国内外南极科考站建筑节能策略

近年来,随着我国南极科考工作的推进与科考站的建设发展,其环保节能工作尤为重要。在南极科学考察活动中,保护南极自然环境是最重要的任务之一。但是,目前各国科考站均使用碳基燃料作为能源供应,其在发电供热中存在废气排放、泄露等污染风险,而且将燃料运输至南极成本高昂。因此,需要对南极科考站的建设运行进行节能设计,不仅可实现可持续运行,而且能改善科考环境,提高考察队友工作效率与生活水平。由于南极特殊的地理位置与气候条件,科考站建设存在建设周期短、建材运输难等困难,因此新建高水平的科考建筑还反映了一个国家的综合国力,体现其在科技、环保等领域的实力与水平。因此对国内外南极科考站的建筑节能策略进行了调研,总结了适宜于南极科考站的科学技术与运行策略,为未来即将建设的南极科考站提供技术参考和可选方案。

Climate adaptive thermal characteristics of envelope of residential passive house in China

Passive house has been constructed in China on a large-scale over the past couple years for its great energy saving potential.However,research indicates that there is a significant discrepancy in energy performance for heating and cooling between passive houses in different climate zones.Therefore,this research develops a comparative analysis on the energy saving potential of passive houses with the conventional around China.A sensitivity analysis of thermal characteristics of building envelope(insulation of exterior walls and windows,and airtightness)on energy consumption is further carried out to improve the climate adaptability of passive house.Moreover,the variation of energy consumption under different heat gain intensity is also compared,to evaluate the effects of envelope thermal characteristics comprehensively.Results suggest that the decrease of exterior wall insulation leads to the greatest increase in energy consumption,especially in severe cold zone in China.However,the optimal insulation may change with the internal heat gain intensity,for instance,the decrease of insulation(from 0.4 to 1.0 W/(m^(2)·K))could reduce the energy consumption by 4.65 kW·h/(m^(2)·a)when the heat gain increases to 20 W/m^(2)for buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter zone in China.

数据驱动的航站楼室内环境质量及指标探讨

航站楼作为机场的重要组成部分,其运行特征与节能潜力都有着重要的研究价值。研究表明,目前航站楼实际运行参数与设计预期不符的现象十分普遍,造成建筑能源投入与室内环境质量水平不匹配。探究航站楼节能运行与优化控制的数据驱动方法,全面了解其各方面的数据表现及运行现状,有利于把握建筑运行特征,从而有针对性地提出改进策略。因此,对我国夏热冬冷地区某典型航站楼的室内环境参数开展了长期实地测试,分析评价了建筑运行阶段室内不同功能区域的热环境与空气品质,并对旅客热舒适满意度进行调研。结果显示航站楼内区由于与外区空调运行策略相同,冬季过热严重,80%时间室温处于23~28℃。通过对比主客观满意度结果发现,旅客实际热感觉投票TSV与实测温度水平并未呈现对应关系,说明预测平均评价PMV不能准确反映航站楼内热舒适。因此,基于主客观调研结果,综合考虑建筑特征与室内人员活动特点,初步提出了适用于航站楼的热环境指标建议值,为航站楼运行策略优化提供参考。