Increasing the appropriate seedling density for higher yield in dry direct-seeded rice sown by a multifunctional seeder after wheatstraw return

Dry direct-seeded rice(DDR) sown using a multifunctional seeder that performs synchronous rotary tillage and sowing has received increased attention because it is highly efficient,relatively cheap,and environmentally friendly.However,this method of rice production may produce lower yields in a rice–wheat rotation system because of its poor seedling establishment.To address this problem,we performed field experiments to determine the rice yield at five seedling density levels(B1,B2,B3,B4,and B5=100,190,280,370,and 460 seedlings m-2,respectively) and clarify the physiological basis of yield formation.We selected a representative high-quality rice variety and a multifunctional seeder that used in a typical rice–wheat rotation area in 2016 and 2018.The proportion of main stem panicle increased with increasing seedling density.There was a parabolic relationship between yield and seedling density,and the maximum yield(9.34-9.47 t ha-1) was obtained under B3.The maximum yield was associated with a higher total spikelet number m-2 and greater biomass accumulation from heading to maturity.The higher total spikelet number m-2 under B3 was attributed to an increase in panicle number m-2 compared with B1 and B2.Although the panicle numbers also increased under B4 and B5,these increases were insufficient to compensate for the reduced spikelet numbers per panicle.Lower biomass,smaller leaf area,and lower N uptake per plant from the stem elongation stage to the heading stage were partially responsible for the smaller panicle size at higher seedling density levels such as B5.The higher biomass accumulation under B3 was ascribed to the increases in the photosynthetic rate of the top three leaves m-2 of land,crop growth rate,net assimilation rate,and leaf area index.Furthermore,the B3 rice population was marked by a higher grain–leaf ratio,as well as a lower export ratio and transport ratio of biomass per stem-sheath.A quadratic function predicted that 260-290 seedlings m-2 is the optimum seedling density for achieving maximum yield.Together,these results suggested that appropriately increasing the seedling density,and thereby increasing the proportion of panicles formed by the main stem,is an effective approach for obtaining a higher yield in DDR sown using a multifunctional seeder in a rice–wheat rotation system.

Effects of sowing date and ecological points on yield and the temperature and radiation resources of semi-winter wheat

Exploring the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the yield of semi-winter wheat is of great significance.This study aims to reveal the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the climate resources associated with wheat yield in the Rice–Wheat Rotation System.With six sowing dates,the experiments were carried out in Donghai and Jianhu counties,Jiangsu Province,China using two semi-winter wheat varieties as the objects of this study.The basic seedlings of the first sowing date (S1) were planted at 300×10^(4)plants ha^(-1),which was increased by 10%for each of the delayed sowing dates (S2–S6).The results showed that the delay of sowing date decreased the number of days,the effective accumulated temperature and the cumulative solar radiation in the whole growth period.The yields of S1 were higher than those of S2 to S6 by 0.22–0.31,0.5–0.78,0.86–0.98,1.14–1.38,and 1.36–1.59 t ha^(–1),respectively.For a given sowing date,the growth days increased as the ecological point was moved north,while both mean daily temperature and effective accumulative temperature decreased,but the cumulative radiation increased.As a result,the yields at Donghai County were 0.01–0.39 t ha–1lower than those of Jianhu County for the six sowing dates.The effective accumulative temperature and cumulative radiation both had significant positive correlations with yield.The average temperature was significantly negatively correlated with the yield.The decrease in grain yield was mainly due to the declines in grains per spike and 1 000-grain weight caused by the increase in the daily temperature and the decrease in the effective accumulative temperature.

“双碳”背景下农学专业课程教学意义与改革

碳达峰与碳中和是当前社会广泛讨论的议题。实施“双碳”战略体现了中国作为负责任大国的担当。“双碳”战略目标给新形势下农学专业学科发展和人才培养带来了新的挑战。以“双碳”战略为契机,阐述农学专业课程教学的意义,分析当前农学专业课程教学存在的问题,并站在教师和学生的角度提出了可行的改革对策。旨在为“双碳”背景下建设高水平的农学专业人才队伍提供参考,助力我国高质量按时完成“双碳”战略目标。

双季晚稻不同类型品种产量与主要品质性状的差异

为明确江西双季晚稻条件下籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻、常规粳稻、杂交籼稻4种类型品种产量与一般品质的差异,为江西双季晚稻适宜品种的科学选用与初步区划提供依据与参考,在江西上高县(28°31′N,115°09′E)试验点进行,比较研究表明与杂交籼稻相比,常规粳稻、杂交粳稻和籼粳杂交稻加工品质、蒸煮食味品质有所改善,而外观品质与营养品质略逊。产量表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻。本研究认为上高地区"籼改粳"工程适宜种植的晚稻品种为籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻和常规粳稻。

结实期动态温度对软米粳稻产量和品质的影响

以软米粳稻南粳46和苏香粳100为供试材料,通过人工气候室设置梯度温度模拟水稻灌浆结实期温度动态递减变化,设置结实期动态高温、常温和低温3个处理,以室外温度作为对照(CK),研究结实期动态温度对软米粳稻产量及其构成、干物质生产和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,与常温处理相比,结实期低温处理显著降低水稻产量,而高温处理并未减产。结实期温度主要通过影响结实率和千粒重而影响产量,高温处理下千粒重呈减少趋势;低温处理显著降低了结实率,但千粒重显著增加。对物质生产而言,结实期低温处理显著提高茎鞘干物质重及其比例,降低穗部干物质重及其比例,减少总干物质积累量。对稻米品质而言,结实期高温和低温处理均降低精米率和整精米率,导致加工品质变劣;高温处理增加垩白粒率和垩白度,而低温处理减少垩白粒率和垩白度,但品种间变化不一;随着结实期温度升高,稻米蛋白质含量增加,直链淀粉含量降低;高温和低温处理下稻米胶稠度均变短和米饭食味值下降。因此,结实期温度过高或过低都不利于软米粳稻加工和食味品质改善。

粒叶比对优质粳稻稻米品质的影响

为阐明不同粒叶比水稻群体的稻米品质特征与差异,以大面积生产上代表性迟熟中粳水稻品种淮稻5号和南粳9108为试验材料,设置穗肥施氮量和齐穗期花叶疏剪处理,在灌浆结实期形成不同粒叶比差异的水稻群体,以研究粒叶比对优质粳稻稻米品质的影响。结果表明,随粒叶比的提高,稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率降低,稻米加工品质变差。高粒叶比处理的米粒垩白粒率和垩白度较高,外观品质较差;稻米蛋白质含量随粒叶比的升高而降低,水稻粒叶比低,则营养品质优。增加水稻粒叶比能降低直链淀粉含量,增加胶稠度、黏度和平衡度,降低硬度,提高米饭食味值。穗肥用氮量减少,稻米外观品质变优,米饭食味值提高,水稻淀粉黏滞性改善。在穗肥施氮量和齐穗期花叶疏剪处理下,稻米直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量均与食味值呈极显著负相关关系,且蛋白质含量与食味值的相关性更大。因此,减施穗肥施氮量和提高粒叶比均利于米饭食味值增加,且蛋白质含量改变对米饭食味值的调节作用更大。

穗发芽程度对粳稻稻米品质和蛋白质组分的影响

本研究以南粳9108、金粳818和常软06-2为试验材料,人工模拟水稻生育后期穗发芽条件,设置了破胸露白(处理一)和芽长3~5cm(处理二)2个发芽水平,以3个粳稻品种未作处理的样品作为对照(CK),研究穗发芽对稻米品质相关指标的影响。结果表明:(1)稻谷发芽显著影响稻米品质,特别是软米品种南粳9108,容易穗发芽且发芽后稻米品质劣变严重,其中,稻米加工品质随穗发芽程度加深显著下降。(2)外观品质随着穗发芽程度加深而显著变劣,同时,粒长、粒宽和长宽比均显著下降。(3)蒸煮食味品质和营养品质随穗发芽程度加深而降低,稻米直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量呈下降趋势而胶稠度呈现破胸前先上升而后下降的趋势。食味值随稻谷发芽程度加深而降低,这与加工品质和外观品质的变化趋势一致。各处理的RVA谱特征值中,峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度均呈下降趋势。(4)各处理蛋白质组分中,随着穗发芽程度的增加,谷蛋白含量降低,醇溶蛋白含量增加,籽粒谷醇比呈现下降趋势。这说明穗发芽对籽粒淀粉结构和蛋白质结构的劣化破坏,大幅度降低了优质食味稻米的稻米品质,对稻米的优质生产造成了严重的危害。

氮肥施用量对机插优质晚稻产量和稻米品质的影响

本试验为筛选适合优质丰产机插晚稻的最佳氮肥用量,以优质双季晚稻泰优398、黄华占、天优华占、美香新占4个品种为试验材料,在机插条件下设0、135、180、255 kg hm^–2四个施氮水平,测定产量构成及稻米品质指标。结果表明,适当增施氮肥可增加优质双季晚稻产量,施氮量为180kghm^–2时产量最高。除黄华占的整精米率外,施氮量为180 kg hm^–2时各品种的糙米率、精米率和整精米率最高。随施氮量的增加,机插优质双季晚稻的垩白粒率和垩白度降低,米粒长宽比变大,蛋白质含量和胶稠度均增加,直链淀粉含量减少;峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度逐渐下降,消减值增加,糊化温度呈上升趋势。适当增施氮肥可改善机插优质晚稻加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮和营养品质,但RVA特性有变劣趋势。180 kg hm^–2的施氮量可使机插优质双季晚稻优质和高产达到较好的协调统一。

Effect of wide-narrow row arrangement in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting and plant density on yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice

Mechanical pot-seedling transplanting is an innovatively developed transplanting method that has the potential to replace mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting. However, the initial pot-seedling transplanting machine lacked optimized density spacing and limited yield potential for japonica rice. Therefore, ascertaining the optimized density by wide-narrow rows and the appropriate transplanting method for yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice is of great importance for high-quality rice production. Field experiments were conducted using two japonica rice cultivars Nanjing 9108 and Nanjing 5055 under three transplanting methods in 2016 and 2017: mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row(K, average row spacing of 30 cm);equidistant row(D, 33 cm×12 cm);and mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting(T, 30 cm×12.4 cm). In addition, five different density treatments were set in K(K1–K5, from 18.62×10~4 to 28.49×10~4 hills ha^(–1)). The results showed that the highest yield was produced by a planting density of 26.88×104 hills ha^(–1) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row with a greater number of total spikelets that resulted from significantly more panicles per area and slightly more grain number per panicle, as compared with equidistant row, and yield among density in wide-narrow row showed a parabolic trend. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, the treatment of the highest yield increased yield significantly, which was mainly attributed to the larger sink size with improved filled-grain percentage and grain weight, higher harvest index, and increased total dry matter accumulation, especially the larger amount accumulated from heading stage to maturity stage. With the density in wide-narrow row decreasing, processing quality, appearance quality, and nutrition quality were all improved, whereas amylose content and the taste value were decreased. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, mechanical pot-seedling transplanting improved processing quality and nutrition quality, but decreased amylose content and deteriorated appearance quality. These results suggested that mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row coupling produced a suitable planting density of 26.88×10~4 hills ha^(–1) and may be an alternative approach to improving grain yield and quality for japonica rice.

不同稻田综合种养模式下水稻产量形成特点及其稻米品质和经济效益差异

为探明不同稻田综合种养模式下水稻产量、光合物质生产、品质和经济效益特征及差异,本研究于2018年和2019年以当地代表性优质水稻南粳9108为材料,设置稻虾(rice crayfish, RC)、稻鳖(rice turtle, RT)、稻鳅(rice loach,RL)、稻鲶鱼(rice catfish, RF)、稻锦鲤(rice koi, RK)和稻鸭(rice duck, RD)等6种主流和当地特色的稻田综合种养模式,与稻麦两熟模式下水稻生产(CK)进行对比,系统研究多种类型稻田综合种养模式对水稻产量及其构成、光合物质生产特征、稻米品质与经济效益的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,稻田综合种养模式水稻产量显著降低3.66%~7.54%,其中稻鸭模式减产最少,稻锦鲤模式减少最多。稻田综合种养水稻产量降低主要由于穗数和每穗粒数的减少导致群体颖花量显著减少,并且主要生育时期干物质积累量较低和叶面积指数偏小,主要生育阶段光合势、群体生长率和净同化率较低,导致成熟期干物质积累量较少。稻田综合种养模式较CK显著降低稻米整精米率2.40%~4.37%,显著降低垩白度8.14%~11.14%,增加直链淀粉含量9.35%~13.80%,降低蛋白质含量6.29%~10.01%,显著提高食味值评分3.91%~11.69%,其中稻鲶鱼、稻虾、稻鳅模式在提升稻米食味品质上的作用更明显。稻田综合种养模式下稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度以及崩解值较对照升高2.75%~12.65%、3.24%~19.63%和2.47%~14.79%、1.67%~5.78%,消减值降低2.54%~15.15%,稻米品质变优。稻田综合种养模式经济效益较CK提高80.93%~511.52%,其效益增加主要源于水产(禽)养殖产品增收和稻米优质加价增收。综上所述,稻田综合种养是一种稳产提质增效的稻作生产方式。

灌浆结实期低温弱光复合胁迫对稻米品质的影响

近年来,南方水稻抽穗灌浆期低温寡照天气发生频率明显增加,为探明其对稻米品质的影响,在水稻灌浆结实期不同时间段(1~7d、8~14d、15~21d、22~28d、29~35d)设置低温弱光复合胁迫(LW)、单一弱光(WN)、单一低温处理(LN)和常温常光(NN)4个处理,研究低温弱光复合胁迫对稻米加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质、RVA谱特征值等的影响。结果表明,不同处理方式间的垩白米率、垩白大小和垩白度均表现为LW>LN>WN>NN,且灌浆结实期各阶段的复合胁迫均较对照NN差异极显著或显著,除了2016年灌浆结实1~7d的垩白度外,灌浆结实21d内的复合胁迫与单一弱光、低温差异也显著或极显著,单一胁迫低温、弱光在灌浆结实21d内较对照NN差异极显著或显著,其中单一低温与弱光在部分处理下差异达显著水平,灌浆结实21d后,复合胁迫与单一弱光、低温部分差异显著,弱光与低温无显著差异。不同处理间的糙米率、精米率和整精米率均表现为NN>WN>LN>LW,其中,灌浆结实21d内,复合胁迫及单一低温、弱光较对照NN差异极显著或显著,灌浆结实21d后,部分时间段差异显著或极显著。低温弱光复合胁迫及单一胁迫对加工品质影响程度按大小依次为整精米率、精米率、糙米率,且灌浆结实21d内处理的影响大。对蒸煮食味品质,低温弱光复合胁迫极显著或显著降低了稻米的直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、外观、黏度和食味值,显著或极显著提高了蛋白质含量和硬度,单一胁迫低温、弱光表现与复合胁迫相同的影响,且灌浆结实21d内,除2016年的胶稠度,单一低温、弱光较对照NN差异显著或极显著,单一低温、弱光较复合胁迫差异也多显著或极显著。从水稻RVA谱特征值来看,低温弱光复合胁迫及单一胁迫造成稻米的峰值黏度、热浆黏度与崩解值下降,最高黏度、消减值与峰值时间上升,除灌浆结实29~35d的崩解值外,复合胁迫较对照NN差异达极显著或显著水平,部分指标的低温、弱光较对照NN差异也达显著水平。总之,灌浆结实期各时间段的低温弱光复合胁迫及单一胁迫造成稻米品质不同程度下降,且以灌浆结实21d内复合胁迫的影响较大。

江淮下游不同播期对稻–麦周年作物产量、品质及温光资源利用的影响

对江淮下游稻麦两熟高产优质种植模式周年气候资源分配和利用特征的探究,可以为当地机插水稻–小麦周年产量和气候资源利用效率的提高提供一定的理论依据。在泰州兴化市,水稻季以迟熟中粳南粳9108和中熟中粳连粳11为材料,设置5月22日(R-Ⅰ)、5月29日(R-Ⅱ)和6月5日(R-Ⅲ) 3个播期,小麦季以冬小麦宁麦13为材料,设置11月5日(W-Ⅰ)、11月15日(W-Ⅱ)和11月25日(W-Ⅲ) 3个播期,分析了不同播期下机插水稻–小麦周年高产优质形成与稻季、麦季资源分配特征。结果表明,水稻季,随着播期推迟,迟熟中粳南粳9108产量、温光资源量及其生产效率均显著下降,中熟中粳连粳11温光资源量呈下降趋势,但产量及温光利用率呈先升后降趋势,各播期迟熟中粳产量均高于中熟中粳。小麦季,产量、温光资源量及其生产效率均随播期推迟有不同程度降低。从周年生产看,周年稻麦产量随两季作物播期的推迟显著降低,其中迟熟中粳南粳9108播期R-Ⅰ与小麦播期W-Ⅰ组合在所有处理中产量最高。水稻产量占周年产量比例最高为62.99%,最低为55.86%。两季间积温分配率水稻季最高为68.38%,小麦季最高为34.14%。季节间辐射量分配率水稻季平均为51.7%,小麦季平均为48.3%。周年积温生产效率和光能生产效率随着稻麦播期推迟,呈下降趋势,播期越迟减少越显著。品质方面,迟熟中粳南粳9108的加工品质均随着播期推迟变劣而外观品质变优,中熟中粳连粳11加工品质变优而外观品质变劣。两品种蒸煮食味品质及营养品质(除中熟中粳连粳11食味值外)均随播期推迟变劣。小麦的湿面筋含量和蛋白质含量均随播期推迟而减少。通过优化稻麦播栽期,选用适宜生育期水稻品种,可提高周年产量和光温资源生产效率,是提升江淮下游机插水稻–冬小麦模式生产力的有效技术途径。

Effects of nitrogen level on yield and quality of japonica soft super rice

Although studies on the balance between yield and quality of japonica soft super rice are limited, they are crucial for super rice cultivation. In order to investigate the effects of nitrogen application rate on grain yield and rice quality, two japonica soft super rice varieties, Nanjing 9108 （NJ 9108） and Nanjing 5055 （NJ 5055）, were used under seven N levels with the application rates of 0, 150, 187.5,225, 262.5, 300, and 337.5 kg ha^-1. With the increasing nitrogen application level, grain yield of both varieties first increased and then decreased. The highest yield was obtained at 300 kg ha^-1. The milling quality and protein content increased, while the appearance quality, amylose content, gel consistency, cooking/eating quality, and rice flour viscosity decreased. Milling was significantly negatively related with the eating/cooking quality whereas the appearance was significantly positively related with cooking/eating quality. These results suggest that nitrogen level significantly affects the yield and rice quality of japonica soft super rice. We conclude that the suitable nitrogen application rate for japonica soft super rice, NJ 9108 and NJ 5055, is 270 kg ha^-1, under which they obtain high yield as well as superior eating/cooking quality.

安徽沿淮地区优质高产常规粳稻品种筛选及特征特性

以74个常规粳稻品种(品系)为材料,根据产量和食味值分为高产优质、高产不优质、中产优质和中产不优质4种类型。选用高产优质、高产不优质和中产优质3种类型共9个品种,研究其产量、品质差异及其高产优质形成的特征特性,以期为安徽沿淮地区适宜品种的筛选、种植推广提供科学依据和理论支撑。结果表明,中产类型与高产类型粳稻在产量上有极显著差异, 2017年和2018年,中产优质类型产量比高产优质类型、高产不优质类型分别低16.95%、16.76%和16.52%、16.33%。2017年,与高产不优质类型相比,高产优质类型和中产优质类型的直链淀粉含量分别低39.31%、42.63%;胶稠度分别长22.06%、19.12%;蛋白质含量分别低11.60%、17.78%。这些高产优质粳稻品种特征特性主要表现为,产量在8.35~9.16 t hm^-2,单位面积穗数在310×10^4~320×10^4 hm^-2之间,每穗粒数在140左右,千粒重在25 g以上;食味值评分在60~74,胶稠度长度在80~90 mm,蛋白质含量在6%~8%。

优化控释尿素施用方式提高沙质低肥力土壤水稻产量和品质

【目的】苏北黄河故道带低肥力沙性土壤保水保肥能力差,研究控释尿素施用技术对水稻产量和稻米营养品质与口感的影响,为该地区水稻优质生产的肥料管理提供科学依据。【方法】以中熟中粳水稻品种'苏秀867'为材料,在苏北黄河故道带低地力沙性土壤上进行了2年田间试验。采用裂区设计,主区为控释肥和尿素复混全部基施(BC)与控释肥和尿素复混基施+穗肥施用尿素(BC+PU)2种施肥方式;副区为3种树脂包衣尿素,控释天数分别为80天(CR80)、100天(CR100)和120天(CR120),控释肥与普通尿素复混比例为6∶4,BC处理所有肥料一次性基施,BC+PU处理中普通尿素一半基施一半穗期追施,总施氮量为270 kg/hm2,以常规尿素定量分施(CK)为对照,共7个处理。调查水稻产量及其构成因素、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数、干物质积累,测定稻米加工品质、外观品质、营养与蒸煮食味品质、淀粉RVA谱特征值。【结果】BC和BC+PU两区各处理水稻产量表现为CR80>CR100>CR120。相同控释尿素处理下,BC+PU处理的产量高于BC处理。BC+PU区3个控释肥处理以CR80的增产效果最好,两年产量分别为9.64和10.73 t/hm^(2),较CK处理分别增产5.32%和5.81%,这主要归因于其在稳定穗数的基础上,提高了总颖花量和结实率,且CR80处理的水稻中后期的叶面积指数和干物质积累量均较高,尤其是成熟期的叶面积指数显著大于CK,有利于光合产物积累。无论BC还是BC+PU施用方式,3个控释肥处理的稻米加工品质无显著差异。在外观品质和蒸煮食味方面,BC+PU区CR80处理与CK相比没有显著差异,而BC区CR80处理的直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和食味值较CK有所提高,RVA谱特征值中的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度和崩解值上升,蒸煮食味品质较好;BC和BC+PU两区中,CR100和CR120处理的蛋白质含量均有不同程度的提高,垩白粒率和垩白度降低,稻米直链淀粉含量和食味值下降,RVA谱特征值中的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度和崩解值下降,蒸煮食味品质较差。与BC处理相比,BC+PU处理稻米的外观品质和营养品质有所提升,蒸煮食味品质降低。【结论】在苏北黄河故道带沙性土壤上,采用释放期为80天的控释肥与尿素混合,采用基施+穗期追施尿素两次施肥方法,能够实现水稻的高产优质,但是降低蒸煮食味品质,而该缓释肥与尿素混合全部基施,虽然产量不是最高,但不会影响加工品质,且提高了蒸煮食味品质。

“独秆”栽培模式下全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻产量和品质的影响

稻麦两熟地区,旱直播水稻生产受前茬小麦收获、全量麦秸秆还田及耕整地质量不高等因素的影响,常采用迟播期、大播量、高基本苗和主茎成穗为主的“独秆”栽培模式,而配套该模式直播稻优质丰产的氮肥管理技术尚缺乏系统的研究。以优质食味粳稻南粳9108为材料,采用机械旱直播方式,基本苗为380×10^(4) hm^(-2),设置不同叶龄期(六、七、八、九和十叶龄期)氮肥追施处理及氮肥追施用量(纯氮180 kg hm^(-2)和225 kg hm^(-2))处理,以基本苗380×10^(4) hm^(-2)和300×10^(4) hm^(-2)的旱直播精确定量氮肥管理(纯氮270 kg hm^(-2),基肥︰分蘖肥︰穗肥=3.5︰3.5︰3.0)为对照,系统比较研究“独秆”栽培模式下,全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随追施叶龄的延后,水稻产量呈先增后降趋势,八叶期追施氮肥水稻产量显著高于其他处理,且追施量增加,水稻产量进一步提高。与2组对照相比,在纯氮180 kg hm^(-2),氮肥减量33.3%情况下,不施氮素基肥配合八叶期一次性追施氮肥,可显著提高水稻产量5.10%和8.65%;在纯氮225 kg hm^(-2),氮肥减量16.7%情况下,不施氮素基肥配合八叶期及7 d后二次追肥可显著提高水稻产量7.46%和11.09%。不施氮素基肥配合八叶期追施氮肥水稻产量提高的原因是,保障较大穗型的基础上增加有效穗数,显著提高群体颖花量,同时保持较高水平的结实率和千粒重。随追肥叶龄延后,水稻整精米率呈增加趋势,垩白度呈增大趋势,蛋白质含量增加,直链淀粉含量下降,食味值呈降低趋势。与2组对照相比,不施氮素基肥配合八叶期追施氮肥的水稻,加工品质提高,整精米率提高0.67%~2.23%;外观品质变好,垩白度降低3.6%~14.5%;营养品质提升,蛋白质含量增加3.03%~14.08%;蒸煮食味品质呈变优趋势,直链淀粉含量下降4.23%~10.95%;食味值无显著差异。综上所述,“独秆”栽培模式下基肥不施氮肥配合全程氮肥在分蘖中后期适宜叶龄施用可实现稻麦两熟地区旱直播稻迟播期、大播量和高基本苗生产方式的提质增产生产。

穗肥氮素用量与结实期遮光复合作用对常规粳稻品质的影响

氮素穗肥用量和结实期遮光可通过影响叶片光合和植株氮营养状况对水稻籽粒碳氮代谢能力产生调节作用,从而形成不同特征的稻米品质。为探明氮素穗肥用量与结实期遮光复合作用对常规粳稻品质的影响,于2019—2020年以生育期相近的常规粳稻淮稻5号、南粳9108和扬农香28为材料,设置40.5 kg hm^(-2)(N1)、81.0 kg hm^(-2)(N2)、121.5 kg hm^(-2)(N3)3个氮素穗肥用量处理,并于抽穗至成熟期采用人工遮阴方式控制水稻冠层光照,包括100%自然光照(S0)和50%自然光照(S50)处理,研究了结实期不同光氮处理组合对稻米品质的影响效应。结果表明:糙米率、精米率、整精米率在S0条件下随氮素穗肥用量的增加呈先升后降趋势,在S50条件下呈下降趋势,其中S0N2处理的整精米率最高,加工品质较好;垩白粒率和垩白度均呈S50N3>S50N2>S50N1>S0N3>S0N2>S0N1的趋势,且穗肥氮素用量的增加和结实期遮光对稻米提高垩白粒率和垩白度具有累加作用。穗肥氮素用量增加和结实期遮光均降低直链淀粉含量和胶稠度,提高蛋白质含量,其中谷蛋白的变异系数高于其他蛋白组分。穗肥氮素用量增加和结实期遮光不利于稻米食味值评分,不同品种的食味特征值对食味值评分的直接影响有差异。水稻淀粉的峰值黏度、崩解值随穗肥氮素用量增加和结实期光照强度下降而降低,消减值则上升,光氮复合作用增加了上述指标的差异。在穗肥氮素用量与结实期遮光复合作用下从直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量比值趋势性变化来分析,结实期植株碳氮代谢能力强弱发生了变化。直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量均与稻米食味值评分呈极显著的负相关关系,其中蛋白质的相关系数更大。因此,适量减施氮素穗肥有利于水稻结实期遭遇寡照后的稻米加工品质、外观品质及蒸煮食味品质提升,并且降低直链淀粉含量特别是蛋白质含量可能是提升稻米食味的有效途径,以期为优质水稻丰产调优栽培技术的更新提供依据。

Comparison of yield traits in rice among three mechanized planting methods in a rice-wheat rotation system

Understanding the differences in yield traits of rice among pothole seedling of mechanical transplanting （PSMT）, carpet seedling of mechanical transplanting （CSMT） and mechanical direct seeding （MDS） is of great importance not only for rice scientists but also for rice farmers to develop a high-yield production system under mechanical conditions in a rice-wheat rotation system. However, such traits are yet to be studied among rice varieties ofjaponica-indica hybrid rice （JIHR）,japonica conventional rice （JCR） and indica hybrid rice （IHR）. Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015, where six cultivars of the three rice types JIHR, JCR and IHR were grown individually with PSMT, CSMT and MDS methods, under respective managements for each method to achieve the maximum attainable yield. Results showed that （i） the PSMT significantly increased grain yield of JIHR by 22.0 and 7.1%, of JCR by 15.6 and 3.7% and of I HR by 22.5 and 7.4%, compared to MDS and CSMT on average across the two years, respectively. The highest yield was produced by the combination of JIHR and PSMT; （ii） high yield under PSMT was mainly attributed to large sink capacity and high-efficient dry matter accumulation. With sufficient panicles per hectare, the increase of spikelet number per panicle, especially the increase in spikelet number of the secondary rachis-branches was determined to be the optimal approach for developing a large sink capacity for rice under PSMT. The optimal tillers development, large leaf area index at heading stage, and high leaf area duration, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate during grain-filling phase could be the cause of sufficient dry matter accumulation for rice under PSMT; （iii） moreover, the PSMT favored plant growth as well as enriched the stems plus sheaths during grain-filling phase, as compared with CSMT and MDS. These results suggest that PSMT may be an alternative approach to increasing grain yield in a rice-wheat rotation system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China.

Comparison of agronomic performance between inter-sub-specific hybrid and inbred japonica rice under different mechanical transplanting methods

Mechanical transplanting has been applied to rice cultivation to save labor costs and ease labor shortages in Asian countries, especially in China. However, little information is available related to the characteristics of agronomic performance when comparing inter-sub-specific hybrid rice(IHR) and inbred japonica rice(IJR) under mechanical transplanting method. In 2013 and 2014, field experiments were conducted using IHR(Yongyou 2640) and IJR(Wuyunjing 24) under two cultivation patterns, that is, pot seedlings mechanically transplanted(PS) and carpet seedlings mechanically transplanted(CS). Grain yield, yield components, leaf area index(LAI), leaf area duration(LAD), aboveground biomass, crop growth rate(CGR), nitrogen(N) uptake, and N accumulation were investigated. When compared with CS, PS displayed significantly increased grain yield for both varieties because the larger sink size allowed higher N accumulation from panicle initiation to maturity. Moreover, total aboveground biomass under PS increased significantly compared with that under CS; that is, higher photosynthetic productivity resulted from a greater LAI and higher LAD during the grain filling stage. Higher N absorption capacity in the middle and late growth periods resulted in significantly enhanced total N uptake under PS. When compared with IJR for both treatments, IHR generated 75.2% more grain yield. However, the characteristics creating high yield of IHR were different from those of IJR. Greater aboveground biomass production as well as higher N uptake and accumulation created higher grain yield in IHR than in IJR. These results suggest higher yield could be achieved using PS with IHR, attributing to exploit both yield superiority and productive potential.

灌浆前期高温干旱复合胁迫对优质食味粳稻产量与穗后物质生产特征的影响

【目的】研究灌浆前期高温干旱复合胁迫对优质食味粳稻产量与穗后物质生产特征的影响,为优质稻丰产抗逆栽培技术集成创新提供理论参考。【方法】以优质食味软米南粳9108和丰粳1606为试验材料,在抽穗后1~20 d设高温干旱(HD)、高温常规水分管理(HC)、常温干旱(CD)、常温常规水分(CK)4个处理,研究灌浆前期高温干旱复合胁迫对水稻产量、穗部性状及穗后干物重积累、转运特征的影响。【结果】着粒密度、千粒重、结实率、产量及收获指数在各处理间均表现为HD<HC<CD<CK,结实率、产量在各处理间差异极显著(P<0.01,下同),其余指标在HD与HC间差异不显著(P>0.05,下同),但均与CD、CK差异显著(P<0.05,下同)或极显著,除结实率和千粒重外,CD与CK差异不显著。一次或二次枝梗上的实粒数、实粒重、千粒重与结实率在不同处理间均表现为HD<HC<CD<CK,一次枝梗实粒数占比及实粒重占比表现相反趋势且均高于二次枝梗,其中一次、二次枝梗结实率在不同胁迫处理间差异极显著,HD、HC处理的实粒数、实粒重与CD、CK差异显著或极显著,CD与CK大多差异不显著。穗后不同时期各处理间地上部干物质积累量均表现为HD<HC<CD<CK,南粳9108 HD、HC和CD处理下穗后50 d的地上部干物质积累量较CK分别降低12.9%、10.7%和2.4%,2个品种穗后10~20 d干物质积累量增速最快,穗后30~50 d增幅平缓。各处理下单穗干重增速随抽穗后时间段推延而降低,且不同处理间均以HD、HC显著低于CD、CK。穗后干物质转运量、转运率及贡献率在不同处理间均表现为HD<HC<CD<CK,HD、HC间差异不显著,均与CD、CK差异极显著,CD与CK差异极显著。随穗后生育期推移,水稻剑叶SPAD值、净光合速率下降,净光合速率在不同处理间表现为HD<HC<CD<CK,SPAD值变化趋势与之相反。通径分析结果表明,一次枝梗各指标对水稻产量的直接系数和间接系数均大于二次枝梗,其中以一次枝梗实粒重对产量的直接和间接作用最大,其次为结实率。【结论】穗后20 d内高温干旱复合胁迫及单一高温、干旱胁迫主要通过降低结实率造成水稻减产,以一次枝梗实粒重对产量的直接和间接作用最大。相比南粳9108,丰粳1606对高温、干旱较钝感。干旱胁迫主要通过缩短灌浆时间减少穗部充实,高温及高温干旱复合胁迫通过降低灌浆速率与缩短灌浆时间双重影响穗部充实,故高温干复合胁迫、单一高温胁迫对水稻物质生产特性及产量的影响大于单一干旱胁迫。