“双一流”建设中高校地质工程人才培养模式改革

地质工程是一门实践性很强的综合性学科。本文根据"双一流"建设的目标和任务,借助CDIO教育理念,深入分析地质工程专业的发展现状及社会需求,把构思—设计—实现—运行作为指导思想,探索符合"双一流"要求的人才培养模式。其改革主要涉及对课程设置、教学方法以及课程考核评价方式等方面的改进,旨在提出符合社会需求的多元化应用型人才培养模式,以便为我国地质工程专业人才的培养提供新思路。

2022年四川泸定M_(w)6.6级地震诱发地质灾害空间分布及影响因素

2022年9月5日四川省泸定县发生M_(w)6.6级地震,诱发了大量的山体滑坡、崩塌等次生灾害,造成了严重的人员伤亡与经济损失。快速获取灾区滑坡易发性和同震滑坡的空间分布对灾情评估尤为重要。首先,联合震前高分辨率光学遥感影像解译和GACOS辅助下的InSAR Stacking技术探测灾区震前滑坡;然后,基于该滑坡数据利用机器学习算法获得震中附近滑坡的空间易发性图;同时,通过使用震前、震后的多源光学遥感影像建立了同震滑坡编目(2692处滑坡),并采用空间统计法分析了此次地震诱发的滑坡与地形、地震和地质因素之间的关系。结果表明:易发性图中,中等及以上易发区的同震滑坡面积占滑坡总面积(47 km^(2))的70.2%;同震滑坡主要分布在高程1200~2400 m、坡度35°~50°、距震中4~20 km、距断层1 km范围内和砂岩板岩岩性中,并至少导致10.34 km道路受损。该研究可为灾区地质灾害排查和防治提供有力的数据支撑。

岷江上游河谷聚落特征及其演化分析

基于RS和GIS技术分析岷江上游1994年、2004年和2014年3个时期河谷聚落的时空分布,阐述其基本特征和演化规律.结果表明:河谷聚落是岷江上游最主要的聚落形态,全流域呈松散状,局部呈集聚分布;其总面积不断增大,聚落密度呈先集聚后局部衰退;平面形态整体上由规则向不规则形态变化;其斑块的分布特征为高程上整体逐渐向低海拔迁移,坡度上先向低坡度迁移后逐渐向5°～35°区迁移,全流域由1994-2004年的呈轴对称向2004-2014年间的东南、南、西南、西方向迁移.

基于光学遥感像素偏移量的金沙江流域2018年白格滑坡演变过程

随着光学遥感卫星的增多以及影像质量的提升,利用光学遥感影像监测地表形变呈现出极大的发展潜力。以金沙江流域典型的高位远程滑坡——白格滑坡为例,选取Sentinel-2光学影像,综合利用像素偏移量跟踪(Offset-tracking)技术和时序反演(Time-series Inversion)算法,对2018年“10·10”白格滑坡和“11·3”白格滑坡前后的地表形变进行了反演与分析。结果表明:①“10·10”白格滑坡发生前(2015年11月13日~2018年2月5日)坡体最大水平位移为31.69 m,时序位移呈现出明显的“初始启动→等速变形→加速变形”过程特征;②“11·3”白格滑坡发生前(2018年10月28日~2018年11月2日)东西向(主滑方向)形变高达12.89 m,与雷达影像偏移量跟踪结果一致;③“11·3”白格滑坡发生后(2020年1月16日~2022年2月4日)部分残留堆积体东西向累计形变最高达7.71 m,滑移迹象明显,存在再次成灾风险。通过分析COSI-Corr和CARST两种光学影像偏移量跟踪软件的形变结果、InSAR形变探测结果和无人机三维变化检测结果,验证光学影像偏移量跟踪方法探测地表形变具有较好的精度和可靠性。

Coupling Mechanism of Rural Settlements and Mountain Disasters in the Upper Reaches of Min River

Human settlements are the place where human beings live,among which the rural settlements can be regarded as a reflection of human-land relationship in mountain areas because their vertical distribution is greatly influenced by the specific geographical environment and ecological conditions of mountains.Based on field investigation,this paper uses physical,geographical,and ecological theories to make a comprehensive study of rural settlements and mountain disasters in the upper Min River,which is an ecologically fragile area with high-frequency disasters(collapse,landslide,debris flow,etc.) and a minority inhabit district.By applying these modern scientific theories,this paper attempts to shed some light on the relationship between rural settlements and mountain disasters.Consequently,an in-depth understanding of this relationship was achieved as follows:(1) Rural settlements and mountain disasters are mainly distributed in the intercepted flows of water and soil; and both quantity and quality of arable lands in mountains are important indicators of these flows.(2) The Small Watershed Management Project is a complex system of rural settlements and mountain disasters that interacts with and constrains the ecological system.By this project,the human survival will be better guaranteed.Being fundamental for the ecological reconstruction,the coupling mechanism of rural settlements and mountain disasters is not only an engine to promote harmonious development between human and nature,but also a bridge to link them.

Numerical simulation of a high-speed landslidein Chenjiaba, Beichuan, China

High-speed landslide is a catastrophic geological disaster in the mountainous area of southwest China. To predict the movement process of landslide reactivation in Chenjiaba town, Beichuan county, Sichuan province, China, we simulated the movement process of two landslide failures in Chenjiaba via rapid mass movement simulation and unmanned aerial vehicle images(UAV), and obtained the movement characteristic parameters of the landslides. According to a back analysis, the most remarkable fitting rheological parameters were friction coefficient(μ=0.18) and turbulence(). The parameter of landslide pressure was applied as the zoning index of landslide hazard to obtain the influence zone and hazard zoning map of the Chenjiaba landslide. Results show that the Duba River was blocked quickly with a landslide accumulation at the maximum height of 44.14 mwhen the Chenjiaba deposits lost stability. The hazard zoning map indicated that the landslide hazard degree is positively correlated with the slope.This landslide assessment is a quantitative hazard assessment method based on a landslide movement process and is suitable for high-speed landslide. Such method can provide a scientific basis for urban construction and planning in the landslide hazard area to avoid hazards effectively.

基于地理探测器的岷江上游泥石流影响因子相对重要性分析

结合GIS和RS技术,应用地理探测器方法定量分析岷江上游土壤类型、坡度、年降雨量、植被密度、地层岩性等9个影响因子在泥石流活动中的作用及相互作用关系.结果表明:泥石流具有空间异质性,对泥石流贡献率大于10%的主要影响因子有年降雨量、坡度、距断裂带距离、植被密度和土地利用类型.交互作用探测表明9个影响因子间的交互作用主要是非线性增强,其中年降雨量、距断裂带距离和坡向3种影响因子对泥石流的交互作用较强.

灰色GM(1,1)模型在汶川县泥石流活动趋势预测中的应用

泥石流的发生是一个动态变化的过程,灾变时间及活动强度具有明显的非线性特征,认识和掌握泥石流发生、发展规律,对未来泥石流活动趋势进行预测,是地质灾害防灾减灾与宏观规划防灾预案工作的基础。本文以四川省汶川县1960~2010年50a的泥石流灾情数据作为原始数据序列,建立灰色GM(1,1)灾变预测模型,采用2011~2019年9a泥石流灾情数据来验证模型预测精度。为了提高预测精度,采用傅里叶变换修正误差残值。经计算GM(1,1)模型的预测结果相对误差为3.582%,傅里叶变换误差修正后相对误差为0.073%,预测结果与实际发生年份一致,并预测未来一段时间汶川县将于2033年或2034年、2051年或2052年发生大规模群发性泥石流。