Distribution of lightning spatial modes and climatic causes in China

本文利用中国气象局国家雷电监测网(CNLDN)的地闪观测数据集,分析了2010-2020年中国陆地区域地闪空间模态分布特征及其可能的气候成因.研究发现,夏季地闪第一模态的方差贡献率为32.86%,其分布从北到南呈现出“-+-”的经向跷跷板模式,当东太平洋和印度洋的海温异常增暖,西北太平洋的海温异常变冷时,在中国黄海,东海及热带西太平洋地区激发出气旋性环流,随着水汽南下至华南地区,与来自孟加拉湾的水汽汇合,上升运动在此加强,从而使得该地区的雷电活动增强.表明厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)现象,是发生在中国陆地区域的地闪活动的气候驱动因子。

Effect of Heavy Metal Contamination on Soil Enzymes Activities

Several enzymes catalyze much of the processes that exist in the soil. Enzymes in polluted soils are usually less active due to their exposure to heavy metals. The main goal of this study was to see how bioavailable types of Cd affected the behavior of catalase, urease, and dehydrogenases, as well as to compare the findings from naturally and artificially polluted samples. An experiment was conducted on two types of farmland (garden) soil: natural soil and soil that had been chemically polluted with Cd. The total content of heavy metal graded these soils as very highly polluted with Cd. The experiment was repeated four times to test the effects of increasing concentration and days (time). Extracellular enzymes from farmland performed enzymatic activity tests that lasted 6 to 29 days after soil sampling. After 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 45 days of incubation, soil samples were taken for testing respectively. However, even though no nutrient was added, dehydrogenase and urease activity increased as Cd concentration increased from 0 to 5 mg/L as the days passed. This is a result of enzymes engaging in respiratory and other living activities because of the low cadmium concentration and respiratory soil properties. However, there were significant variations in enzyme activity between naturally polluted and artificially contaminated soils. Dehydrogenases, Urease, and Catalase all showed a common pattern of enzyme sensitivity, which could be ordered as Dehydrogenase > Urease > Catalase. Dehydrogenase enzyme activity has been discovered to be more Cd resistant.

Compression strength prediction of Xylosma racemosum using a transfer learning system based on near-infrared spectral data

A transfer learning system was designed to predict Xylosma racemosum compression strength.Near-infrared(NIR)spectral data for Acer mono and its compression strength values were used to resolve the weak generalization problem caused by using a X.racemosum dataset alone.Transfer component analysis and principal component analysis are domain adaption and feature extraction processes to enable the use of A.mono NIR spectral data to design the transfer learning system.A five-layer neural network relevant to the X.racemosum dataset,was fine-tuned using the A.mono dataset.There were 109 A.mono samples used as the source dataset and 79 X.racemosum samples as the target dataset.When the ratio of the training set to the test set was 1:9,the correlation coeffi cient was 0.88,and mean square error was 8.84.The results show that NIR spectral data of hardwood species are related.Predicting the mechanical strength of hardwood species using multi-species NIR spectral datasets will improve the generalization ability of the model and increase accuracy.

Aerosol characteristics over the Tibetan Plateau simulated with a coupled aerosol-climate model(FGOALS-f3-L)

This study presents the simulated aerosol spatiotemporal characteristics over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)with a newly developed coupled aerosol-climate model(FGOALS-f3-L).The aerosol properties are simulated over the TP for the period 2002-11.The results indicate that soil dust,sulfate,and carbonaceous aerosols(black carbon(BC),organic carbon(OC)and BC/OC)account for 53.6%,32.2%,and 14.2%of the total aerosol mass over the TP,respectively.The simulated aerosol surface mass concentrations and aerosol optical depths(AODs)are evaluated with ground-based and satellite observations,respectively.Underestimations of the aerosol surface mass concentration are found at the Lhasa site,especially for BC and OC.The spatial distribution and interannual variation of AOD are consistent with MODIS observations,with the RMSE of 0.081 and bias of 0.036.Due to the uncertainty of the parameterization of dust emissions,the model’s performance in summer and autumn is much better than that in spring.

Comparison between MODIS-derived Day and Night Cloud Cover and Surface Observations over the North China Plain

Satellite and human visual observation are two of the most important observation approaches for cloud cover. In this study, the total cloud cover （TCC） observed by MODIS onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites was compared with Synop meteorological station observations over the North China Plain and its surrounding regions for 11 years during daytime and 7 years during nighttime. The Synop data were recorded eight times a day at 3-h intervals. Linear interpolation was used to interpolate the Synop data to the MODIS overpass time in order to reduce the temporal deviation between the satellite and Synop observations. Results showed that MODIS-derived TCC had good consistency with the Synop observations; the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.56 in winter to 0.73 in summer for Terra MODIS, and from 0.55 in winter to 0.71 in summer for Aqua MODIS. However, they also had certain differences. On average, the MODIS-derived TCC was 15.16% higher than the Synop data, and this value was higher at nighttime （15.58%-16.64%） than daytime （12.74%-14.14%）. The deviation between the MODIS and Synop TCC had large seasonal variation, being largest in winter （29.53%-31.07%） and smallest in summer （4.46%-6.07%）. Analysis indicated that cloud with low cloud-top height and small cloud optical thickness was more likely to cause observation bias. Besides, an increase in the satellite view zenith angle, aerosol optical depth, or snow cover could lead to positively biased MODIS results, and this affect differed among different cloud types.

Simulating Aerosol Optical Depth and Direct Radiative Effects over the Tibetan Plateau with a High-Resolution CAS FGOALS-f3 Model

Current global climate models cannot resolve the complex topography over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)due to their coarse resolution.This study investigates the impacts of horizontal resolution on simulating aerosol and its direct radiative effect(DRE)over the TP by applying two horizontal resolutions of about 100 km and 25 km to the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere Land System(CAS FGOALS-f3)over a 10-year period.Compared to the AErosol RObotic NETwork observations,a high-resolution model(HRM)can better reproduce the spatial distribution and seasonal cycles of aerosol optical depth(AOD)compared to a low-resolution model(LRM).The HRM bias and RMSE of AOD decreased by 0.08 and 0.12,and the correlation coefficient increased by 0.22 compared to the LRM.An LRM is not sufficient to reproduce the aerosol variations associated with fine-scale topographic forcing,such as in the eastern marginal region of the TP.The difference between hydrophilic aerosols in an HRM and LRM is caused by the divergence of the simulated relative humidity(RH).More reasonable distributions and variations of RH are conducive to simulating hydrophilic aerosols.An increase of the 10-m wind speed in winter by an HRM leads to increased dust emissions.The simulated aerosol DREs at the top of the atmosphere(TOA)and at the surface by the HRM are–0.76 W m^(–2)and–8.72 W m^(–2)over the TP,respectively.Both resolution models can capture the key feature that dust TOA DRE transitions from positive in spring to negative in the other seasons.

经济全球化视角下的美国后工业社会黑人阶层分化研究

在经济全球化的作用下,二战后美国经济结构发生了巨大的变化,以蓝领工人中产阶级为主体的社会阶层结构,也出现了相应的变迁和结构性重组。同时,笼罩在种族主义阴霾下的美国黑人,也产生了阶层分化的现象,即一部分黑人步入了中上阶层,而另一部分黑人却被固化在了社会底层。而黑人中上阶层和黑人底层阶层之间,既存在着族裔上和文化上的包容与认同,又出现了阶级上和经济上的分化与冲突。

Estimation and inter-comparison of dust aerosols based on MODIS, MISR and AERONET retrievals over Asian desert regions

This study presents detailed analysis of spatiotemporal variations and trend of dust optical properties i.e., Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD) and Angstrom component over Asian desert regions using thirteen years of data(i.e., 2001–2013) retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer(MISR). These regions include Solar Village, Dunhuang and Dalangzadgad and are considered as origin of desert aerosols in Asia. Mann–Kendall trend test was used to show the trend of AOD. The relationship of AOD with weather parameters and general AOD trend over different wavelengths has also been shown. AOD's trend has been observed significant throughout the year in Solar Village, while in Dunhuang and Dalanzadgad the significant trend has been found only in peak period(March–June).Analysis show high values of AOD and low values of angstrom in Solar Village during peak period. In Chinese desert regions, high values of AOD have been found during peak period and low values in pre-peak period. Significant relationship has been observed between AOD and average temperature in Solar Village and Dalanzadgad whereas rainfall and wind speed showed no significant impact on AOD in all desert regions.

Concentrations and chemical compositions of PM10 during hazy and non-hazy days in Beijing

In order to study the concentrations of major components,characteristics and comparison in hazy and non-hazy days of PM10 in Beijing,aerosol samples were collected at urban site in Beijing from December 29,2014 to January 22,2015.Heavy metals like Zn,Pb,Mn,Cu,As,V,Cr and Cd were deeply studied considering their toxic effects on human being;nine water-soluble inorganic ions(SO4^2-,NO3^-,NH4^+,Na^+,K^+,Cl^-,Ca^2+and Mg^2+)and carbon fractions(OC and EC)were also analyzed.The concentrations of heavy metals were 1.03–1.98 times higher in hazy days than those in non-hazy days,mainly due to biomass burning and coal burning.The trends in total heavy metals concentrations were basically consistent with the trends in PM concentrations except for two obvious periods(12.29–12.30;1.14–1.15);but when air masses accumulated locally or around Beijing,trends in PM concentrations and heavy metals were opposite.The proportion for NO3^-/SO4^2-indicated that mobile sources such as automobiles were important reasons for haze in Beijing.Correlation between OC and EC during non-hazy days was strong(R^2=0.95)but it was low(R^2=0.67)during hazy days,and large variations for OC/EC values occurred in hazy days.The calculated mass concentration of SOC is 2.58μg/m^3,which only accounted for 10.1%of the OC concentration.When air masses from the far north-west,they decreased PM concentration in Beijing and they were relatively clean;however,those from the near east,south-east and south of the mainland increased PM concentration and they were dirty.

20世纪全球移民视野下的纽约“隔都”现象研究

纽约不仅是美国的移民窗口,也是美国多族裔社会的一个缩影,从某种角度上看,纽约的种族隔离问题颇具典型性。纽约有着悠久的移民历史,全球移民导致了纽约族裔的多样性。由于历史的原因,纽约社会中存在着根深蒂固的种族歧视。纽约的种族歧视不仅体现在文化上的排斥,也体现在经济上的压榨。因此,纽约形成了众多的少数族裔聚居区,“隔都”现象也由此产生了。

NUMBER CONCENTRATION,SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND FINE PARTICLE FRACTION OF TROPOSPHERIC AND STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOLS

Aerosol observations were carried out at Xianghe Scientific Balloon Base (39.45N, 117E) using a strato-spheric balloon. The particle number concentrations of the tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols were directly explored. The vertical distributions of the number concentration, number-size (that is, particle number versus particle size) distribution, and the fraction of fine particles (0.5 mm>r>0.15 mm/ r>0.15 mm) are reported in this paper. The profiles of particle concentration present multi-peak phenomenon. The pattern of size distribution for atmospheric aerosol indicates a tri-modal (r=~0.2 mm, ~0.88 mm and ~7.0 mm) and a bi-modal (r=~0.13 mm and 2.0 mm). The number-size distribution almost fits the Junge distribution for particles with r<0.5 mm in the stratosphere of 1993 and the troposphere of 1994. But the distributions of coarse particles (r>0.5 mm) are not uniform. The number-size distribution exhibits also a wide size range in the troposphere of 1993. The results demonstrate that fine particles represent the major portion in the tropo-sphere during the measurement period, reaching as high as 95% in 1994. Certain coarse particle peaks in the tropo-sphere were attributed to clouds and other causes, and in the stratosphere to volcanic eruption. The stratospheric aerosol layer consists of unique fractions of fine or coarse particles depending on their sources. In summary, the process of gas-to-particles conversion was active and the coarse particles were rich over the Xianghe area. The measurements also demonstrate that the spatial and temporal atmospheric aerosol distributions are nonuniform and changeful.