Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 5 Mediates Wnt5a Expression in Microcystin-Leucine-Arginine-Induced Liver Lipid Metabolism Disorder in Mice

Objective Microcystin-leucine-arginine(MC-LR)exposure induces lipid metabolism disorders in the liver.Secreted frizzled-related protein 5(SFRP5)is a natural antagonist of winglesstype MMTV integration site family,member 5A(Wnt5a)and an anti-inflammatory adipocytokine.In this study,we aimed to investigate whether MC-LR can induce lipid metabolism disorders in hepatocytes and whether SFRP5,which has anti-inflammatory effects,can alleviate the effects of hepatic lipid metabolism by inhibiting the Wnt5a/Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)pathway.Methods We exposed mice to MC-LR in vivo to induce liver lipid metabolism disorders.Subsequently,mouse hepatocytes that overexpressed SFRP5 or did not express SFRP5 were exposed to MC-LR,and the effects of SFRP5 overexpression on inflammation and Wnt5a/JNK activation by MC-LR were observed.Results MC-LR exposure induced liver lipid metabolism disorders in mice and significantly decreased SFRP5 mRNA and protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner.SFRP5 overexpression in AML12cells suppressed MC-LR-induced inflammation.Overexpression of SFRP5 also inhibited Wnt5a and phosphorylation of JNK.Conclusion MC-LR can induce lipid metabolism disorders in mice,and SFRP5 can attenuate lipid metabolism disorders in the mouse liver by inhibiting Wnt5a/JNK signaling.

A Comprehensive Review of Security-constrained Unit Commitment

Security-constrained unit commitment(SCUC)has been extensively studied as a key decision-making tool to determine optimal power generation schedules in the operation of electricity market.With the development of emerging power grids,fruitful research results on SCUC have been obtained.Therefore,it is essential to review current work and propose future directions for SCUC to meet the needs of developing power systems.In this paper,the basic mathematical model of the standard SCUC is summarized,and the characteristics and application scopes of common solution algorithms are presented.Customized models focusing on diverse mathematical properties are then categorized and the corresponding solving methodologies are discussed.Finally,research trends in the field are prospected based on a summary of the state-of-the-art and latest studies.It is hoped that this paper can be a useful reference to support theoretical research and practical applications of SCUC in the future.