After a dozen days of hardwork under extreme conditionsfrom May 25 to June 10, a teamof 20 Chinse scientists returnedfrom Qomolangma (Everest) withair and water samples, and atmos-pheric ozone profile data.
Heavy duty diesel vehicles compliant with current Euro VI/EPA13 emission limits employ aftertreatment systems based on DOC/DPF technology for soot and particulate matter reduction and SCR catalysts with urea dosing fo...Heavy duty diesel vehicles compliant with current Euro VI/EPA13 emission limits employ aftertreatment systems based on DOC/DPF technology for soot and particulate matter reduction and SCR catalysts with urea dosing for NO x reduction. Traditionally, the majority of the control systems used for urea dosing are map based. However, increasing system complexity combined with real-world performance requirements are a strong motivation to switch to a model-based control approach. Firstly, this article describes a model-based design approach for aftertreatment control development. Focus is on urea dosing control for Euro VI level SCR systems. To achieve the legal emissions limits, including in-service conformity over the vehicle lifetime, advanced model-based control strategies enable maximal NO x conversion in combination with minimum ammonia slip, while ensuring robustness against real-life disturbances. Simulation and experimental results of the control system are presented, which demonstrate the performance and robustness properties. Following this model-based approach, a concept study is performed to explore aftertreatment and control technologies to achieve ultra-low NO x emissions as will be imposed by regulatory bodies in the near future. It is shown that aftertreatment concepts with Passive NO x Adsorber and SCR on DPF are most promising. To optimize overall engine-aftertreatment performance, the modelbased control approach is extended towards Integrated Emission Management(IEM). Based on the actual system state, this supervisory controller minimizes operating costs at each instant in time under all operating conditions. This is key for costoptimal and robust performance.展开更多
Catastrophic sesmic events, such as a sudden collapse of open pits and underground excavations,as well as a vast surface subsidence induced by mining activities, present serious dangers to the modem infrastructure . I...Catastrophic sesmic events, such as a sudden collapse of open pits and underground excavations,as well as a vast surface subsidence induced by mining activities, present serious dangers to the modem infrastructure . In fact these "sudden" events are the result of long-term preparatory processes, which are occurring in mine pillars and ambient rock.The kinetic approach was proposed for the descripiton of the preparatory process.The process presents a stochastic accumulation of defects in rock caused by a long-term redistribution of stress-strain in an ambient rock massif. Case studies related to mining activities at Zhezkazgan copper mines, Rep. kazakhstan, were coni\sidered.As was shown the seismic monitoring is a good method for forecasting catastrophic caving and surface subsidence.展开更多
茄腐镰刀菌（Fusarium solani f.sp．Glycines，FSG）是一种土传真菌病害，主要侵染大豆根部并且引起大豆猝死综合征（sudden death syndrome，SDS），这是一种广泛的、具有破坏性的病害。本研究的目的是开发和使用实时荧光定量PCR（QPC...茄腐镰刀菌（Fusarium solani f.sp．Glycines，FSG）是一种土传真菌病害，主要侵染大豆根部并且引起大豆猝死综合征（sudden death syndrome，SDS），这是一种广泛的、具有破坏性的病害。本研究的目的是开发和使用实时荧光定量PCR（QPCR）来比较30株侵染大豆根部的茄腐镰刀菌（FSG）的DNA含量。根据核编码的线粒体核糖体小亚基RNA基因序列设计特异性引物和探针，用其检测感病大豆品种。发现病原菌株DNA之间存在着显著性差异。展开更多
背景：目前已有大量旨在改善糖尿病患者治疗的干预措施，但这些干预措施效果还不清楚。
目的：评价11种质量改善（quality improvement，QI）措施对成人2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响。数据来源和研究选择：数据来源于MEDLINE数据库（1...背景：目前已有大量旨在改善糖尿病患者治疗的干预措施，但这些干预措施效果还不清楚。
目的：评价11种质量改善（quality improvement，QI）措施对成人2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响。数据来源和研究选择：数据来源于MEDLINE数据库（1996年至2006年4月）和涵盖多重目录数据库的Cochrane协作网（Cochrane Collaboration）的有效实践和健康保健组（Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group）数据库。纳入的研究包括随机或半随机对照试验以及前后对照试验，研究观察了糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）的变化，并评价了针对某些临床表现和组织变化的质量改善干预的效果。
数据提取：应用汇总回归模型评估干预后HbA1c值的差异，模型包括有基线血糖控制情况、其他关键干预以及作为预测因素的研究特点。数据综合：有50项随机对照试验、3项半随机对照试验和13项前后对照试验符合所有人选标准。66项研究的中位随访时间为13个月，干预措施平均降低HbA1c 0．42％（95％可信区间[confidence interval，CI]，0．29％～0．54％）。病例数少于所有人选研究患者中位数的试验报告效果显著大于大型试验（0．61％比0．27％，P=0．004），强烈提示存在发表偏倚。基线HbA1c平均≥8．0％的试验报告的效果也更大（0．54％比0．20％，P：0．005）。校正这些影响，11种质量改善措施中有2种与HbA。。至少降低0．5％相关：团队变化（0．67％，95％CI，0．43％～0．91％；n：26）以及病例管理（0．52％；95％CI，0．31％～0．73％；n=26）；它们是仅有的2个可以显著降低HbA1c的措施。包括团队变化的干预比不包括这种干预的研究更多降低HbA1c0．33％（95％CI，0．12％～0．54％；P=0．004）。包括病例管理的干预研究比不包括这种干预的研究更多降低HbA1c0．22％（95％CI，0．00～0．44％；P=0．04）。护士和药剂师病例管理者无需待医生批准即可调整用药的干预措施降低HbA1c达0．80％（95％CI，0．51％～1．10％），其他所有干预仅降低0．32％（95％CI，0．14％～0．49％）（P=0．002）。
结论：多数质量改善措施可使血糖控制轻到中度改善。团队变化和病例管理具有较强的改善作用，特别是病例管理者尢需等待医生批准即可调整用药的干预措施。由于对复杂干预分类困难、研究数量限制以及发表偏倚，其他质量改善措施的效果评估可能受到了限制。展开更多
文摘After a dozen days of hardwork under extreme conditionsfrom May 25 to June 10, a teamof 20 Chinse scientists returnedfrom Qomolangma (Everest) withair and water samples, and atmos-pheric ozone profile data.
文摘Heavy duty diesel vehicles compliant with current Euro VI/EPA13 emission limits employ aftertreatment systems based on DOC/DPF technology for soot and particulate matter reduction and SCR catalysts with urea dosing for NO x reduction. Traditionally, the majority of the control systems used for urea dosing are map based. However, increasing system complexity combined with real-world performance requirements are a strong motivation to switch to a model-based control approach. Firstly, this article describes a model-based design approach for aftertreatment control development. Focus is on urea dosing control for Euro VI level SCR systems. To achieve the legal emissions limits, including in-service conformity over the vehicle lifetime, advanced model-based control strategies enable maximal NO x conversion in combination with minimum ammonia slip, while ensuring robustness against real-life disturbances. Simulation and experimental results of the control system are presented, which demonstrate the performance and robustness properties. Following this model-based approach, a concept study is performed to explore aftertreatment and control technologies to achieve ultra-low NO x emissions as will be imposed by regulatory bodies in the near future. It is shown that aftertreatment concepts with Passive NO x Adsorber and SCR on DPF are most promising. To optimize overall engine-aftertreatment performance, the modelbased control approach is extended towards Integrated Emission Management(IEM). Based on the actual system state, this supervisory controller minimizes operating costs at each instant in time under all operating conditions. This is key for costoptimal and robust performance.
文摘Catastrophic sesmic events, such as a sudden collapse of open pits and underground excavations,as well as a vast surface subsidence induced by mining activities, present serious dangers to the modem infrastructure . In fact these "sudden" events are the result of long-term preparatory processes, which are occurring in mine pillars and ambient rock.The kinetic approach was proposed for the descripiton of the preparatory process.The process presents a stochastic accumulation of defects in rock caused by a long-term redistribution of stress-strain in an ambient rock massif. Case studies related to mining activities at Zhezkazgan copper mines, Rep. kazakhstan, were coni\sidered.As was shown the seismic monitoring is a good method for forecasting catastrophic caving and surface subsidence.
文摘茄腐镰刀菌（Fusarium solani f.sp．Glycines，FSG）是一种土传真菌病害，主要侵染大豆根部并且引起大豆猝死综合征（sudden death syndrome，SDS），这是一种广泛的、具有破坏性的病害。本研究的目的是开发和使用实时荧光定量PCR（QPCR）来比较30株侵染大豆根部的茄腐镰刀菌（FSG）的DNA含量。根据核编码的线粒体核糖体小亚基RNA基因序列设计特异性引物和探针，用其检测感病大豆品种。发现病原菌株DNA之间存在着显著性差异。
文摘背景：目前已有大量旨在改善糖尿病患者治疗的干预措施，但这些干预措施效果还不清楚。
目的：评价11种质量改善（quality improvement，QI）措施对成人2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响。数据来源和研究选择：数据来源于MEDLINE数据库（1996年至2006年4月）和涵盖多重目录数据库的Cochrane协作网（Cochrane Collaboration）的有效实践和健康保健组（Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group）数据库。纳入的研究包括随机或半随机对照试验以及前后对照试验，研究观察了糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）的变化，并评价了针对某些临床表现和组织变化的质量改善干预的效果。
数据提取：应用汇总回归模型评估干预后HbA1c值的差异，模型包括有基线血糖控制情况、其他关键干预以及作为预测因素的研究特点。数据综合：有50项随机对照试验、3项半随机对照试验和13项前后对照试验符合所有人选标准。66项研究的中位随访时间为13个月，干预措施平均降低HbA1c 0．42％（95％可信区间[confidence interval，CI]，0．29％～0．54％）。病例数少于所有人选研究患者中位数的试验报告效果显著大于大型试验（0．61％比0．27％，P=0．004），强烈提示存在发表偏倚。基线HbA1c平均≥8．0％的试验报告的效果也更大（0．54％比0．20％，P：0．005）。校正这些影响，11种质量改善措施中有2种与HbA。。至少降低0．5％相关：团队变化（0．67％，95％CI，0．43％～0．91％；n：26）以及病例管理（0．52％；95％CI，0．31％～0．73％；n=26）；它们是仅有的2个可以显著降低HbA1c的措施。包括团队变化的干预比不包括这种干预的研究更多降低HbA1c0．33％（95％CI，0．12％～0．54％；P=0．004）。包括病例管理的干预研究比不包括这种干预的研究更多降低HbA1c0．22％（95％CI，0．00～0．44％；P=0．04）。护士和药剂师病例管理者无需待医生批准即可调整用药的干预措施降低HbA1c达0．80％（95％CI，0．51％～1．10％），其他所有干预仅降低0．32％（95％CI，0．14％～0．49％）（P=0．002）。
结论：多数质量改善措施可使血糖控制轻到中度改善。团队变化和病例管理具有较强的改善作用，特别是病例管理者尢需等待医生批准即可调整用药的干预措施。由于对复杂干预分类困难、研究数量限制以及发表偏倚，其他质量改善措施的效果评估可能受到了限制。
