Influences of drip and flood irrigation on soil carbon dioxide emission and soil carbon sequestration of maize cropland in the North China Plain

The need is pressing to investigate soil CO2 （carbon dioxide） emissions and soil organic carbon dynamics under water-saving irrigation practices in agricultural systems for exploring the potentials of soil carbon sequestration. A field experiment was conducted to compare the influences of drip irrigation （DI） and flood irrigation （FI） on soil organic carbon dynamics and the spatial and temporal variations in CO2 emissions during the summer maize growing season in the North China Plain using the static closed chamber method. The mean CO2 efflux over the growing season was larger under DI than that under FI. The cumulative CO2 emissions at the field scale were 1959.10 and 1759.12 g/m2 under DI and FI, respectively. The cumulative CO2 emission on plant rows （OR） was larger than that between plant rows （BR） under FI, and the cumulative CO2 emission on the irrigation pipes （OP） was larger than that between irrigation pipes （BP） under DI. The cumulative CO2 emissions of OP, BP and bare area （BA） under DI were larger than those of OR, BR and BA under FI, respectively. Additionally, DI promoted root respiration more effectively than FI did. The average proportion of root respiration contributing to the soil CO2 emissions of OP under DI was larger than that of OR under FI. A general conclusion drawn from this study is that soil CO2 emission was significantly influenced by the soil water content, soil temperature and air temperature under both DI and FI. Larger concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and total organic carbon （TOC） were observed under FI than those under DI. The observed high concentrations （DOC, MBC, and TOC） under FI might be resulted from the irrigation-associated soil saturation that in turn inhibited microbial activity and lowered decomposition rate of soil organic matter. However, DI increased the soil organic matter quality （the ratio of MBC to TOC） at the depth of 10-20 cm compared with FI. Our results suggest that the transformation from conventional FI to integrated DI can increase the CO2 emissions and DI needs to be combined with other management practices to reduce the CO2 emissions from summer maize fields in the North China Plain.

Diurnal variation of ozone flux over corn field in Northwestern Shandong Plain of China

High concentration ground-level ozone(O3)has adverse effects on plant growth and photosynthesis.Compared to the O3concentration-based index,the O3flux-based(especially stomatal O3uptake)index has been considered the better criterion for assessing the impact of ozone on vegetation and ecosystems.This paper reports on a study of O3flux using the eddy covariance technique over a corn field in the Northwestern Shandong Plain of China.Diurnal variation of atmospheric O3concentration,deposition velocity and flux,and their relationships to environmental factors are analyzed.The results show that:(1)During the observation period(9 August–28 September,2011),there was a strong diurnal variation of O3concentration,with low(16.5 nL L?1)and high(60.1 nL L?1)O3mean concentrations observed around 6:30 and 16:00,respectively.Mean O3concentrations during daytime(6:00–18:00)and nighttime(18:00–6:00)were 39.8±23.1 and 20.7±14.1 nL L?1(mean±std),respectively.The maximum observed concentration was 97.5 nL L?1.The concentration was mainly affected by solar radiation and air temperature.(2)Whether daytime or nighttime,ground-level O3flux is always downward.The diurnal course of mean deposition velocity was divided into 4 phases:a low and stable process during nighttime,fast increasing in early morning,relatively large and steady changes around noon,and quickly decreasing in later afternoon.Daytime and nighttime mean deposition velocities were 0.29 and 0.09 cm s?1,respectively.The maximum deposition velocity was 0.81 cm s?1.The magnitude of deposition velocity was influenced by the corn growth period,and its diurnal variation was significantly correlated with global radiation and relative humidity.(3)O3flux was affected by variations of both O3concentration and deposition velocity,with mean O3fluxes-317.7 and?70.2 ng m?2s?1during daytime and nighttime,respectively.There was strong correlation between O3flux and CO2flux or latent heat flux.By comparing the deposition velocities of daytime and nighttime,we infer that stomatal uptake was probably the main sink of ground-level O3.

Spatial-temporal variation in soil respiration and its controlling factors in three steppes of Stipa L. in Inner Mongolia, China

Grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China. It is of great significance to measure accurately the soil respiration of different grassland types for the contribution evaluation of the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem’s carbon emission to the atmospheric CO2 concentration. A three-year (2005-2007) field experiment was carried out on three steppes of Stipa L. in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, using a static opaque chamber technique. The seasonal and interannual variations of soil respiration rates were analyzed, and the annual total soil respiration of the three steppes was estimated. The numerical models between soil respiration and water-heat factors were established respectively. Similar seasonal dynamic and high annual and interannual variations of soil respiration were found in all of the three steppes. In the growing season, the fluctuation of soil respiration was particularly evident. The coefficients of variation (CVs) for soil respiration in different growing seasons ranged from 54% to 93%, and the annual CVs were all above 115%. The interannual CV of soil respiration progressively decreased in the order of Stipa grandis (S. grandis) steppe 】 Stipa baicalensis (S. baicalensis) steppe 】 Stipa krylovii (S. krylovii) steppe. The annual total soil respiration for the S. baicalensis steppe was 223.62?299.24 gC m-2 a-1, 150.62-226.99 gC m-2 a-1 for the S. grandis steppe, and 111.31–131.55 gC m-2 a-1 for the S. krylovii steppe, which were consistent with the precipitation gradient. The variation in the best fitting temperature factor explained the 63.5%, 73.0%, and 73.2% change in soil respiration in the three steppes at an annual time scale, and the corresponding Q10 values were 2.16, 2.98, and 2.40, respectively. Moreover, the Q10 values that were calculated by soil temperature at different depths all expressed a 10 cm 】 5 cm 】 surface in the three sampling sites. In the growing season, the soil respiration rates were related mostly to the surface soil moisture, and the 95.2%, 97.4%, and 93.2% variations in soil respiration in the three steppes were explained by the change in soil moisture at a depth of 0-10 cm, respectively.

Effects of a conversion from grassland to cropland on the different soil organic carbon fractions in Inner Mongolia, China

Cultivation is one of the most important human activities affecting the grassland ecosystem besides grazing, but its impacts on soil total organic carbon （C）, especially on the liable organic C fractions have not been fully understood yet. In this paper, the role of cropping in soil organic C pool of different fractions was investigated in a meadow steppe region in Inner Mongolia of China, and the relationships between different C fractions were also discussed. The results indicated that the concentrations of different C fractions at steppe and cultivated land all decreased progressively with soil depth. After the conversion from steppe to spring wheat field for 36 years, total organic carbon （TOC） concentration at the 0 to 100 cm soil depth has decreased by 12.3% to 28.2%, and TOC of the surface soil horizon, especially those of 0-30 cm decreased more significantly （p〈0.01）. The dissolved organic carbon （DOC） and microbial biomass carbon （MBC） at the depth of 0-40 cm were found to have decreased by 66.7% to 77.1% and 36.5% to 42.4%, respectively. In the S.baicalensis steppe, the ratios of soil DOC to TOC varied between 0.52% and 0.60%, and those in the spring wheat field were only in the range of 0.18%-0.20%. The microbial quotients （qMBs） in the spring wheat field, varying from 1.11% to 1.40%, were also lower than those in the S. baicalensis steppe, which were in the range of 1.50%-1.63%. The change of DOC was much more sensitive to cultivation disturbance. Soil TOC, DOC, and MBC were significantly positive correlated with each other in the S. baicalensis steppe, but in the spring wheat field, the correlativity between DOC and TOC and that between DOC and MBC did not reach the significance level of 0.05.

Daily variation characteristics of CO_(2) emission fluxes and contributions of environmental factors in semiarid grassland of Inner Mongolia, China

Fixed field experimental studies are carried out on daily variations of the undis-turbed community and soil respiration fluxes in different phenological phases of 2001―2002 in semiarid Aneurolepidium chinense steppe of Inner Mongolia,China using static black chamber method.Corresponding statistical analysis of the contributions of the water-heat factors(air temperature,ground temperature,surface soil water content)and ecological factors(above-ground biomass,underground biomass,litter biomass)to daily variation law of the undisturbed community and soil respiration fluxes as well as differences in daily respiration are also con-ducted.The results indicate that undisturbed community and soil respiration have apparent daily variation laws,daily variation patterns of respiration fluxes during different phenological phases are basically the same,and the variations of environmental factors only exert effect on CO_(2)emission intensities,while the effect on daily variation pattern of grassland CO_(2)emission fluxes is relatively small.The daily total respiration of the undisturbed community in different phenological phases ranges from 1.34―10.13 g·m^(-2);soil daily total respiration ranges from 0.98―5.17 g·m^(-2);both daily variations of undisturbed community and soil respiration fluxes are significantly corre-lated(p<0.05)or extremely significantly correlated(p<0.01)with air temperatures and ground surface temperatures,but the correlativity with the soil temperature at 5 and 10 cm depths is relatively weak;multiple regression analysis indicates that about 80%of the difference in daily respiration of the undisturbed community among different phenological phases is induced by the variation of the aboveground biomass,while the variations of the remaining factors can jointly explain around 20%of the daily respiration variations of the whole grassland ecosystem;about 83%of the soil daily respiration variation of the different phenological phases is caused by 0―20 cm underground biomass.Besides,surface soil water content is also an important environmental factor affecting soil daily respiration variations of the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe,but its partial correlation coefficient with soil daily respiration amount does not reach the significance level of 0.05.

Historical evolution and the effects of ecological management in Tarim Basin, China

The Tarim Basin, in northwestern China, is the largest continental basin in the world, and hosts desert landscapes as well as extensive oasis agriculture. Many horticultural products come from this basin. However, since the 1950s, frequent river flow interruptions have occurred in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Thus, the natural ecology of the basin has undergone significant changes because of recent human economic and social activities. In particular, water resource development and utilization along with climate changes have had a significant impact on the area. To prevent further deterioration of the environment, the Central Government implemented a water conveyance project in 2000. Based on this project, Chinese scientists, together with those from overseas, have conducted extensive research on the historical evolution of the area, and the physiological and ecological responses of the natural vegetation around the Tarim Desert Highway. Progress has been made in the areas of environmental protection and ecological conservation.