Industrial Flares are important safety devices to bum off the unwanted gas during process startup, shutdown, or upset. However, flaring, especially the associated smoke, is a symbol of emissions from refineries, oil g...Industrial Flares are important safety devices to bum off the unwanted gas during process startup, shutdown, or upset. However, flaring, especially the associated smoke, is a symbol of emissions from refineries, oil gas fields, and chemical processing plants. How to simultaneously achieve high combustion efficiency （CE） and low soot emission is an important issue. Soot emissions are influenced by many factors. Flare operators tend to over-steam or over-air to suppress smoke, which results in low CE. How to achieve optimal flare performance remains a question to the industry and the regulatory agencies. In this paper, regulations in the US regarding flaring were reviewed. In order to determine the optimal operating window for the flare, different combus- tion mechanisms related to soot emissions were summar- ized. A new combustion mechanism （Vsoot） for predicting soot emissions was developed and validated against experimental data. Computational fluid dynamic （CFD） models combined with Vsoot combustion mechanism were developed to simulate the flaring events. It was observed that simulation results agree well with experimental data.展开更多
This paper argues that the adoption of an inflation target reduces the persistence of inflation.We develop the theoretical literature on inflation persistence by introducing a Taylor Rule for monetary policy into a mo...This paper argues that the adoption of an inflation target reduces the persistence of inflation.We develop the theoretical literature on inflation persistence by introducing a Taylor Rule for monetary policy into a model of persistence and showing that inflation targets reduce inflation persistence.We investigate changes in the time series properties of inflation in seven countries that introduced inflation targets in the late 1980s or early 1990s.We find that the persistence of inflation is greatly reduced or eliminated following the introduction of inflation targets.展开更多
美国风电行业享受补贴的日子就要到头了，但这个行业准备凭借自已的力量独立发展 美国风电行业即将接受成熟时刻的洗礼，支持者认为，它已经做好了准备——对，基本上做好了准备。据美国风能协会（American Wind Energy Association）...美国风电行业享受补贴的日子就要到头了，但这个行业准备凭借自已的力量独立发展 美国风电行业即将接受成熟时刻的洗礼，支持者认为，它已经做好了准备——对，基本上做好了准备。据美国风能协会（American Wind Energy Association）称，四分之一个世纪以来，这个行业一直受到美国联邦税收抵免的支持，帮助它吸引了2500亿美元投资并创造了10万个工作岗位。展开更多
文摘Industrial Flares are important safety devices to bum off the unwanted gas during process startup, shutdown, or upset. However, flaring, especially the associated smoke, is a symbol of emissions from refineries, oil gas fields, and chemical processing plants. How to simultaneously achieve high combustion efficiency （CE） and low soot emission is an important issue. Soot emissions are influenced by many factors. Flare operators tend to over-steam or over-air to suppress smoke, which results in low CE. How to achieve optimal flare performance remains a question to the industry and the regulatory agencies. In this paper, regulations in the US regarding flaring were reviewed. In order to determine the optimal operating window for the flare, different combus- tion mechanisms related to soot emissions were summar- ized. A new combustion mechanism （Vsoot） for predicting soot emissions was developed and validated against experimental data. Computational fluid dynamic （CFD） models combined with Vsoot combustion mechanism were developed to simulate the flaring events. It was observed that simulation results agree well with experimental data.
文摘This paper argues that the adoption of an inflation target reduces the persistence of inflation.We develop the theoretical literature on inflation persistence by introducing a Taylor Rule for monetary policy into a model of persistence and showing that inflation targets reduce inflation persistence.We investigate changes in the time series properties of inflation in seven countries that introduced inflation targets in the late 1980s or early 1990s.We find that the persistence of inflation is greatly reduced or eliminated following the introduction of inflation targets.
文摘美国风电行业享受补贴的日子就要到头了，但这个行业准备凭借自已的力量独立发展 美国风电行业即将接受成熟时刻的洗礼，支持者认为，它已经做好了准备——对，基本上做好了准备。据美国风能协会（American Wind Energy Association）称，四分之一个世纪以来，这个行业一直受到美国联邦税收抵免的支持，帮助它吸引了2500亿美元投资并创造了10万个工作岗位。
