锂氧电池有机电解液的研究进展

随着消费类电子产品和新能源汽车产业的迅速发展,传统的锂离子电池已经不能满足日益增长的能源需求。为了应对这一挑战,许多高比能电池被提出和研发。其中,锂氧电池以其超高的能量密度引起了广泛的关注,但其可逆性较差问题严重限制了锂氧电池的进一步发展。在锂氧电池中,电解液是一个重要的组成部分,其组分和配比对电池的放电容量、倍率性能和负极稳定性等方面具有至关重要的影响。本文以电解液的组分为线索,对锂氧电池有机电解液的发展历程以及最新研究成果进行了梳理和总结。同时,对于降低过电势和抑制电解液分解的展望,也为锂氧电池的未来发展指明了方向。

Correcting Climate Model Sea Surface Temperature Simulations with Generative Adversarial Networks:Climatology,Interannual Variability,and Extremes

Climate models are vital for understanding and projecting global climate change and its associated impacts.However,these models suffer from biases that limit their accuracy in historical simulations and the trustworthiness of future projections.Addressing these challenges requires addressing internal variability,hindering the direct alignment between model simulations and observations,and thwarting conventional supervised learning methods.Here,we employ an unsupervised Cycle-consistent Generative Adversarial Network(CycleGAN),to correct daily Sea Surface Temperature(SST)simulations from the Community Earth System Model 2(CESM2).Our results reveal that the CycleGAN not only corrects climatological biases but also improves the simulation of major dynamic modes including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and the Indian Ocean Dipole mode,as well as SST extremes.Notably,it substantially corrects climatological SST biases,decreasing the globally averaged Root-Mean-Square Error(RMSE)by 58%.Intriguingly,the CycleGAN effectively addresses the well-known excessive westward bias in ENSO SST anomalies,a common issue in climate models that traditional methods,like quantile mapping,struggle to rectify.Additionally,it substantially improves the simulation of SST extremes,raising the pattern correlation coefficient(PCC)from 0.56 to 0.88 and lowering the RMSE from 0.5 to 0.32.This enhancement is attributed to better representations of interannual,intraseasonal,and synoptic scales variabilities.Our study offers a novel approach to correct global SST simulations and underscores its effectiveness across different time scales and primary dynamical modes.

Toward a Learnable Climate Model in the Artificial Intelligence Era

Artificial intelligence(AI)models have significantly impacted various areas of the atmospheric sciences,reshaping our approach to climate-related challenges.Amid this AI-driven transformation,the foundational role of physics in climate science has occasionally been overlooked.Our perspective suggests that the future of climate modeling involves a synergistic partnership between AI and physics,rather than an“either/or”scenario.Scrutinizing controversies around current physical inconsistencies in large AI models,we stress the critical need for detailed dynamic diagnostics and physical constraints.Furthermore,we provide illustrative examples to guide future assessments and constraints for AI models.Regarding AI integration with numerical models,we argue that offline AI parameterization schemes may fall short of achieving global optimality,emphasizing the importance of constructing online schemes.Additionally,we highlight the significance of fostering a community culture and propose the OCR(Open,Comparable,Reproducible)principles.Through a better community culture and a deep integration of physics and AI,we contend that developing a learnable climate model,balancing AI and physics,is an achievable goal.

A universal multifunctional dual cation doping strategy towards stabilized ultra-high nickel cobalt-free lithium layered oxide cathode

Ultra-high nickel cobalt-free lithium layered oxides are promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)because of their relatively high capacity and low cost.Nevertheless,the high nickel content would induce bulk structure degradation and interfacial environment deterioration,and the absence of Co element reduces the lithium diffusion kinetics,severely limiting the performance liberation of this kind of cathodes.Herein,a multifunctional Ti/Zr dual cation co-doping strategy has been employed to improve the lithium storage performance of LiNi_(0.9)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NM91)cathode.On the one hand,the Ti/Zr co-doping weakens the Li^(+)/Ni^(2+)mixing through magnetic interactions due to the inexistence of unpaired electrons for Ti^(4+)and Zr^(4+),increasing the lithium diffusion rate and suppressing the harmful coexistence of H1 and H2 phases.On the other hand,they enhance the lattice oxygen stability because of the strong Ti-O and Zr-O bonds,inhibiting the undesired H3 phase transition and lattice oxygen loss,improving the bulk structure and cathode-electrolyte interface stability.As a result,the Ti/Zr co-doped NM91(NMTZ)exhibits a 91.2%capacity retention rate after 100 cycles,while that of NM91 is only82.9%.Also,the NMTZ displays better rate performance than NM91 with output capacities of 115 and93 mA h g^(-1)at a high current density of 5 C,respectively.Moreover,the designed NMTZ could enable the full battery to deliver an energy density up to 263 W h kg^(-1),making the ultra-high nickel cobaltfree lithium layered oxide cathode closer to practical applications.

Intestinal tuberculosis with small bowel stricture and hemorrhage as the predominant manifestation: Three case reports

BACKGROUND Intestinal tuberculosis is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the ileum and cecum.Small bowel tuberculosis,characterized by predominant involvement of the small intestine,is an extremely rare condition with highly atypical clinical presentations,making diagnosis even more challenging.CASE SUMMARY We report three cases of small intestinal tuberculosis,two of the patients pre-sented primarily with abdominal pain,and one presented with gastrointestinal bleeding.All patients underwent blood tests and imaging examinations.Small bowel endoscopy(SBE)revealed that the main lesions in these patients were in-testinal stenosis or gastrointestinal bleeding caused by small intestinal ulcers.One patient ultimately underwent surgical treatment.Following a complex diagnostic process and comprehensive analysis,all patients were confirmed to have small intestinal tuberculosis and received standard antituberculosis treatment,leading to an improvement in their condition.CONCLUSION Patients with SBTs present with nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal pain,weight loss,and occasional gastrointestinal bleeding.Accurate diagnosis requires a thorough evaluation of clinical symptoms and various tests to avoid misdiagno-sis and complications.

添加VN颗粒的铸态AZ91镁合金在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术和电化学实验研究铸态AZ91−xVN(x=0,0.25,0.5,1,质量分数,%)合金的显微组织和腐蚀行为。结果表明,VN对AZ91合金显微组织具有明显的细化和改性作用。随着VN颗粒的加入,AZ91合金的耐腐蚀性能先提高后降低。铸态AZ91−0.25VN合金具有最佳的耐腐蚀性能,其腐蚀速率最低(PW=(1.47±0.06)mm/a),这主要归因于其具有更多可作为腐蚀屏障的晶界。随着VN含量的进一步增加,合金中片状β-Mg17Al12析出相的量增加,由于β相与α-Mg基体易发生电偶腐蚀,合金的耐蚀性能逐渐降低。

影像计划和实时引导肺癌穿刺活检在生物标志物检测中的进展

随着肺癌个体化治疗的进展,临床对肺癌穿刺活检样本的要求越来越高。一个理想的肺癌活检样本不仅可以实现组织病理学诊断,还能够用于生物标志物检测。理想的活检样本需符合至少60 mm2的肿瘤组织和其内的瘤细胞占比在20%以上。要想获取理想的肺癌穿刺活检样本,就需要先进的影像技术予以帮助。本文就基于生物标志物检测对活检样本的要求及影像在肺癌穿刺活检术前计划穿刺路径及术中实时引导穿刺活检的现状和研究进展予以综述。

富含缺陷的Cu@CuTCNQ复合材料增强电催化硝酸盐还原成氨

将硝酸盐(NO_(3))电化学转化为化学原料和燃料氨(NH3),有助于可持续地缓解当前严峻的能源和环境危机.然而,电催化NO_(3)^(-)还原成NH_(3)(NRA)涉及一个缓慢的八电子转移过程,并与水系中的析氢反应(HER)相竞争,这给开发高选择性的NRA催化剂带来巨大挑战.铜基催化剂是最有应用前景的非贵金属催化剂之一,被广泛用于电化学NO_(3)还原研究.然而,块体铜通常表现出较低的NH_(3)选择性且伴随HER竞争反应.近年来,原位表征技术的快速发展使人们能够观察到电解过程中催化剂的结构演变,并验证原位生成的新的高活性相和局部结构(如应变、空位和晶面)在触发高效催化反应中的作用.研究表明,缺陷位点不仅表现出独特的电子特性,而且可以调节相邻原子的电子结构,通过形成新的协同配位结构,来增强化学吸附和改变中间体能垒从而达到最佳性能,已被广泛应用于氧析出、氧还原和二氧化碳还原等电催化反应中.因此,通过结构演化构建富含铜空位缺陷的催化剂,有望提高NRA的活性和选择性.然而,金属表面缺陷工程对电催化反应的影响研究较少,相关反应机理仍不清楚.因此,阐明空位缺陷对NRA的影响和反应机理对于开发高效NRA催化剂具有重要的指导作用.本文通过简单的原位电化学重构方法构建了一种高效的富含铜空位缺陷的铜@四氰基对苯醌二甲烷铜(Cu@CuTCNQ)复合催化剂,用于常温常压NRA反应.X射线衍射精修结果联合X射线吸收光谱表征表明,成功合成了CuTCNQ络合物,其中单分散的金属离子Cu的氧化态为+1价,与N元素配位成键.采用非原位扫描电子显微镜结合原位电化学拉曼光谱研究了NRA过程中CuTCNQ的形貌和结构演变,C-CN拉曼峰发生蓝移表明从CuTCNQ基底到衍生的Cu位点间的电荷转移作用加强.高分辨透射电子显微镜结合电子顺磁共振表征结果表明,衍生的Cu位点表面存在丰富的Cu空位缺陷.丰富的Cu空位缺陷和优化的电荷转移特性使催化剂性能得以提升,在含有0.1 molL^(–1)NO_(3)^(-)的0.1 molL^(–1)KOH溶液中,Cu@CuTCNQ催化剂在-0.6 V vs.RHE还原电位下NRA反应表现出96.4%法拉第效率和144.8μmol h^(–1)cm^(–2)的氨产率,优于结晶性良好的Cu纳米颗粒和大多数Cu基催化剂.利用在线微分电化学质谱对NRA过程的重要中间体NO*和NO_(2)*进行检测,并联合理论计算推测反应途径.结果表明,Cu空位的引入改变了Cu表面的电荷分布,增强了Cu活性位点对NO_(3)^(-)的吸附,降低了电势决速步反应能垒,从而使得NRA的脱氧和加氢过程在热力学上更有利.同时,富含Cu空位缺陷的表面有利于抑制析氢竞争反应,二者共同增强了NRA的活性和选择性.综上,本文突出了通过原位电化学重构策略构建高效NRA催化剂的重要性,并提供了对金属空位-活性依赖性关系的基本理解.

Analysis of displacement damage effects on the charge-coupled device induced by neutrons at Back-n in the China Spallation Neutron Source

Displacement damage effects on the charge-coupled device(CCD)induced by neutrons at the back-streaming white neutron source(Back-n)in the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)are analyzed according to an online irradiation experiment.The hot pixels,random telegraph signal(RTS),mean dark signal,dark current and dark signal non-uniformity(DSNU)induced by Back-n are presented.The dark current is calculated according to the mean dark signal at various integration times.The single-particle displacement damage and transient response are also observed based on the online measurement data.The trends of hot pixels,mean dark signal,DSNU and RTS degradation are related to the integration time and irradiation fluence.The mean dark signal,dark current and DSNU2 are nearly linear with neutron irradiation fluence when nearly all the pixels do not reach saturation.In addition,the mechanisms of the displacement damage effects on the CCD are demonstrated by combining the experimental results and technology computer-aided design(TCAD)simulation.Radiation-induced traps in the space charge region of the CCD will act as generation/recombination centers of electron-hole pairs,leading to an increase in the dark signal.

Nocturnal hypertension and riser pattern are associated with heart failure rehospitalization in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

BACKGROUND Nocturnal hypertension is reported as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.This study aimed to explore the potential association between nocturnal hypertension and heart failure(HF)rehospitalization in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF).METHODS A total of 538 patients with HFpEF from May 2018 to December 2021 were consequently recruited in this study and followed up until they were readmitted for HF or the end of this study.Cox regression analysis was used to reveal the potential association between nighttime blood pressure(BP)levels,nocturnal hypertension and nocturnal BP patterns and HF rehospitalization.Kaplan-Meier curve was used to assess the cumulative event-free survival rate between groups.RESULTS There were 537 patients with HFpEF were included in the final analysis.The mean age of the study population was 77.14±8.68 years,and 41.2% of patients were men.After a median follow-up duration of 10.93(4.19–21.13)months,176 patients(32.7%)with HFpEF were readmitted for HF.Cox regression analysis had revealed that nighttime systolic BP level[hazards ratio(HR)=1.018,95%CI:1.008–1.028,P=0.001],nighttime diastolic BP level(HR=1.024,95%CI:1.007–1.042,P=0.007),nocturnal hypertension(HR=1.688,95%CI:1.229–2.317,P=0.001)were associated with HF rehospitalization.Kaplan-Meier analysis had demonstrated that patients with nocturnal hypertension had significantly lower event-free survival rate(log-rank P<0.001).Furthermore,patients with a riser pattern had a higher risk of HF rehospitalization(HR=1.828,95%CI:1.055–3.166,P=0.031)and lower eventfree survival rate(log-rank P=0.003)than those with a dipper pattern.These findings were also confirmed in patients with HFpEF and hyperuricemia.CONCLUSIONS Nighttime BP levels,nocturnal hypertension and a riser pattern are independently associated with HF rehospitalization in patients with HFpEF,and prominently in patients with HFpEF and hyperuricemia.Well controlled nighttime BP levels should be emphasized and considered in patients with HFpEF.

二次电池研究进展

能源的存储和利用是当今科学和技术发展中的重大课题之一,尤其是作为高效的电能/化学能转化装置的二次电池相关技术一直是科学家研究的热点领域。在此背景下,本文较为系统地介绍目前二次电池的重要研究进展,将从二次电池的发展历史引入,再到其相关的基础理论知识的介绍。随后较为详细地讨论当前不同体系的二次电池及相关应的关键材料的研究进展,涉及到锂离子电池、钠离子电池、钾离子电池、镁离子电池、锌离子电池、钙离子电池、铝离子电池、氟离子电池、氯离子电池、双离子电池、锂-硫(硒)电池、钠-硫(硒)电池、钾-硫(硒)电池、多价金属-硫基电池、锂-氧电池、钠-氧电池、钾-氧电池、多价金属-氧气电池、锂-溴(碘)电池、水系金属离子电池、光辅助电池、柔性电池、有机电池、金属-二氧化碳电池等。此外,也介绍了电池研究中常见的电极反应过程表征技术,包括冷冻电镜、透射电镜、同步辐射、原位谱学表征、磁性表征等。本文将有助于研究人员对二次电池进行全面系统的了解与把握,并为之后二次电池的研究提供很好的指导作用。

Indo-Western Pacific Ocean Capacitor and Coherent Climate Anomalies in Post-ENSO Summer: A Review

ENSO induces coherent climate anomalies over the Indo-western Pacific, but these anomalies outlast SST anomalies of the equatorial Pacific by a season, with major effects on the Asian summer monsoon. This review provides historical accounts of major milestones and synthesizes recent advances in the endeavor to understand summer variability over the Indo-Northwest Pacific region. Specifically, a large-scale anomalous anticyclone （AAC） is a recurrent pattern in post-E1 Nifio summers, spanning the tropical Northwest Pacific and North Indian oceans. Regarding the ocean memory that anchors the summer AAC, competing hypotheses emphasize either SST cooling in the easterly trade wind regime of the Northwest Pacific or SST warming in the westerly monsoon regime of the North Indian Ocean. Our synthesis reveals a coupled ocean- atmosphere mode that builds on both mechanisms in a two-stage evolution. In spring, when the northeast trades prevail, the AAC and Northwest Pacific cooling are coupled via wind-evaporation-SST feedback. The Northwest Pacific cooling persists to trigger a summer feedback that arises from the interaction of the AAC and North Indian Ocean warming, enabled by the westerly monsoon wind regime. This Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor （IPOC） effect explains why E1 Nifio stages its last act over the monsoonal Indo-Northwest Pacific and casts the Indian Ocean warming and AAC in leading roles. The IPOC displays interdecadal modulations by the ENSO variance cycle, significantly correlated with ENSO at the turn of the 20th century and after the 1970s, but not in between. Outstanding issues, including future climate projections, are also discussed.

In situ observation of austenite grain growth behavior in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Ti-microalloyed steels

The austenite grain growth behavior in a simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone during thermal cycling was investigated via in situ observation. Austenite grains nucleated at ferrite grain boundaries and then grew in different directions through movement of grain boundaries into the ferrite phase. Subsequently, the adjacent austenite grains impinged against each other during the α→γtransformation. After the α→γ transformation, austenite grains coarsened via the coalescence of small grains and via boundary migration between grains. The growth process of austenite grains was a continuous process during heating, isothermal holding, and cooling in simulated thermal cycling. Abundant finely dispersed nanoscale TiN particles in a steel specimen containing 0.012wt% Ti effectively retarded the grain boundary migration, which resulted in refined austenite grains. When the Ti concentration in the steel was increased, the number of TiN particles de- creased and their size coarsened. The big particles were not effective in pinning the austenite grain boundary movement and resulted in coarse austenite grains.

Relationship between serum sex hormones levels and degree of benign prostate hyperplasia in Chinese aging men

Benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） is one of the most common medical conditions in middle aged and older men. This study investigated the relationship between serum levels of sex hormones and measures of BPH in the aging male population of China. Prostate symptoms were assessed as part of a free health screening program for men ~40 years of age. The examination included digital rectal examination, determination of serum prostate-specific antigen levels, International Prostate Symptom Score （IPSS） and transrectal ultrasonography. Serum levels of total testosterone （TT）, sex hormone binding globulin （SHBG）, free testosterone （FT）, luteinizing hormone （LH）, follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）, prolactin （PRL） and estradiol （E2） were evaluated. The men also completed a health and demographics questionnaire and received a detailed physical examination. The final study population consisted of 949 men with a mean age of 58.9 years. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that there were significant correlations between age and levels of all sex hormones except TT, and between age and prostate volume （PV; r=0.243; P〈0.01） or IPSS （r=0.263; P〈0.01）. Additional significant correlations were found between IPSS and serum levels of LH （r=0. 112; P〈0.01） and FSH （r=0.074; P〈0.05）, but there were no significant correlations between sex hormone levels and PV. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed significant correlations between age and body mass index （BMI） with PV （P〈0.0001）. In addition, there was a significant correlation between age and PV with IPSS （P〈0.0001）. Serum sex hormone levels did not correlate with PV or IPSS. The effects of endocrine changes on measures of BPH in aging men require further investigation in longitudinal and multicenter studies that include oatients with all severities of BPH.

Postoperative adverse cardiac events in acute myocardial infarction with high thrombus load and best time for stent implantation

BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction is one of the most common types of coronary heart disease.It is mainly caused by the rupture of coronary atherosclerotic plaque,which leads to platelet agglutination and thrombosis.The occlusion of coronary arteries and vessels leads to insufficient myocardial blood supply,subsequently causing cardiac interstitial fibrosis,gradual enlargement of ventricles,and heart failure,which affects the quality of life and safety of patients.AIM To investigate the effects of emergency percutaneous interventional therapy(PCI)and delayed stenting in acute myocardial infarction with high thrombotic load and identify factors related to major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE).METHODS A total of 164 patients with acute myocardial infarction and high thrombotic load who received PCI were included.Of them,92 patients were treated with delayed stent implantation(delayed group)and 72 patients received emergency PCI(immediate group).Myocardial perfusion after stent implantation was compared between the two groups.Patients were followed up for 12 mo,and the occurrence of MACE was used as the endpoint.Univariate and multivariate models were used to analyze the factors affecting MACE occurrence.RESULTS After stent implantation,66(71.74%)patients in the delayed group and 40(55.56%)patients in the immediate group had thrombolysis in myocardial infarction(TIMI)flow grade 3(P<0.05),while 61(66.30%)patients in the delayed group and 39(54.17%)patients in the immediate group reached TIMI myocardial perfusion grade 3(P>0.05).MACE occurred in 29 patients.There were statistically significant differences between the MACE and non-MACE groups in diabetes rate,TIMI grading,stent implantation timing,intraoperative use of tirofiban,and the levels of white blood cells(WBC),neutrophils,red blood cell distribution width(RDW),and uric acid,and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)at admission(P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that TIMI grade 3 and intraoperative use of tirofiban effectively reduced the risk of MACE(P<0.05),while immediate stent implantation,increased WBC,hs-CRP and RDW on admission increased the risk of MACE(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Delayed stent implantation outweighs emergency PCI in improving postoperative myocardial perfusion in acute myocardial infarction with high thrombotic load,and effectively reduces MACE in these patients.

Coalition of DNA polymorphisms of ApoB and ApoAI genes is related with coronary artery disease in Kazaks

Objective To explore the relationship between polymorphisms of XbaI and MspI loci of apolipoprotein B （ApoB） gene and -75 bp,＋83 bp loci of apolipoprotein AI （ApoAI） gene and coronary heart disease （CHD） in Kazaks of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,China.Methods These loci were analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-PFLP）.Two hundred and five patients with CHD and two hundred and thirty six controls were involved.Results There were significant distinctions among low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）,triglyceride （TG） and the ApoAI/ApoB ratio between the two groups,but no significant distinction among the polymorphism frequencies of the four sites between the two groups.The polymorphism coalition frequency of X-/Ms＋＋/M1＋-/M2＋＋ （named Coalition 11） was significantly higher in CHD compared to the control group （14.6％ vs.7.2％,P ＜ 0.05）.The level of total cholesterol （TC） in Coalition 1 1 was significantly higher and the level of the ApoAI/ApoB ratio in Coalition 11 was significantly lower than Coalition 1～10 in CHD patients.The level of the ApoAI/ApoB ratio of Coalition 11 was significantly lower than the Coalition 1～10 in control group.The levels of ApoAI/ApoB ratio of Coalition 3 were significantly higher compared to Coalition 11 in the two groups,respectively.The level of LDL-C of Coalition 3 was significantly lower than in the Coalition 11 in control group.The level of TC of Coalition 5 was significantly higher than Coalition 3 in the CHD group.The level of the ApoAI/ApoB ratio of Coalition 5 was significantly lower than in Coalition 3 or Coalition 1～10 of the two groups,respectively.The level of LDL-C of Coalition 5 was significantly higher than in Coalition 3 in control group.The ratio of ApoAI/ApoB was negatively related to TC,LDL-C and was positively related to HDL-C,both in CHD and control groups.Conclusion Coalition 11 of the 4 loci polymorphisms of the ApoB and ApoAI genes was correlated with CHD in Kazaks,and perhaps the ratio of ApoAI/ApoB was the most diagnostic parameter related with CHD among all lipid parameters.CHD may also be associated with Coalition 5,and,perhaps,Coalition 3 may have been confirmed as a protection factor against CHD,if more samples were enrolled.

An investigation of the effects of dust storms on rat lung using HRCT and blood gas analysis

The increasing intensity and frequency of sand-dust storms in China has led to greater prominence of associated environmentaland health issues. Many studies have focused on the health effects of air particulate contaminants, but fewformal investigations have studied the effects of sand-dust storms on human and animal health. The aim of this study wasto investigate the effects of dust storms on rat lung by using high resolution computed tomography （HRCT） and blood gasanalysis through a wind tunnel simulating. We found that the rat lung damage effects can be detected by the HRCT imagingafter exposure to sand-dust storm environments, but had no obvious result through blood gas analysis. Exposure durationspositively correlated with the damage degree to lung tissue. These will provide some evidence for clinical diagnosis ofnon-occupational pneumoconiosis.

Surface Temperature Changes Projected by FGOALS Models under Low Warming Scenarios in CMIP5 and CMIP6

To meet the low warming targets proposed in the 2015 Paris Agreement,substantial reduction in carbon emissions is needed in the future.It is important to know how surface climates respond under low warming targets.The present study investigates the surface temperature changes under the low-forcing scenario of Representative Concentration Pathways(RCP2.6)and its updated version(Shared Socioeconomic Pathways,SSP1-2.6)by the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System(FGOALS)models participating in phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5 and CMIP6,respectively).In both scenarios,radiative forcing(RF)first increases to a peak of 3 W m^−2 around 2045 and then decreases to 2.6 W m^−2 by 2100.Global mean surface air temperature rises in all FGOALS models when RF increases(RF increasing stage)and declines or holds nearly constant when RF decreases(RF decreasing stage).The surface temperature change is distinct in its sign and magnitude between the RF increasing and decreasing stages over the land,Arctic,North Atlantic subpolar region,and Southern Ocean.Besides,the regional surface temperature change pattern displays pronounced model-to-model spread during both the RF increasing and decreasing stages,mainly due to large intermodel differences in climatological surface temperature,ice-albedo feedback,natural variability,and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation change.The pattern of tropical precipitation change is generally anchored by the spatial variations of relative surface temperature change(deviations from the tropical mean value)in the FGOALS models.Moreover,the projected changes in the updated FGOALS models are closer to the multi-model ensemble mean results than their predecessors,suggesting that there are noticeable improvements in the future projections of FGOALS models from CMIP5 to CMIP6.

Evolution of Surface Sensible Heat over the Tibetan Plateau Under the Recent Global Warming Hiatus

Based on regular surface meteorological observations and NCEP/DOE reanalysis data, this study investigates the evolution of surface sensible heat（SH） over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau（CE-TP） under the recent global warming hiatus. The results reveal that the SH over the CE-TP presents a recovery since the slowdown of the global warming. The restored surface wind speed together with increased difference in ground-air temperature contribute to the recovery in SH.During the global warming hiatus, the persistent weakening wind speed is alleviated due to the variation of the meridional temperature gradient. Meanwhile, the ground surface temperature and the difference in ground-air temperature show a significant increasing trend in that period caused by the increased total cloud amount, especially at night. At nighttime, the increased total cloud cover reduces the surface effective radiation via a strengthening of atmospheric counter radiation and subsequently brings about a clear upward trend in ground surface temperature and the difference in ground-air temperature.Cloud–radiation feedback plays a significant role in the evolution of the surface temperature and even SH during the global warming hiatus. Consequently, besides the surface wind speed, the difference in ground-air temperature becomes another significant factor for the variation in SH since the slowdown of global warming, particularly at night.

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines.A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig.1a),and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes.The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide,not only for its damage on local society,but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.