This paper focuses on optimally determining the existence of connected paths between some given nodes in random ring-based graphs.Serving as a fundamental underlying structure in network modeling,ring topology appears...This paper focuses on optimally determining the existence of connected paths between some given nodes in random ring-based graphs.Serving as a fundamental underlying structure in network modeling,ring topology appears as commonplace in many realistic scenarios.Regarding this,we consider graphs composed of rings,with some possible connected paths between them.Without prior knowledge of the exact node permutations on rings,the existence of each edge can be unraveled through edge testing at a unit cost in one step.The problem examined is that of determining whether the given nodes are connected by a path or separated by a cut,with the minimum expected costs involved.Dividing the problem into different cases based on different topologies of the ring-based networks,we propose the corresponding policies that aim to quickly seek the paths between nodes.A common feature shared by all those policies is that we stick to going in the same direction during edge searching,with edge testing in each step only involving the test between the source and the node that has been tested most.The simple searching rule,interestingly,can be interpreted as a delightful property stemming from the neat structure of ring-based networks,which makes the searching process not rely on any sophisticated behaviors.We prove the optimality of the proposed policies by calculating the expected cost incurred and making a comparison with the other class of strategies.The effectiveness of the proposed policies is also verified through extensive simulations,from which we even disclose three extra intriguing findings:i)in a onering network,the cost will grow drastically with the number of designated nodes when the number is small and will grow slightly when that number is large;ii)in ring-based network,Depth First is optimal in detecting the connectivity between designated nodes;iii)the problem of multi-ring networks shares large similarity with that of two-ring networks,and a larger number of ties between rings will not influence the expected cost.展开更多
目的言语空间听觉质量量表-父母版(Speech,Spatial,and Other Qualities of Hearing Scale for parents,SSQ-P)是在Speech,Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale(SSQ)的基础上为儿童人群修改的版本,通过对患儿家长的问卷调查,评估患...目的言语空间听觉质量量表-父母版(Speech,Spatial,and Other Qualities of Hearing Scale for parents,SSQ-P)是在Speech,Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale(SSQ)的基础上为儿童人群修改的版本,通过对患儿家长的问卷调查,评估患儿言语理解、声源定位及听觉质量的能力。SSQ-P的基本结构与成人版本相同,分为言语感知、空间听力和听觉质量三个维度,旨在评价患儿在日常复杂听觉场景中的表现。本研究对中文版SSQ-P进行信效度分析,建立一种适合中国听力损失儿童言语空间质量评估的问卷。方法首先对Speech,Spatial,and Other Qualities of Hearing Scale for parents进行汉化,形成中文版SSQ-P。纳入60例正常听力儿童及55例听力损失儿童进行研究,听损儿童中5例为双侧助听器患儿,另外50例为人工耳蜗植入患儿,耳蜗型号均为Nucleus■CI512。采用内部一致性检验评价量表的信度,采用内容效度和结构效度评估方法分析其效度。采用Mann-Whitney U检验分析正常听力儿童与听力损失患儿的得分差别。采用配对t检验对人工耳蜗植入术前和术后的中文版SSQ-P得分进行比较。结果Cronbach’s α系数为0.936,说明量表具有良好的内部一致性信度。采用探索性因子分析提取了5个公因子,分别是言语识别、言语分辨、声源定位、听觉分辨和听觉质量。正常儿童组得分的中位数为9.87,听力损失儿童得分的中位数为0.333,P=0.000<0.01,两者差异有显著统计学意义。人工耳蜗术后1年患儿中文版SSQ-P量表得分明显高于术前,采用配对t检验对两者进行比较t=7.90,P=0.000<0.01,两者差异有显著统计学意义,说明人工耳蜗植入术后的SSQ-P得分比术前有了显著提高。结论中文版SSQ-P量表信效度很高,可用于听力损失患儿的空间听觉能力评估。展开更多
目的探讨低龄人工耳蜗植入术后儿童言语感知和空间听觉能力发育规律及二者之间的关系。方法31例人工耳蜗植入术后儿童,男16例、女15例,年龄(2.3±1.2)岁(x±s,下同),分别在术前、开机6个月以及开机12个月,应用普通话婴幼儿有意...目的探讨低龄人工耳蜗植入术后儿童言语感知和空间听觉能力发育规律及二者之间的关系。方法31例人工耳蜗植入术后儿童,男16例、女15例,年龄(2.3±1.2)岁(x±s,下同),分别在术前、开机6个月以及开机12个月,应用普通话婴幼儿有意义听觉整合量表(Infant-toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale,IT-MAIS)/普通话有意义听觉整合量表(Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale,MAIS)和普通话早期言语感知测试(Mandarin Early Speech Perception test,MESP)评估听觉能力和言语感知能力发展,应用言语空间听觉质量量表父母版问卷(Speech,Spatial,and Other Qualities of Hearing Scale for Parents,SSQ-P)评估空间听觉能力的发展。应用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计学分析。结果随开机时间延长,31例人工耳蜗植入儿童IT-MAIS/MAIS、MESP得分率持续提高,术前、开机6个月及开机12个月三个时间节点的得分率差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。SSQ-P(Speech)和SSQ-P(Spatial)得分:术前分别为(0.9±0.2)、(0.8±0.3)分,开机6个月为(4.6±0.2)、(2.6±0.3)分,开机12个月为(6.2±0.2)、(6.3±0.3)分,两项得分在术前、开机6个月、开机12个月三个时间节点差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。SSQ-P(Spatial)从术前至开机12个月的增长率为675.3%、开机6个月至12个月期间的增长率为140.6%,明显高于IT-MAIS/MAIS、LV-MESP及SSQ-P(Speech)的增长率。CI开机后12个月,SSQ-P(Speech)得分与SSQ-P(Spatial)得分呈中度相关(r=0.465,P=0.008)。结论人工耳蜗植入术后儿童随开机时间延长,其听能、言语感知能力、空间听觉能力均呈现持续性显著进步。开机12个月时空间听觉能力增长率大于言语感知能力,且空间听觉能力在人工耳蜗开机6个月后仍呈现快速发育特点。展开更多
基金supported by NSF China(No.61960206002,62020106005,42050105,62061146002)Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research-Shanghai Jiao Tong University。
文摘This paper focuses on optimally determining the existence of connected paths between some given nodes in random ring-based graphs.Serving as a fundamental underlying structure in network modeling,ring topology appears as commonplace in many realistic scenarios.Regarding this,we consider graphs composed of rings,with some possible connected paths between them.Without prior knowledge of the exact node permutations on rings,the existence of each edge can be unraveled through edge testing at a unit cost in one step.The problem examined is that of determining whether the given nodes are connected by a path or separated by a cut,with the minimum expected costs involved.Dividing the problem into different cases based on different topologies of the ring-based networks,we propose the corresponding policies that aim to quickly seek the paths between nodes.A common feature shared by all those policies is that we stick to going in the same direction during edge searching,with edge testing in each step only involving the test between the source and the node that has been tested most.The simple searching rule,interestingly,can be interpreted as a delightful property stemming from the neat structure of ring-based networks,which makes the searching process not rely on any sophisticated behaviors.We prove the optimality of the proposed policies by calculating the expected cost incurred and making a comparison with the other class of strategies.The effectiveness of the proposed policies is also verified through extensive simulations,from which we even disclose three extra intriguing findings:i)in a onering network,the cost will grow drastically with the number of designated nodes when the number is small and will grow slightly when that number is large;ii)in ring-based network,Depth First is optimal in detecting the connectivity between designated nodes;iii)the problem of multi-ring networks shares large similarity with that of two-ring networks,and a larger number of ties between rings will not influence the expected cost.
文摘目的言语空间听觉质量量表-父母版(Speech,Spatial,and Other Qualities of Hearing Scale for parents,SSQ-P)是在Speech,Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale(SSQ)的基础上为儿童人群修改的版本,通过对患儿家长的问卷调查,评估患儿言语理解、声源定位及听觉质量的能力。SSQ-P的基本结构与成人版本相同,分为言语感知、空间听力和听觉质量三个维度,旨在评价患儿在日常复杂听觉场景中的表现。本研究对中文版SSQ-P进行信效度分析,建立一种适合中国听力损失儿童言语空间质量评估的问卷。方法首先对Speech,Spatial,and Other Qualities of Hearing Scale for parents进行汉化,形成中文版SSQ-P。纳入60例正常听力儿童及55例听力损失儿童进行研究,听损儿童中5例为双侧助听器患儿,另外50例为人工耳蜗植入患儿,耳蜗型号均为Nucleus■CI512。采用内部一致性检验评价量表的信度,采用内容效度和结构效度评估方法分析其效度。采用Mann-Whitney U检验分析正常听力儿童与听力损失患儿的得分差别。采用配对t检验对人工耳蜗植入术前和术后的中文版SSQ-P得分进行比较。结果Cronbach’s α系数为0.936,说明量表具有良好的内部一致性信度。采用探索性因子分析提取了5个公因子,分别是言语识别、言语分辨、声源定位、听觉分辨和听觉质量。正常儿童组得分的中位数为9.87,听力损失儿童得分的中位数为0.333,P=0.000<0.01,两者差异有显著统计学意义。人工耳蜗术后1年患儿中文版SSQ-P量表得分明显高于术前,采用配对t检验对两者进行比较t=7.90,P=0.000<0.01,两者差异有显著统计学意义,说明人工耳蜗植入术后的SSQ-P得分比术前有了显著提高。结论中文版SSQ-P量表信效度很高,可用于听力损失患儿的空间听觉能力评估。
文摘目的探讨低龄人工耳蜗植入术后儿童言语感知和空间听觉能力发育规律及二者之间的关系。方法31例人工耳蜗植入术后儿童,男16例、女15例,年龄(2.3±1.2)岁(x±s,下同),分别在术前、开机6个月以及开机12个月,应用普通话婴幼儿有意义听觉整合量表(Infant-toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale,IT-MAIS)/普通话有意义听觉整合量表(Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale,MAIS)和普通话早期言语感知测试(Mandarin Early Speech Perception test,MESP)评估听觉能力和言语感知能力发展,应用言语空间听觉质量量表父母版问卷(Speech,Spatial,and Other Qualities of Hearing Scale for Parents,SSQ-P)评估空间听觉能力的发展。应用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计学分析。结果随开机时间延长,31例人工耳蜗植入儿童IT-MAIS/MAIS、MESP得分率持续提高,术前、开机6个月及开机12个月三个时间节点的得分率差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。SSQ-P(Speech)和SSQ-P(Spatial)得分:术前分别为(0.9±0.2)、(0.8±0.3)分,开机6个月为(4.6±0.2)、(2.6±0.3)分,开机12个月为(6.2±0.2)、(6.3±0.3)分,两项得分在术前、开机6个月、开机12个月三个时间节点差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。SSQ-P(Spatial)从术前至开机12个月的增长率为675.3%、开机6个月至12个月期间的增长率为140.6%,明显高于IT-MAIS/MAIS、LV-MESP及SSQ-P(Speech)的增长率。CI开机后12个月,SSQ-P(Speech)得分与SSQ-P(Spatial)得分呈中度相关(r=0.465,P=0.008)。结论人工耳蜗植入术后儿童随开机时间延长,其听能、言语感知能力、空间听觉能力均呈现持续性显著进步。开机12个月时空间听觉能力增长率大于言语感知能力,且空间听觉能力在人工耳蜗开机6个月后仍呈现快速发育特点。
