Superhydrophobic Surface-Assisted Preparation of Microspheres and Supraparticles and Their Applications

Superhydrophobic surface(SHS) has been well developed, as SHS renders the property of minimizing the water/solid contact interface. Water droplets deposited onto SHS with contact angles exceeding 150°, allow them to retain spherical shapes, and the low adhesion of SHS facilitates easy droplet collection when tilting the substrate. These characteristics make SHS suitable for a wide range of applications. One particularly promising application is the fabrication of microsphere and supraparticle materials. SHS offers a distinct advantage as a universal platform capable of providing customized services for a variety of microspheres and supraparticles. In this review, an overview of the strategies for fabricating microspheres and supraparticles with the aid of SHS, including cross-linking process, polymer melting,and droplet template evaporation methods, is first presented. Then, the applications of microspheres and supraparticles formed onto SHS are discussed in detail, for example, fabricating photonic devices with controllable structures and tunable structural colors, acting as catalysts with emerging or synergetic properties, being integrated into the biomedical field to construct the devices with different medicinal purposes, being utilized for inducing protein crystallization and detecting trace amounts of analytes. Finally,the perspective on future developments involved with this research field is given, along with some obstacles and opportunities.

Dynamics Modeling and Parameter Identification for a Coupled-Drive Dual-Arm Nursing Robot

A dual-arm nursing robot can gently lift patients and transfer them between a bed and a wheelchair.With its lightweight design,high load-bearing capacity,and smooth surface,the coupled-drive joint is particularly well suited for these robots.However,the coupled nature of the joint disrupts the direct linear relationship between the input and output torques,posing challenges for dynamic modeling and practical applications.This study investigated the transmission mechanism of this joint and employed the Lagrangian method to construct a dynamic model of its internal dynamics.Building on this foundation,the Newton-Euler method was used to develop a dynamic model for the entire robotic arm.A continuously differentiable friction model was incorporated to reduce the vibrations caused by speed transitions to zero.An experimental method was designed to compensate for gravity,inertia,and modeling errors to identify the parameters of the friction model.This method establishes a mapping relationship between the friction force and motor current.In addition,a Fourier series-based excitation trajectory was developed to facilitate the identification of the dynamic model parameters of the robotic arm.Trajectory tracking experiments were conducted during the experimental validation phase,demonstrating the high accuracy of the dynamic model and the parameter identification method for the robotic arm.This study presents a dynamic modeling and parameter identification method for coupled-drive joint robotic arms,thereby establishing a foundation for motion control in humanoid nursing robots.

新中国70年教育不平等的演变轨迹实证研究——基于CGSS同期群数据的历史考察

新中国70年的教育发展既表现为伴随时代发展不断提高的受教育年限与持续扩大的升学机会,也表现为城乡二元分隔衍生的结构性教育不平等,更交叠着省区经济文化发展不均衡的附加影响,综合刻画着我国教育不平等的复杂演变轨迹。采用CGSS数据建立多层次模型进行实证验证发现:新中国成立以来的总体教育不平等程度随时代发展而递减,但城乡人口结构性不平等程度却在起伏后扩大;省域教育不平等则既有区域内的趋同效应,又有省区间的显著差异;不同层级受教育者的升学机会主要受到教育扩张和优势群体机会享有比例的影响,目前高中教育是决定教育不平等未来发展的关键性因素。

四川省2019年猪O型口蹄疫免疫抗体监测与分析

在2019年春、秋季集中免疫后,分别采集四川省21个市(州)被抽检县(区)的规模场、散养户、屠宰厂的猪血清共2306份,采用ELISA方法进行口蹄疫O型免疫抗体检测。结果显示,2019年全省猪O型口蹄疫免疫抗体的平均合格率为85.0%(1960/2306),其中春季检测1556份,合格1370份,合格率为88.05%;秋季检测750份,合格590份,合格率为78.67%。结果表明我省2019年春秋两季猪O型口蹄疫疫苗免疫均取得理想效果,能够对猪群提供免疫保护。

Serial Expression of the Truncated Fragments of the Nucleocapsid Protein of CCHFV and Identification of the Epitope Region

The Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV)is a geographically widespread fatal pathogen. Identification of the epitope regions of the virus is important for the diagnosis and epidemiological studies of CCHFV infections.In this study,expression vectors carrying series truncated fragments of the NP(nucleocapsid protein)gene from the S fragment of CCHFV strain YL04057 were constructed.The recombinant proteins were expressed in E.coli and purified for detection.The antigenic of the truncated fragments of NP was detected with a polyclonal serum(rabbit)and 2 monoclonal(mAbs)(14B7 and 43E5)against CCHFV by Western-blot analyses. The results showed that the three expressed constructs,which all contained the region 235AA to 305AA could be detected by mAbs polyclonal serum.The results suggest that region 235-305 aa of NP is a highly antigenic region and is highly conserved in the NP protein.

Genetic Modification of Baculovirus Expression Vectors

As a protein expression vector, the baculovirus demonstrates many advantages over other vectors. With the development of biotechnology, baculoviral vectors have been genetically modified to facilitate high level expression of heterologous proteins in both insect and mammalian cells. These modifications include utilization of different promoters and signal peptides, deletion or replacement of viral genes for increasing protein secretion, integration of polycistronic expression cassette for producing protein complexes, and baculovirus pseudotyping, promoter accommodation or surface display for enhancing mammalian cell targeting gene delivery. This review summarizes the development and the current state of art of the baculovirus expression system. Further development of baculovirus expression systems will make them even more feasible and accessible for advanced applications.

Freshwater Cyanophages

Cyanophages are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect cyanobacteria, and they can be found in both freshwater and marine environments. They have a complex pattem of host ranges and play important roles in controlling cyanobacteria population. Unlike marine cyanophages, for which there have been a number of recent investigations, very little attention has been paid to freshwater cyanophages. This review summarizes the taxonomy and morphology, host range, distribution, seasonal dynamics, and complete genomes of freshwater cyanophages, as well as diagnostic markers that can be used to identify them.

Characterization and Genomic Analysis of a Plaque Purified Strain of Cyanophage PP

Cyanophages are ubiquitous and essential components of the aquatic environment and play an important role in the termination of algal blooms.As such,they have attracted widespread interest.PP was the first isolated cyanophage in China,which infects Plectonema boryanum and Phormidium foveolarum.In this study,this cyanophage was purified three times by a double-agar overlay plaque assay and characterized.Its genome was extracted,totally sequenced and analyzed.Electron microscopy revealed a particle with an icosahedral head connected to a short stubby tail.Bioassays showed that PP was quite virulent.The genome of PP is a 42,480 base pair(bp),linear,double-stranded DNA molecule with 222 bp terminal repeats.It has high similarity with the known Pf-WMP3 sequence.It contains 41 open reading frames(ORFs),17 of which were annotated.Intriguingly,the genome can be divided into two completely different parts,which differ both in orientation and function.

Effects of Late Sowing on Differentiation and Degeneration of Branches and Spikelets of <i>Indica</i>Rice under Different Ecological Conditions

In rice (Oryza sativa L.), yield is related to characteristics of branches and spikelets. To investigate the effects of late sowing date on differentiation and degeneration of spikelets in rice, field experiments were conducted in Chongzhou and Hanyuan, China. Differentiation and survival of branches and spikelets in Hanyuan were lower than that of Chongzhou, whereas degeneration was greater than that of Chongzhou. In Chongzhou, sowing date affected differentiation and survival of primary, secondary, and total branches, as well as differentiation and degeneration of secondary and total spikelets. In Hanyuan, sowing date affected degeneration of secondary and total branches, and the survival and degeneration of primary spikelets. Late-sown plants experienced higher temperatures in the jointing to heading period, and there were higher sunshine hours. Rainfall and humidity were higher in Chongzhou, but lower in Hanyuan. Late sowing increased differentiation, degeneration, and survival number of branches and spikelets in Chongzhou. However, in Hanyuan, late sowing increased differentiation and degeneration of branches, but decreased survival of branches, which reduced spikelet differentiation and degeneration, resulting in fewer branches. Thus, the key to higher yield in Chongzhou was to increase differentiation of spikelets, whereas in Hanyuan, it was to reduce degeneration of branches and spikelets.

Cyanophage and Algal Virus

Cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae are abundant in freshwater and marine environments,and are fundamentally important in global biogeochemical cycles and for primary productivity.Under certain conditions,such as an excess of nutrients due to human activities through fertilizers or sewage,

Guanxi系数与guanxi经济

鉴于东方文化'关系'的重要性'guanxi'也已成为西文热词,给guanxi定量化,关系系数的创建,为guanxi学,医患关系及guanxi经济学的数理研究开辟了新途径。Guanxi导入经济,进入市场,大大提高了对市场价格等的影响力和控制力,guanxi能调节市场的价格,能高,能低。有了guanxi经济下的guanxi供给与guanxi需求,影响了价格的需求弹性,及供给弹性。

Identification of the Epitopes of Monoclonal Antibodies against P74 of Helicoverpa armigera Nucleopolyhedrovirus

P74 is a per os infectivity factor of baculovirus.Here,we report the production of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs),denoted as 20D9,20F9 and 21E1,raised against P74 of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV),and the identification of their recognition epitopes.The full-length P74,without the transmembrane domains at the C-terminus,was first divided into three segments (N,M and C,respectively),based on the proposed cleavage model for the protein,which were then expressed individually.Western blot analyses revealed specific cross-reactions with the N fragment,for both 20D9 and 21E1.Extensive truncation,followed by prokaryotic expression,of the P74 N fragment was then performed in order to screen for linear epitopes of P74.The recognition regions of 20D9 and 21E1 were revealed to be localized at R144-T153 and T199-C219,respectively.In addition,immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that 20D9 and 20F9 could recognize native P74 in HearNPV-infected cells.These findings will facilitate further investigations of the proteolytic processing of HearNPV P74,and of its involvement in virus-host interactions.

Unmanned air vehicle adaptability and application evaluation for new rice panicle fertilizers:Fertilizer characteristics and mechanical adaptability

High-efficiency fertilizers suitable for mechanical spraying can improve the fertilizer application and utilization efficiency.In this study,two types of granular compound fertilizers suitable for unmanned air vehicle spraying were developed using urea,potassium chloride,humic acid,and an amino acid synergist according to the fertilization requirements of rice at the booting stage.The physical and chemical properties of the compound fertilizers were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.The release kinetics of the fertilizer was studied via a soil column leaching experiment.The effect of fertilizer particles on unmanned air vehicle spraying uniformity was studied via an orthogonal simulation experiment.Results showed that the chemical interaction between compound-fertilizer raw materials formed complexes such as C-NH-C and-CO-NH-,which caused a change in fertilizer particle morphology.This led to chemical monolayer adsorption or internal fertilizer diffusion,which in turn delayed the fertilizer release by 5−10 d.A simulation bench test showed that the fertilizer particle hardness and roundness exceeded 20 N and 85%,respectively,while the particle size was in the range of 2.07−5.13 mm,which resulted in good unmanned air vehicle spraying uniformity with a lateral variation coefficient of less than 15%.Finally,the experimental field results demonstrated that the new compound fertilizers,when sprayed by an unmanned air vehicle,could improve the economic benefit by 916−2742 CNY ha−1 without reducing the nitrogen utilization rate and rice yield.The new compound fertilizers exhibit delayed release,good spraying uniformity,and improved economic benefit,rendering them suitable for large-scale promotion and application.

Liquid-like polymer lubricating surfaces:Mechanism and applications

Liquid-like polymer lubricating surfaces(LPLSs)are solid substrates with highly flexible polymer chains grafted via covalent bonds.This unique modification enables ultralow contact-angle hysteresis,repellency of various liquids and bulk ice,and stability.The distinctive wettability and universality of LPLSs have potential applications in liquid motion,biological detection,and environmental protection.In this review,we summarize the mechanisms,preparation,and applications of LPLSs.We discuss the wettability and lubrication mechanisms of liquid droplets on LPLSs.We then categorize LPLS fabrication into“grafted onto”and“grafted from”groups,depending on the type of polymer.We highlight representative applications with recent developments in anti-complex liquid,anti-icing,anti-biological adhesions,biosensing,and photocatalytic activity.Finally,we discuss future challenges and outlooks for LPLSs.

Hsp90βis critical for the infection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS)caused by the SFTS virus(SFTSV)is an emerging disease in East Asia with a fatality rate of up to 30%.However,the viral-host interaction of SFTSV remains largely unknown.The heat-shock protein 90(Hsp90)family consists of highly conserved chaperones that fold and remodel proteins and has a broad impact on the infection of many viruses.Here,we showed that Hsp90 is an important host factor involved in SFTSV infection.Hsp90 inhibitors significantly reduced SFTSV replication,viral protein expression,and the formation of inclusion bodies consisting of nonstructural proteins(NSs).Among viral proteins,NSs appeared to be the most reduced when Hsp90 inhibitors were used,and further analysis showed that their translation was affected.Co-immunoprecipitation of NSs with four isomers of Hsp90 showed that Hsp90βspecifically interacted with them.Knockdown of Hsp90βexpression also inhibited replication of SFTSV.These results suggest that Hsp90βplays a critical role during SFTSV infection and could be a potential target for the development of drugs against SFTS.

Viromes of Haemaphysalis longicornis reveal different viral abundance and diversity in free and engorged ticks

Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks,commonly found in East Asia,can transmit various pathogenic viruses,includingthe severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV)that has caused febrile diseases among humansin Hubei Province.However,understanding of the viromes of H.longicornis was limited,and the prevalence ofviruses among H.longicornis ticks in Hubei was not well clarified.This study investigates the viromes of bothengorged(fed)and free(unfed)H.longicornis ticks across three mountainous regions in Hubei Province from 2019to 2020.RNA-sequencing analysis identified viral sequences that were related to 39 reference viruses belonging tounclassified viruses and seven RNA viral families,namely Chuviridae,Nairoviridae,Orthomyxoviridae,Parvoviridae,Phenuiviridae,Rhabdoviridae,and Totiviridae.Viral abundance and diversity in these ticks were analysed,andphylogenetic characteristics of the Henan tick virus(HNTV),Dabieshan tick virus(DBSTV),Okutama tick virus(OKTV),and Jingmen tick virus(JMTV)were elucidated based on their full genomic sequences.Prevalenceanalysis demonstrated that DBSTV was the most common virus found in individual H.longicornis ticks(12.59%),followed by HNTV(0.35%),whereas JMTV and OKTV were not detected.These results improve our understanding of H.longicornis tick viromes in central China and highlight the role of tick feeding status and geographyin shaping the viral community.The findings of new viral strains and their potential impact on public health raisethe need to strengthen surveillance efforts for comprehensively assessing their spillover potentials.

混合颗粒系消光模型及反演研究

在单一颗粒系中,消光光谱法颗粒粒径测量模型通常基于Mie散射理论和朗伯-比尔定律(Lambert-Beer Law)构建。但由多种颗粒物构成的混合颗粒系消光特性更为复杂,颗粒粒径及分布、折射率、颗粒配比均会影响消光谱,传统模型不再适用。本工作将消光截面按混合比等效,构建了一种混合颗粒消光模型。对于多种混合颗粒系进行消光谱数值计算,将混合颗粒系分为单分散和多分散两种情况,分别探讨了颗粒粒径、折射率、混合比及分布参数对消光光谱影响规律。研究了混合颗粒系粒径、分布参数和混合比多参数同步反演问题,搭建消光谱测量系统并配置混合比为0.25, 0.5及0.75的二氧化硅和聚苯乙烯混合颗粒悬浮液进行实验,采用改进差分进化算法对实验谱进行反演。结果表明,混合消光模型预测与实验消光谱吻合,均方根误差小于0.08;实现了在不同混合比条件下多分散混合颗粒系的多参数同步反演,粒径和混合比的最大反演误差绝对值分别为7.44%和7.48%,均小于单分散假定时混合颗粒系参数反演误差绝对值,分布参数结果较好地反映了实验样品颗粒粒径分布较窄的特点。

Crucial role played by CK8^(+)cells in mediating alveolar injury remodeling for patients with COVID-19

The high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and reinfection and the occurrence of post-acute pulmonary sequelae have highlighted the importance of understanding the mechanism underlying lung repair after injury.To address this concern,comparative and systematic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 patients and animals were conducted.In the lungs of nine patients who died of COVID-19 and one recovered from COVID-19 but died of unrelated disease in early 2020,damage-related transient progenitor(DATP)cells expressing CK8 marker proliferated significantly.These CK8^(+)DATP cells were derived from bronchial CK5^(+)basal cells.However,they showed different cell fate toward differentiation into type I alveolar cells in the deceased and convalescent patients,respectively.By using a self-limiting hamster infection model mimicking the dynamic process of lung injury remodeling in mild COVID-19 patients,the accumulation and regression of CK8t cell marker were found to be closely associated with the disease course.Finally,we examined the autopsied lungs of two patients who died of infection by the recent Omicron variant and found that they only exhibited mild pathological injury with no CK8^(+)cell proliferation.These results indicate a clear pulmonary cell remodeling route and suggest that CK8^(+)DATP cells play a primary role in mediating alveolar remodeling,highlighting their potential applications as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.

Risk of infection with arboviruses in a healthy population in Pakistan based on seroprevalence

Infectious diseases caused by arboviruses are a public health concern in Pakistan.However,studies on data prevalence and threats posed by arboviruses are limited.This study investigated the seroprevalence of arboviruses in a healthy population in Pakistan,including severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV),Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV),Tamdy virus(TAMV),and Karshi virus(KSIV)based on a newly established luciferase immunoprecipitation system(LIPS)assays,and Zika virus(ZIKV)by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA).Neutralizing activities against these arboviruses were further examined from the antibody positive samples.The results showed that the seroprevalence of SFTSV,CCHFV,TAMV,KSIV,and ZIKV was 17.37%,7.58%,4.41%,1.10%,and 6.48%,respectively,and neutralizing to SFTSV(1.79%),CCHFV(2.62%),and ZIKV(0.69%)were identified,as well as to the SFTSV-related Guertu virus(GTV,0.83%).Risk factors associated with the incidence of exposure and levels of antibody response were analyzed.Moreover,co-exposure to different arboviruses was demonstrated,as thirty-seven individuals were having antibodies against multiple viruses and thirteen showed neutralizing activity.Males,individuals aged40 years,and outdoor workers had a high risk of exposure to arboviruses.All these results reveal the substantial risks of infection with arboviruses in Pakistan,and indicate the threat from co-exposure to multiple arboviruses.The findings raise the need for further epidemiologic investigation in expanded regions and populations and the necessity to improve health surveillance in Pakistan.

RNA viromes of Dermacentor nuttalli ticks reveal a novel uukuvirus in Qinghai Province,China

Ticks are a major parasite on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,western China,and represent an economic burden to agriculture and animal husbandry.Despite research on tick-borne pathogens that threaten humans and animals,the viromes of dominant tick species in this area remain unknown.In this study,we collected Dermacentor nuttalli ticks near Qinghai Lake and identified 13 viruses belonging to at least six families through metagenomic sequencing.Four viruses were of high abundance in pools,including Xınjiang tick-associated virus 1(XJTAV1),and three novel viruses:Qinghai Lake virus 1,Qinghai Lake virus 2(QHLV1,and QHLV2,unclassified),and Qinghai Lake virus 3(QHLV3,genus Uukuvirus of family Phenuiviridae in order Bunyavirales),which lacks the M segment.The minimum infection rates of the four viruses in the tick groups were 8.2%,49.5%,6.2%,and 24.7%,respectively,suggesting the prevalence of these viruses in D.nuttalli ticks.A putative M segment of QHLV3 was identified from the next-generation sequencing data and further characterized for its signal peptide cleavage site,N-glycosylation,and transmembrane region.Furthermore,we probed the L,M,and S segments of other viruses from sequencing data of other tick pools by using the putative M segment sequence of QHLV3.By revealing the viromes of D.nuttalli ticks,this study enhances our understanding of tick-borne viral communities in highland regions.The putative M segment identified in a novel uukuvirus suggests that previously identified uukuviruses without M segments should have had the same genome organization as typical bunyaviruses.These findings will facilitate virus discovery and our understanding of the phylogeny of tick-borne uukuviruses.