In today’s society,there is a wide demand for high-precision and high-stability time service in the fields of electric power,communication,transportation and finance.At present,the time standard in various countries ...In today’s society,there is a wide demand for high-precision and high-stability time service in the fields of electric power,communication,transportation and finance.At present,the time standard in various countries is mainly based on atomic clocks,but the frequency drift of atomic clocks will affect the long-term stability performance.Compared with atomic clocks,millisecond pulsars have better long-term stability and can complement with the excellent short-term stability of atomic clocks.In order to improve the long-term stability of the atomic timescale,and then improve the timing accuracy,this paper proposes an algorithm for steering the atomic clock ensemble(ACE)by ensemble pulsar time(EPT)based on digital phase locked loop(DPLL).First,the ACE and EPT are generated by the ALGOS algorithm,then the ACE is steered by EPT based on DPLL to calibrate the long-term frequency drift of the atomic clock,so that the generated steered atomic time follows both the short-term stability characteristics of ACE and the long-term stability characteristics of EPT,and finally,the steered atomic time is used to calibrate the local cesium clock.The experimental results show that the long-term stability of atomic time after steering is improved by 2 orders of magnitude compared with that before steering,and the daily drift of a local cesium clock after calibration is less than 9.47 ns in 3 yr,3 orders of magnitude higher than that before calibration on accuracy.展开更多
Purpose： To extract protein, decrease the cellulose and facilitate the digestion and absorption of brewers＇ spent grain by animal. Topic： Discuss and optimize the hydrolysis conditions of the combined enzymatic hyd...Purpose： To extract protein, decrease the cellulose and facilitate the digestion and absorption of brewers＇ spent grain by animal. Topic： Discuss and optimize the hydrolysis conditions of the combined enzymatic hydrolysis by Novozymes. Method： The fresh brewers＇ spent grain was firstly dried, smashed and sifted. Then as indicators of the protein extraction rate in the enzyme solution and the content of cellulose in the index, the parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis, such as the solid-liquid ratio, reaction temperature, pH, enzyme dosage and reaction time, were investigated in detailed. After hydrolysis, the brewers＇ spent grain was put in the boiling water bath for inactivation for 15 minutes, and centrifuged, the supernatants were volume to 100 mL and the protein content was measured. After the precipitate was dried, the cellulose content was also measured. Achievements： The optimized conditions were with temperature of 50 ℃, pH 6.5, enzyme amount of 30 mg for Novozymes enzyme and 2.5 h for reaction time. Under these conditions, the protein extraction rate in the enzyme reaction reached 41.82%, and the cellulose content reached 13.90%, the degradation rate of cellulose was 18.86%.展开更多
Using an on-the-fly scanning scheme, line confocal microscopy can obtain complex structures of large biological tissues with high throughput. Yet, it suffers from lateral imaging asymmetry and thus introduces the pote...Using an on-the-fly scanning scheme, line confocal microscopy can obtain complex structures of large biological tissues with high throughput. Yet, it suffers from lateral imaging asymmetry and thus introduces the potential deformations of the observation results. Here, we propose cross-line illumination microscopy (cLIM) that acquires the imaging data of two perpendicular directions simultaneously through the same objective lens in a line scanning and utilizes two-direction deconvolution fusion to achieve lateral symmetric imaging performance.Imaging fluorescence beads indicates that cLIM reduces lateral resolution asymmetry from 46.1%to 2.5%and improves lateral resolution by 31.0%, compared with traditional line-scanning imaging. Compared with commercial point-confocal microscopy, the cLIM has a 25.84×increase in imaging speed and 1.93×better background-suppressing ability when imaging an 11,306μm×7783μm×100μm mouse kidney slice. We also show the advantages of the cLIM in observing direction-sensitive texture features by imaging a muscular tissue slice. cLIM offers a novel solution to achieve laterally symmetric line-scanning imaging with simple modifications while maintaining high throughput and accuracy for imaging large-scale samples.展开更多
Background:We previously showed that the expression of follistatin-like protein 1(FSTL1)was significantly down-regulated in metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma(ccRCC).In this study,we aimed to characterize the ...Background:We previously showed that the expression of follistatin-like protein 1(FSTL1)was significantly down-regulated in metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma(ccRCC).In this study,we aimed to characterize the role of FSTL1 in the development of ccRCC.Methods:The effects of FSTL1 on cell activity and cell cycle were investigated in ccRCC cell lines with altered FSTL1 expression.Gene expression microarray assays were performed to identify the major signaling pathways affected by FSTL1 knockdown.The expression of FSTL1 in ccRCC and its effect on postoperative prognosis were estimated in a cohort with 89 patients.Results:FSTL1 knockdown promoted anchorage-independent growth,migration,invasion,and cell cycle of ccRCC cell lines,whereas FSTL1 overexpression attenuated cell migration.FSTL1 knockdown up-regulated nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)and hypoxia-inducible factor(HIF)signaling pathways,increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition,up-regulated interleukin-6 expression,and promoted tumor necrosis factor-α-induced degradation of NF-κB inhibitor(IκBα)in ccRCC cell lines.FSTL1 immunostaining was selectively positive in epithelial cytoplasm in the loop of Henle,and positive rate of FSTL1 was significantly lower in ccRCC tissues than in adjacent renal tissues(P<0.001).The mul-tivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the intratumoral FSTL1 expression conferred a favorable independent prognosis with a hazard ratio of 0.325(95%confidence interval 0.118-0.894).HIF-2αexpression was negatively cor-related with FSTL1 expression in ccRCC specimens(r=−0.229,P=0.044).Intratumoral expression of HIF-2α,rather than HIF-1α,significantly predicted an unfavorable prognosis in ccRCC(log-rank,P=0.038).Conclusions:FSTL1 plays a tumor suppression role possibly via repressing the NF-κB and HIF-2αsignaling pathways.To increase FSTL1 expression might be a candidate therapeutic strategy for metastatic ccRCC.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the component law of Chinese medicines in fuming-washing therapy for knee osteoarthritis(KOA), and develop new fuming-washing prescriptions for KOA through unsupervised data mining methods.METHOD...OBJECTIVE: To analyze the component law of Chinese medicines in fuming-washing therapy for knee osteoarthritis(KOA), and develop new fuming-washing prescriptions for KOA through unsupervised data mining methods.METHODS: Chinese medicine recipes for fuming-washing therapy for KOA were collected and recorded in a database. The correlation coefficient among herbs, core combinations of herbs, andnew prescriptions were analyzed using modified mutual information, complex system entropy cluster, and unsupervised hierarchical clustering, respectively.RESULTS: Based on analysis of 345 Chinese medicine recipes for fuming-washing therapy, 68 herbs occurred frequently, 33 herb pairs occurred frequently, and 12 core combinations were found.Five new fuming-washing recipes for KOA were developed.CONCLUSION: Chinese medicines for fuming-washing therapy of KOA mainly consist of wind-dampness-dispelling and cold-dispersing herbs, blood-activating and stasis-resolving herbs,and wind-dampness-dispelling and heat-clearing herbs. The treatment of fuming-washing therapy for KOA also includes dispelling wind-dampness and dispersing cold, activating blood and resolving stasis, and dispelling wind-dampness and clearing heat. Zhenzhutougucao(Herba Speranskiae Tuberculatae), Honghua(Flos Carthami), Niuxi(Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), Shenjincao(Herba Lycopodii Japonici), Weilingxian(Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis Chinensis), Chuanwu(Radix Aconiti), Haitongpi(Cortex Erythrinae Variegatae), Ruxiang(Olibanum),Danggui(Radix Angelicae Sinensis), Caowu(Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii), Moyao(Myrrha), and Aiye(Folium Artemisiae Argyi) are the main herbs used in the fuming-washing treatment for KOA.展开更多
Parallel dual-plane imaging with a large axial interval enables the simultaneous observation of biological structures and activities in different views of interest.However,the inflexibility in adjusting the field-of-v...Parallel dual-plane imaging with a large axial interval enables the simultaneous observation of biological structures and activities in different views of interest.However,the inflexibility in adjusting the field-of-view(FOV)positions in three dimensions and optical sectioning effects,as well as the relatively small effective axial range limited by spherical aberration,have hindered the application of parallel dual-plane imaging.Herein,we propose a flexible,video-rate,and defocus-aberration-compensated axial dual-line scanning imaging method.We used a stepped mirror to remotely generate and detect dual axial lines with compensation for spherical aberration and FOV-jointing to rearrange into a head-to-head line for high-speed optical sectioning acquisition.The lateral and axial positions of the two FOVs could be flexibly adjusted before and during imaging,respectively.The method also allows the adjustment of optical sectioning effects according to specific experimental requirements.We experimentally verified the consistent imaging performance over an axial range of 300μm.We demonstrated high throughput by simultaneously imaging Brownian motions in two 250μm×250μm FOVs with axial and lateral intervals of 150μm and 240μm,respectively,at 24.5 Hz.We also showed potential application in functional imaging by simultaneously acquiring neural activities in the optic tectum and hindbrain of a zebrafish brain.The proposed method is,thus,advantageous compared to existing parallel dual-plane imaging and potentially facilitates intravital biological study in large axial range.展开更多
To the Editor:Venous thromboembolism(VTE)is a collective term consisting of deep venous thrombosis(DVT)and pulmonary embolism(PE).It is a major worldwide health concern as it affects 5%to 15%of hospitalized patients.V...To the Editor:Venous thromboembolism(VTE)is a collective term consisting of deep venous thrombosis(DVT)and pulmonary embolism(PE).It is a major worldwide health concern as it affects 5%to 15%of hospitalized patients.Various predisposing factors for VTE occurrence include cancer,surgery,prolonged immobilization,fracture,paralysis,oral contraceptive use,and hereditary coagulopathies.展开更多
The glutathione S-transferases(GSTs)play important roles in detoxification of microcystins(MCs),but the responses of GSTs to MC-LR have not been well characterized in freshwater gastropod,Cipangopaludina cahayensis.In...The glutathione S-transferases(GSTs)play important roles in detoxification of microcystins(MCs),but the responses of GSTs to MC-LR have not been well characterized in freshwater gastropod,Cipangopaludina cahayensis.In the present study,we cloned full-length cDNAs of mu-and pi-class GSTs(GSTM and GSTP)and partial cDNA of omega-class GST(GSTO),and determined the transcriptional responses of the three GST genes to different concentrations of MC-LR(0,1,10 and 100 lg/L)in C.cahayensis.The full-length cDNAs of GSTM and GSTP of C.cahayensis were 813 and 820 bp,containing an open reading frame(ORF)of 648 bp(encoding 215 amino acids)and 624 bp(encoding 207 amino acids),respectively.The mRNA expression of GSTM and GSTO significantly decreased after exposure to 10 lg/L MC-LR,and the mRNA expression of GSTP significantly decreased after100 lg/L MC-LR exposure.This might contribute to the detoxication of MCs in C.cahayensis,which is consistent with its sedentary life and filter-feeder status.The mRNA expression of the three GST isoforms in C.cahayensis could be used as biomarkers for water contamination.展开更多
Dear Editor,GABAergic interneurons contribute to cortical function by regulating the balance of activity.Malfunction of inhibitory interneurons has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders(Hashimoto et al.2003;...Dear Editor,GABAergic interneurons contribute to cortical function by regulating the balance of activity.Malfunction of inhibitory interneurons has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders(Hashimoto et al.2003;Marín 2012).The most striking feature of GABAergic interneurons is their diversity of cell types.Although fate-mapping studies have demonstrated the presence of spatially and temporally distinct progenitor domains for interneuron subclasses within the embryonic ventral telencephalon(Butt et al.2005;Inan et al.2012),the mechanisms of interneuron subtype-determination during development remain poorly understood.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant No.2021YFA0716500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,grant Nos.61973328 and 91938301)。
文摘In today’s society,there is a wide demand for high-precision and high-stability time service in the fields of electric power,communication,transportation and finance.At present,the time standard in various countries is mainly based on atomic clocks,but the frequency drift of atomic clocks will affect the long-term stability performance.Compared with atomic clocks,millisecond pulsars have better long-term stability and can complement with the excellent short-term stability of atomic clocks.In order to improve the long-term stability of the atomic timescale,and then improve the timing accuracy,this paper proposes an algorithm for steering the atomic clock ensemble(ACE)by ensemble pulsar time(EPT)based on digital phase locked loop(DPLL).First,the ACE and EPT are generated by the ALGOS algorithm,then the ACE is steered by EPT based on DPLL to calibrate the long-term frequency drift of the atomic clock,so that the generated steered atomic time follows both the short-term stability characteristics of ACE and the long-term stability characteristics of EPT,and finally,the steered atomic time is used to calibrate the local cesium clock.The experimental results show that the long-term stability of atomic time after steering is improved by 2 orders of magnitude compared with that before steering,and the daily drift of a local cesium clock after calibration is less than 9.47 ns in 3 yr,3 orders of magnitude higher than that before calibration on accuracy.
文摘Purpose： To extract protein, decrease the cellulose and facilitate the digestion and absorption of brewers＇ spent grain by animal. Topic： Discuss and optimize the hydrolysis conditions of the combined enzymatic hydrolysis by Novozymes. Method： The fresh brewers＇ spent grain was firstly dried, smashed and sifted. Then as indicators of the protein extraction rate in the enzyme solution and the content of cellulose in the index, the parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis, such as the solid-liquid ratio, reaction temperature, pH, enzyme dosage and reaction time, were investigated in detailed. After hydrolysis, the brewers＇ spent grain was put in the boiling water bath for inactivation for 15 minutes, and centrifuged, the supernatants were volume to 100 mL and the protein content was measured. After the precipitate was dried, the cellulose content was also measured. Achievements： The optimized conditions were with temperature of 50 ℃, pH 6.5, enzyme amount of 30 mg for Novozymes enzyme and 2.5 h for reaction time. Under these conditions, the protein extraction rate in the enzyme reaction reached 41.82%, and the cellulose content reached 13.90%, the degradation rate of cellulose was 18.86%.
基金Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2021ZD0201001)National Natural Science Foundation of China (62325502, 81827901)Huazhong University of Science and Technology(2019kfyXMBZ011)。
文摘Using an on-the-fly scanning scheme, line confocal microscopy can obtain complex structures of large biological tissues with high throughput. Yet, it suffers from lateral imaging asymmetry and thus introduces the potential deformations of the observation results. Here, we propose cross-line illumination microscopy (cLIM) that acquires the imaging data of two perpendicular directions simultaneously through the same objective lens in a line scanning and utilizes two-direction deconvolution fusion to achieve lateral symmetric imaging performance.Imaging fluorescence beads indicates that cLIM reduces lateral resolution asymmetry from 46.1%to 2.5%and improves lateral resolution by 31.0%, compared with traditional line-scanning imaging. Compared with commercial point-confocal microscopy, the cLIM has a 25.84×increase in imaging speed and 1.93×better background-suppressing ability when imaging an 11,306μm×7783μm×100μm mouse kidney slice. We also show the advantages of the cLIM in observing direction-sensitive texture features by imaging a muscular tissue slice. cLIM offers a novel solution to achieve laterally symmetric line-scanning imaging with simple modifications while maintaining high throughput and accuracy for imaging large-scale samples.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program(973 program)(2015CB554000 to GC)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81520108021 and 91529305 to G.C.,81672518 and 81101928 to X.T.)the Three-year Action Plan on Public Health,Phase IV,Shanghai,China(15GWZK0801 to GC).
文摘Background:We previously showed that the expression of follistatin-like protein 1(FSTL1)was significantly down-regulated in metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma(ccRCC).In this study,we aimed to characterize the role of FSTL1 in the development of ccRCC.Methods:The effects of FSTL1 on cell activity and cell cycle were investigated in ccRCC cell lines with altered FSTL1 expression.Gene expression microarray assays were performed to identify the major signaling pathways affected by FSTL1 knockdown.The expression of FSTL1 in ccRCC and its effect on postoperative prognosis were estimated in a cohort with 89 patients.Results:FSTL1 knockdown promoted anchorage-independent growth,migration,invasion,and cell cycle of ccRCC cell lines,whereas FSTL1 overexpression attenuated cell migration.FSTL1 knockdown up-regulated nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)and hypoxia-inducible factor(HIF)signaling pathways,increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition,up-regulated interleukin-6 expression,and promoted tumor necrosis factor-α-induced degradation of NF-κB inhibitor(IκBα)in ccRCC cell lines.FSTL1 immunostaining was selectively positive in epithelial cytoplasm in the loop of Henle,and positive rate of FSTL1 was significantly lower in ccRCC tissues than in adjacent renal tissues(P<0.001).The mul-tivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the intratumoral FSTL1 expression conferred a favorable independent prognosis with a hazard ratio of 0.325(95%confidence interval 0.118-0.894).HIF-2αexpression was negatively cor-related with FSTL1 expression in ccRCC specimens(r=−0.229,P=0.044).Intratumoral expression of HIF-2α,rather than HIF-1α,significantly predicted an unfavorable prognosis in ccRCC(log-rank,P=0.038).Conclusions:FSTL1 plays a tumor suppression role possibly via repressing the NF-κB and HIF-2αsignaling pathways.To increase FSTL1 expression might be a candidate therapeutic strategy for metastatic ccRCC.
基金Supported by Grant from the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Guangdong Province in China(No.20131161)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(No.20124425110004)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To analyze the component law of Chinese medicines in fuming-washing therapy for knee osteoarthritis(KOA), and develop new fuming-washing prescriptions for KOA through unsupervised data mining methods.METHODS: Chinese medicine recipes for fuming-washing therapy for KOA were collected and recorded in a database. The correlation coefficient among herbs, core combinations of herbs, andnew prescriptions were analyzed using modified mutual information, complex system entropy cluster, and unsupervised hierarchical clustering, respectively.RESULTS: Based on analysis of 345 Chinese medicine recipes for fuming-washing therapy, 68 herbs occurred frequently, 33 herb pairs occurred frequently, and 12 core combinations were found.Five new fuming-washing recipes for KOA were developed.CONCLUSION: Chinese medicines for fuming-washing therapy of KOA mainly consist of wind-dampness-dispelling and cold-dispersing herbs, blood-activating and stasis-resolving herbs,and wind-dampness-dispelling and heat-clearing herbs. The treatment of fuming-washing therapy for KOA also includes dispelling wind-dampness and dispersing cold, activating blood and resolving stasis, and dispelling wind-dampness and clearing heat. Zhenzhutougucao(Herba Speranskiae Tuberculatae), Honghua(Flos Carthami), Niuxi(Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), Shenjincao(Herba Lycopodii Japonici), Weilingxian(Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis Chinensis), Chuanwu(Radix Aconiti), Haitongpi(Cortex Erythrinae Variegatae), Ruxiang(Olibanum),Danggui(Radix Angelicae Sinensis), Caowu(Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii), Moyao(Myrrha), and Aiye(Folium Artemisiae Argyi) are the main herbs used in the fuming-washing treatment for KOA.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(61890950,61890953,91749209)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2019kfy XMBZ039)。
文摘Parallel dual-plane imaging with a large axial interval enables the simultaneous observation of biological structures and activities in different views of interest.However,the inflexibility in adjusting the field-of-view(FOV)positions in three dimensions and optical sectioning effects,as well as the relatively small effective axial range limited by spherical aberration,have hindered the application of parallel dual-plane imaging.Herein,we propose a flexible,video-rate,and defocus-aberration-compensated axial dual-line scanning imaging method.We used a stepped mirror to remotely generate and detect dual axial lines with compensation for spherical aberration and FOV-jointing to rearrange into a head-to-head line for high-speed optical sectioning acquisition.The lateral and axial positions of the two FOVs could be flexibly adjusted before and during imaging,respectively.The method also allows the adjustment of optical sectioning effects according to specific experimental requirements.We experimentally verified the consistent imaging performance over an axial range of 300μm.We demonstrated high throughput by simultaneously imaging Brownian motions in two 250μm×250μm FOVs with axial and lateral intervals of 150μm and 240μm,respectively,at 24.5 Hz.We also showed potential application in functional imaging by simultaneously acquiring neural activities in the optic tectum and hindbrain of a zebrafish brain.The proposed method is,thus,advantageous compared to existing parallel dual-plane imaging and potentially facilitates intravital biological study in large axial range.
文摘To the Editor:Venous thromboembolism(VTE)is a collective term consisting of deep venous thrombosis(DVT)and pulmonary embolism(PE).It is a major worldwide health concern as it affects 5%to 15%of hospitalized patients.Various predisposing factors for VTE occurrence include cancer,surgery,prolonged immobilization,fracture,paralysis,oral contraceptive use,and hereditary coagulopathies.
基金supported by the Key Projects in the National Science&Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period(2012BAD25B04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31272641,31172420)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2013SC13)
文摘The glutathione S-transferases(GSTs)play important roles in detoxification of microcystins(MCs),but the responses of GSTs to MC-LR have not been well characterized in freshwater gastropod,Cipangopaludina cahayensis.In the present study,we cloned full-length cDNAs of mu-and pi-class GSTs(GSTM and GSTP)and partial cDNA of omega-class GST(GSTO),and determined the transcriptional responses of the three GST genes to different concentrations of MC-LR(0,1,10 and 100 lg/L)in C.cahayensis.The full-length cDNAs of GSTM and GSTP of C.cahayensis were 813 and 820 bp,containing an open reading frame(ORF)of 648 bp(encoding 215 amino acids)and 624 bp(encoding 207 amino acids),respectively.The mRNA expression of GSTM and GSTO significantly decreased after exposure to 10 lg/L MC-LR,and the mRNA expression of GSTP significantly decreased after100 lg/L MC-LR exposure.This might contribute to the detoxication of MCs in C.cahayensis,which is consistent with its sedentary life and filter-feeder status.The mRNA expression of the three GST isoforms in C.cahayensis could be used as biomarkers for water contamination.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(20ZR1403800)to Y.F.The project was also supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(31930044,31725012)the Foundation of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2019-01-07-00-07-E00062)+1 种基金the Collaborative Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(2020CXJQ01)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2018SHZDZX01).
文摘Dear Editor,GABAergic interneurons contribute to cortical function by regulating the balance of activity.Malfunction of inhibitory interneurons has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders(Hashimoto et al.2003;Marín 2012).The most striking feature of GABAergic interneurons is their diversity of cell types.Although fate-mapping studies have demonstrated the presence of spatially and temporally distinct progenitor domains for interneuron subclasses within the embryonic ventral telencephalon(Butt et al.2005;Inan et al.2012),the mechanisms of interneuron subtype-determination during development remain poorly understood.
