A New Heat Transfer Model for Multi-Gradient Drilling with Hollow Sphere Injection

Multi-gradient drilling is a new offshore drilling method.The accurate calculation of the related wellbore temperature is of great significance for the prediction of the gas hydrate formation area and the precise control of the wellbore pressure.In this study,a new heat transfer model is proposed by which the variable mass flow is properly taken into account.Using this model,the effects of the main factors influencing the wellbore temperature are analyzed.The results indicate that at the position where the separation injection device is installed,the temperature increase of the fluid in the drill pipe is mitigated due to the inflow/outflow of hollow spheres,and the temperature drop of the fluid in the annulus also decreases.In addition,a lower separation efficiency of the device,a shallower installation depth and a smaller circulating displacement tend to increase the temperature near the bottom of the annulus,thereby helping to reduce the hydrate generation area and playing a positive role in the prevention and control of hydrates in deepwater drilling.

几种多孔电极材料镓电沉积性能的研究

在工业上,稀散金属镓通常是从碱性溶液中电解提取得到的。在镓电解过程中,由于析氢副反应和传质速率低的原因导致镓电沉积的电流效率很低。本工作采用三维多孔电极电沉积镓,利用三维多孔电极发达的表面积促进镓电沉积过程,研究了不同电极材料(泡沫金属和多孔碳)的析氢特性,结合不同电解温度和电流密度下各材料的镓电沉积行为,揭示三维多孔电极上镓电沉积的特性规律。结果表明,泡沫铜和石墨毡(GF)具有较低的析氢活性,但两种电极的镓电沉积性能差别很大。其中泡沫铜表现出最佳的镓电沉积性能,在温度为40℃、电流密度为0.1 A/cm^(2)条件下镓电沉积的电流效率(QE)达到22.5%,远高于铜片电极(10.7%);而相同条件下,GF电极的QE值仅为9.6%,低于铜片,这与电极表面的疏水性有关。具有较高析氢活性的泡沫铁、泡沫镍和网状玻璃碳(RVC)电极的镓电沉积过程受电解温度和电流密度的影响较大。在高电流密度下,泡沫铁电极表现出仅次于泡沫铜的QE值,在低电流密度下难以发生镓的电沉积;泡沫镍和RVC电极仅在低于镓熔点(20℃)的条件下发生镓的电沉积,在高于镓熔点(40℃)的条件下,由于电沉积的液态镓的活性较高,容易返溶,难以实现镓的析出。因此,电极材料的析氢活性对镓电沉积性能有较大影响,影响镓电沉积电流效率的关键因素还有电解温度、电流密度及电极表面的亲疏水性。