潜在内分泌干扰风险防晒剂的监管及其使用情况分析

欧盟对具有潜在内分泌干扰风险的化妆品原料进行筛查并建立了化妆品原料优先评估清单,该清单包含了4个欧盟化妆品指令准用防晒剂。文章以优先评估清单中的防晒剂为研究对象,对其在欧盟、美国等国家(地区)的监管情况和在我国的使用情况进行概述和分析,并汇总欧盟消费者安全科学委员会的再评估结果。经研究调查发现,优先评估清单中防晒剂在我国的法规限值与美国、日本和韩国规定基本一致,但部分防晒剂限值较欧盟新修订限值高,可能存在安全风险。建议监管部门综合评估上述防晒剂的安全风险、实际使用情况和行业发展等因素,通过进一步评估和细化法规限值,以期更好地保障民众用妆安全。

Editing of eIF(iso)4E.c confers resistance against Turnip mosaic virus in Brassica rapa

Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV)constitutes one of the primary diseases affecting Brassica rapa,severely impacting its production and resulting in crop failures in various regions worldwide.Recent research has demonstrated the significance of plant translation initiation factors,specifically the eIF4E and eIF4G family genes,as essential recessive disease resistance genes.In our study,we conducted evolutionary and gene expression studies,leading us to identify e IF(iso)4E.c as a potential TuMV-resistant gene.Leveraging CRISPR/Cas9 technology,we obtained mutant B.rapa plants with edited eIF(iso)4E.c gene.We confirmed eIF(iso)4E.c confers resistance against TuMV through phenotypic observations and virus content evaluations.Furthermore,we employed ribosome profiling assays on eif(iso)4e.c mutant seedlings to unravel the translation landscape in response to TuMV.Interestingly,we observed a moderate correlation between the fold changes in gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels(R^(2)=0.729).Comparative analysis of ribosome profiling and RNA-seq data revealed that plant-pathogen interaction,and MAPK signaling pathway-plant pathways were involved in eIF(iso)4E.c-mediated TuMV resistance.Further analysis revealed that sequence features,coding sequence length,and normalized minimal free energy,influenced the translation efficiency of genes.Our study highlights that the loss of e IF(iso)4E.c can result in a highly intricate translation mechanism,acting synergistically with transcription to confer resistance against TuMV.

Determination of Benzo[a]pyrene in Edible Oil by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detector (HPLC-FL)

In this study, an optimized high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC-FL) method for the determination of benzo[a]pyrene in edible oil was established. HPLC was performed with Thermo Fisher Scientific C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) as the chromatographic column and acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase, and the excitation wavelength and emission wavelength of fluorescence detector were 286 and 430 nm, respectively. The response was high, and the linear range was 0.5-10.0 ng/ml. The lowest limit of detection was 0.11 ng/ml, and the average recovery was 92.5%. This method is suitable for quantitative analysis of benzo[a]pyrene content in edible oil.

喷雾型防晒化妆品的国际法规动态和技术监管讨论

分析了我国喷雾型防晒化妆品的发展趋势,综述了欧盟、美国、澳大利亚、韩国等国家和地区的监管动态和法规要求,对此类产品的原料使用和生产工艺、理化检验、毒理学试验、防晒功效测试、产品安全评估、使用方法和标签管理等相关技术要点进行了分析和讨论,并提出了监管建议,对喷雾型防晒化妆品在监管科学下的精细化管理进行了总结和展望。

2017—2021年我国进口防晒化妆品注册情况分析

通过查询国家药监局网站公布的化妆品批件信息,对2017—2021年我国进口防晒化妆品的批件数量、原产国、紫外线防御能力、剂型和配方中防晒剂等数据进行归纳、整理和分析。结果显示:2017—2021年五年间,我国共发放进口防晒化妆品批件3 057件,韩国是进口防晒化妆品的最大原产国;紫外线防御能力方面,SPF值未见明显增长,高PFA值产品占比有明显提高;进口防晒化妆品主要剂型为膏霜乳,喷雾剂有逐渐增加的趋势;产品配方中使用频率最高的防晒剂是安全系数相对较高的甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯。针对上述分析结果,结合文献报道、法规监管和社会热点等方面内容,进一步剖析以期全方位了解我国进口防晒化妆品情况,为我国化妆品市场监管和国内化妆品企业研发提供有益的借鉴和参考。

特殊化妆品安全技术评价常见问题分析

化妆品安全技术评价是化妆品监管体系中的重要环节。我国现行法规中将化妆品分为特殊化妆品和普通化妆品,按风险程度分类管理原则,对特殊化妆品实行注册管理,对普通化妆品实行备案管理。结合开展化妆品安全技术评价的工作实际,对影响特殊化妆品安全性的问题进行归纳和梳理,并结合具体案例开展分析,为化妆品产品研发、监管部门和技术机构开展相关工作提供借鉴。

化妆品原料管理和原料安全信息报送制度探讨

为落实《化妆品监督管理条例》要求,提高化妆品原料管理和安全性评价水平,国家药品监督管理局结合配套法规文件制修订和信息化建设工作,建立起化妆品原料安全信息报送制度。围绕此项工作,对旧法规背景下的化妆品原料管理概况和有关问题进行分析,对新法规体系下的化妆品原料管理思路和有关工作情况进行介绍,对化妆品原料安全信息报送的设计初衷和制度安排进行了阐述,并结合实际运行情况,就原料组成拆分原则、组分典型值/目标值和范围值、原料安全信息变更、原料安全信息文件签章等行业普遍关注的重点问题展开讨论,以期对行业提供技术参考。

Identification of long noncoding RNAs involved in resistance to downy mildew in Chinese cabbage

Brassica downy mildew,a severe disease caused by Hyaloperonospora brassicae,can cause enormous economic losses in Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa L.ssp.pekinensis)production.Although some research has been reported recently concerning the underlying resistance to this disease,no studies have identified or characterized long noncoding RNAs involved in this defense response.In this study,using high-throughput RNA sequencing,we analyzed the disease-responding mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in two resistant lines(T12–19 and 12–85)and one susceptible line(91–112).Clustering and Gene Ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)showed that more DEGs were involved in the defense response in the two resistant lines than in the susceptible line.Different expression patterns and proposed functions of differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs among T12–19,12–85,and 91–112 indicated that each has a distinct disease response mechanism.There were significantly more cis-and trans-functional long noncoding RNAs in the resistant lines than in the susceptible line,and the genes regulated by these RNAs mostly participated in the disease defense response.Furthermore,we identified a candidate resistance-related long noncoding RNA,MSTRG.19915,which is a long noncoding natural antisense transcript of a MAPK gene,BrMAPK15.Via an agroinfiltration-mediated transient overexpression system and virus-induced gene silencing technology,BrMAPK15 was indicated to have a greater ability to defend against pathogens.MSTRG.19915-silenced seedlings showed enhanced resistance to downy mildew,probably because of the upregulated expression of BrMAPK15.This research identified and characterized long noncoding RNAs involved in resistance to downy mildew,laying a foundation for future in-depth studies of disease resistance mechanisms in Chinese cabbage.

Genome-wide analysis of changes in miRNA and target gene expression reveals key roles in heterosis for chinese cabbage biomass

Heterosis is a complex phenomenon in which hybrids show better phenotypic characteristics than their parents do.Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa L.spp.pekinensis)is a popular leafy crop species,hybrids of which are widely used in commercial production;however,the molecular basis of heterosis for biomass of Chinese cabbage is poorly understood.We characterized heterosis in a Chinese cabbage hybrid cultivar and its parental lines from the seedling stage to the heading stage;marked heterosis of leaf weight and biomass yield were observed.Small RNA sequencing revealed 63 and 50 differentially expressed microRNAs(DEMs)at the seedling and early-heading stages,respectively.The expression levels ofthe majority of miRNA clusters in the hybrid were lower than the mid-parent values(MPVs).Using degradome sequencing,we identi fied 1,819 miRNA target genes.Gene ontology(GO)analyses demonstrated that the target genes ofthe MPV-DEMs and low parental expression level dominance(ELD)miRNAs were signi ficantly enriched in leaf morphogenesis,leaf development,and leaf shaping.Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression levels of photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis-related MPV-DEGs(differentially expressed genes)were signi ficantly different in the F_(1) hybrid compared to the parental lines,resulting in increased photosynthesis capacity and chlorophyll content in the former.Furthermore,expression of genes known to regulate leaf development was also observed at the seedling stage.Arabidopsis plants overexpressing BrGRF4.2 and bra-miR396 presented increased and decreased leaf sizes,respectively.These results provide new insight into the regulation of target genes and miRNA expression patterns in leaf size and heterosis for biomass of B.rapa.

Study on the Quality Evaluation of Steamed Bread and the Physical and Chemical Properties of Wheat

In this study,the different physical and chemical properties of wheat were studied,and on this basis,and the quality of steamed bread made was evaluated.We analyzed the correlation between the evaluation indexes of steamed bread and the basic physical and chemical indexes of wheat,and investigated important factors that affect the evaluation indexes of steamed bread,including flour extraction rate,protein content,amylose content,protein,added amount of yeast,fermentation time and other aspects.According to the study results,it was shown that different factors had different effect on steamed bread quality,with both positive correlation and negative correlation.

A Genomic Variation Map Provides Insights into the Genetic Basis of Spring Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)Selection

Chinese cabbage is the most consumed leafy crop in East Asian countries.However,premature bolting induced by continuous low temperatures severely decreases the yield and quality of the Chinese cabbage, and therefore restricts its planting season and geographic distribution.In the past 40years,spring Chinese cabbage with strong winterness has been selected to meet the market demand.Here,we report a genome variation map of Chinese cabbage generated from the resequencing data of 194 geographically diverse accessions of three ecotypes.In-depth analyses of the selection sweeps and genome-wide patterns revealed that spring Chinese cabbage was selected from a specific population of autumn Chinese cabbage around the area of Shandong peninsula in northern China.We identified 23 genomic loci that underwent intensive selection,and further demonstrated by gene expression and haplotype analyses that the incorporation of elite alleles of VERNALISATION INSENTIVE 3.1(BrVIN3.1)and FLOWER LOCUS C 1(BrFLC1)is a determinant genetic source of variation during selection.Moreover,we showed that the quantitative response of BrVIN3.1 to cold due to the sequence variations in the cis elements of the BrVlN3.1 promoter significantly contributes to bolting-time variation in Chinese cabbage.Collectively, our study provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of spring Chinese cabbage selection and will facilitate the breeding of bolting-resistant Varieties by molecular-marker-assisted selection,transgenic or gene editingapproaches.

“Block and attack”strategy for tumor therapy through ZnO_(2)/siRNA/NIR-mediating Zn^(2+)-overload and amplified oxidative stress

Intracellular zinc ion(Zn^(2+))accumulation disrupts the Zn^(2+)homeostasis,providing an ion-overloading anticancer strategy with great potential.The self-adaptation of tumor cells to ion concentration,however,puts forward higher requirements for the design of ion-overloading strategy.Herein,“block and attack”antitumor strategy was applied through a composite nanomaterials(UHSsPZH NPs).The strategy demonstrated powerful ion interference ability through both“blocking”the efflux of excess Zn^(2+)via gene silencing and“attacking”tumor cells via target delivery of ZnO_(2).After cellular internalization,ZnO_(2) was degraded to Zn^(2+)and hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),and the gene expression of zinc transporter 1(ZnT1)was silenced by targeting of released siRNA,which together caused intracellular Zn2+-overload.Disorder of Zn^(2+)further interfered with intracellular Ca^(2+)homeostasis,inhibited the electron transport chain and promoted the production of endogenous reactive oxygen species(ROS),which assisted the“attack”to tumor cells together with the exogenous ROS generated by UHSsPZH NPs under 980 nm laser irradiation.In summary,this work supplies a“block and attack”strategy for the application of ion homeostasis interference in tumor therapy.