.Surprisingly,we find that genes encoding agmatine hydroxycinnamoyl transferases Os AHT1 and Os AHT2,tryptamine hydroxycinnamoyl transferases Os TBT1 and Os TBT2,and tyramine hydroxycinnamoyl transferases Os THT1 and Os THT2,responsible for the biosynthesis of polyamine-derived PAs are all up-regulated in APIP5-RNAi transgenic plants compared with segregated wild-type rice.Furthermore,both Os AHT1/2 and Os TBT1/2 are induced during M.oryzae infection,showing expression patterns similar to those previously reported for Os THT1/2 and Os PHT3/4.Transgenic plants overexpressing either Os AHT2-GFP or Os TBT1-GFP show enhanced resistance against M.oryzae and accumulated more PA metabolites and lignin compared with wild-type plants.Interestingly,as demonstrated for Os PHT4,APIP5 directly binds to the promoters of Os AHT1/2,Os TBT1/2,and Os THT1/2,repressing their transcription.Together,these results indicate that the HT genes are common targets of APIP5 and that PAs play critical roles in rice immunity.

OsELF3-2, an Ortholog of Arabidopsis ELF3, Interacts with the E3 Ligase APIP6 and Negatively Regulates Immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae in Rice

Dear Editor, The ubiquitin proteasome system （UPS） is a highly regulated mechanism of intracellular protein degradation in eukaryotes. The UPS comprises three key enzymes： ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, and ubiquitin ligase enzyme E3. There are nearly 1500 E3 ligase genes in rice and Arabidopsis genomes that target substrates for many biological processes for plant growth and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses.

Influences of bedding characteristics on the acoustic wave propagation characteristics of shales

The acoustic response characteristics of shales were investigated by the acoustic transmission experiment,which is the basis of solving geological and engineering problems using the seismic or logging information during the process of the exploration and development of shale gas reservoirs.Based on the theory of acoustic wave and the background of acoustic transmission experiment,the initial condition,vibration source condition,boundary condition and stability condition were constructed,and the numerical simulation of acoustic transmission experiment of shales were completed through Matlab programming.The results show that under the same bedding angle,the acoustic time and attenuation coefficient of shales shown positive correlation with the bedding density;whereas under the same bedding density,the variation laws of the acoustic time and the attenuation coefficient of shales were more complex with the change of the bedding angle,that is,the acoustic time and attenuation coefficient of shales increased first,then decreased and then increased again with the increase of the bedding angle.