Serpentinisation is Required for the Magnetization of the Martian Crust

The remnant magnetism in the crust of Martian southern highland is associated with the magnetic sources at an average depth of~32 km.In this work,we investigate the magnetization of Martian crust via 1-D parameterized model for the stagnant-lid mantle convection.According to our model,the magnetization of Martian crust is likely to take place in the top-down manner during 4.1-3.7 Ga.To reproduce the average depth of magnetic sources below the southern highland,magnetite and Mg-ferrite are anticipated to be the magnetic carriers in the Martian crust,implying the serpentinisation therein.If magnetite is the only magnetic carrier in the Martian crust,the early climate must be warm enough to maintain a surface temperature of 300 K during 4.1-3.7 Ga at least.Such a warm climate is more likely to be a regional phenomenon associated with the serpentinisation in the crust of the southern highland or the hot ejecta of Borialis impact depositing on the southern hemisphere.

Signature of helium rain and dilute cores in Jupiter’s interior from empirical equations of state

Measurements of Jupiter’s gravity field by Juno have been acquired with unprecedented precision, but uncertainties in the planet’s hydrogen–helium equation of state(EOS) and the hydrogen–helium phase separation have meant that differences remain in the interior model predictions. We deduce an empirical EOS from Juno gravity field observations in terms of the hydrostatic equation and then investigate the structure and composition of Jupiter by comparison of the empirical EOS with Jupiter’s adiabats obtained from the physical EOS. The deduced helium mass fraction suggests depletion of helium in the outermost atmosphere and helium concentration in the inner molecular hydrogen region, which is a signature of helium rain in Jupiter’s interior. The deduced envelope metallicity(the heavy-element mass fraction) is as high in the innermost envelope as 11–13 times the solar value. Such a high metallicity provides sharp support to the dilute core model with the heavy elements dissolved in hydrogen and expanded outward. No matter how the core mass is varied, the empirical EOS derived from the two-layer interior model generally suggests higher densities in the innermost envelope than does the best-fit Jupiter’s adiabat;this result is, again, a signature of dilute cores in Jupiter’s interior. Moreover, no matter the core mass,the empirical EOS is found to exhibit an inflexion point in the deep interior, around 10 Mbar, which can be explained as the combined effect of helium concentration in the upper part and dilute cores in the lower part.

Research on two-proton radioactivity in density-dependent cluster model

The density-dependent cluster model(DDCM) provides a unified framework to study α decay,heavy-cluster radioactivity,and proton emission.Two-proton(2p) radioactivity is a rare decay mode of exotic nuclei near or beyond the drip-line.It is of great interest to explore the applicability of DDCM to this exotic decay mode.In this work,DDCM has been extended to study 2p radioactivity.The 2p-radioactivity half-lives are calculated for several known 2p-emitters,including19Mg,45Fe,48Ni,54Zn,and67Kr.The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data,with the standard deviations comparable to or smaller than those given by some other theoretical models and empirical formulas.We also predict the half-lives of a number of possible 2p-emitters with S2p<0 and Sp> 0 using the new data from AME2020 and NUBASE2020.These predictions serve as useful references for future experimental and theoretical investigations on 2p radioactivity.

Optimal harvesting of a hierarchical age-struetured population system

We investigate an optimal harvesting problem for age-structured species,in which elder individuals are more competitive than younger ones,and the population is modeled by a highly nonlinear integro-partial differential equation with a global feedback boundary condition.The existence of optimal strategies is established by means of compactness and maximizing sequences,and the maximum principle obtained via an adjoint system,tangent-normal cones and a new continuity result.In addition,some numerical experiments are presented to show the effects of the price function and younger's weight on the optimal profits.

Deciphering the dynamics of the ovarian reserve in cynomolgus monkey through a quantitative morphometric study

Female reproduction and health are highly dependent on ovarian function.Ovarian reserve is a critical indicator of ovarian function[1].The ovarian reserve refers to the stock of dormant primordial follicles(primordial follicle pool)residing in the ovarian cortex[2].The primordial germ cells(PGCs)are enclosed by the basal lamina to form cyst at the beginning of ovarian development[3].