Effects of vascular endothelial growth factor supplementation and alginate embedding on human oocyte maturation in vitro

Objective:To evaluate whether the use of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)with alginate increases oocyte maturation following in vitro maturation.Methods:This experimental study was performed on 150 immature oocytes(germinal vesicle oocytes)from females who were candidates for assisted reproductive technology.The germinal vesicle oocytes were randomly placed in the control,alginate,and VEGF plus alginate groups.The basic culture medium for oocytes culture(tissue culture medium 199,follicle-stimulating hormone 0.075 IU/mL,and fetal bovine serum 10%)was used in the control,alginate,and VEGF plus alginate groups.For the treatment groups(alginate,and VEGF plus alginate groups),alginate(8%)and VEGF(5 ng/mL)were added to the basic culture medium.After culture,immature oocytes were considered as oocytes unchanged in the nucleus whereas oocytes with a polar body were considered as mature oocytes(metaphaseⅡstage).The mature oocytes in each group were fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection and formed embryos were evaluated by reverse microscope.Results:The oocyte maturation rate(metaphaseⅡ)significantly(P<0.05)increased in the alginate plus VEGF group as compared with the alginate alone and control groups during in vitro maturation.On day 2,the cleavage rates were significantly different in the matured oocytes between the treatment groups and the control group.The percentage of the two-cell stage,four-cell stage and eight-cell embryos was significantly higher in the treatment groups compared with the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions:Supplementation of VEGF with alginate can improve oocyte maturation in culture media.VEGF with alginate may promote the quality of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of human oocytes in vitro.

Germline cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells, with the focus on Wharton's jelly

Previous attempts have indicated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a valuable source and candidate and new approach for tissue engineering and reproductive medicine. MSCs have this potential to be induced and differentiated in an appropriatein vivoandin vitro condition toward various cell lineages and then they can be applied in cell therapies and clinical applications. During recent two decades, various sources have demonstrated they are a great source for MSCs, including bone marrow, the human umbilical cord as well as Wharton's jelly. Due to discarding after birth, easily accessible cells and less ethical concerns, these cells have attracted more and more scientists' attention. Infertility and reproduction diseases have provided special opportunity to examine the efficiency of MSCs in this kind of application. Based on recent investigations, MSCs embedded in Wharton's jelly tissue are more appealing for cell therapies, especially in infertility treatment purposes. So, differentiation of MSCs embedded in Wharton's jelly tissue into germ layer cells for cell-based therapy purposes is now under intensive study.