Mutations in the miRNA165/166 binding site of the HB2 gene result in pleiotropic effects on morphological traits in wheat

Leaf,spike,stem,and root morphologies are key factors that determine crop growth,development,and productivity.Multiple genes that control these morphological traits have been identified in Arabidopsis,rice,maize,and other plant species.However,little is known about the genomic regions and genes associated with morphological traits in wheat.Here,we identified the ethyl methanesulfonate-derived mutant wheat line M133 that displays multiple morphological changes that include upward-curled leaves,paired spikelets,dwarfism,and delayed heading.Using bulked segregant RNA sequencing(BSR-seq)and a high-resolution genetic map,we identified TraesCS1D02G155200(HBD2)as a potential candidate gene.HB-D2 encodes a class III homeodomain-leucine zipper(HD-ZIP III)transcription factor,and the mutation was located in the miRNA165/166 complementary site,resulting in a resistant allele designated rHb-D2.The relative expression of rHb2 in the mutant plants was significantly higher(P<0.01)than in plants homozygous for the WT allele.Independent resistant mutations that disrupt the miRNA165/166 complementary sites in the A-(rHb-A2)and B-genome(rHb-B2)homoeologs showed similar phenotypic alterations,but the relative intensity of the effects was different.Transgenic plants expressing rHb-D2 gene driven by the maize UBIQUITIN(UBI)promoter showed similar phenotypes to the rHb-D2 mutant.These results confirmed that HB-D2 is the causal gene responsible for the mutant phenotypes.Finally,a survey of 1397 wheat accessions showed that the complementary sites for miRNA165/166 in all three HB2 homoeologs are highly conserved.Our results suggest that HB2 plays an important role in regulating growth and development in wheat.

High-resolution genetic mapping and identification of candidate genes for the wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr8155B1

Stem rust,caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici(Pgt),threatens global wheat production.Development of cultivars with increased resistance to stem rust by identification,mapping,and deployment of resistance genes is the best strategy for controlling the disease.In this study,we performed fine mapping and characterization of the all-stage stem rust resistance(Sr)gene Sr8155B1 from the durum wheat line 8155-B1.In seedling tests of biparental populations,Sr8155B1 was effective against six Chinese Pgt races tested.In a segregating population of 5060 gametes,Sr8155B1 was mapped to a 0.06-cM region flanked by markers Pku2772 and Pku43365,corresponding to 1.5-and 2.7-Mb regions in the Svevo and Chinese Spring reference genomes.Both regions include several typical nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)and protein kinase genes that represent candidate genes.Among them,three NLR genes and three receptor-like protein kinases were highly polymorphic between the parental lines and their transcripts were upregulated in the homozygous resistant line TdR2 relative to its susceptible sister line TdS4.Four markers(Pku2772,Pku43365,Pku2950,and Pku3721)developed in this study,together with seedling resistance responses,correctly predicted Sr8155B1 absence or presence in 78 tetraploid wheat genotypes tested.The presence of Sr8155B1 in tetraploid wheat accessions CItr 14916,PI 197492,and PI 197493 was confirmed by mapping in three F_(2)populations.The genetic map and linked markers developed in this study may accelerate the deployment of Sr8155B1-mediated resistance in wheat breeding programs.

欧盟铁路规划研究解读

铁路为欧洲旅客出行和货物运输的交通方式之一,对于欧洲经济发展起着不可或缺的作用。本文通过对欧洲铁路规划的历史进程进行分析,首先解读在欧盟发展背景下《欧洲未来白皮书》设想的五种情境,再对跨欧洲交通网络(TEN-T)规划和巴尔干地区项目等规划阶段的规划背景和具体内容进行深入剖析。其中,对于TEN-T中九大通道进行详细解读,分析了九大通道铁路项目的数量及其分布特征,且阐述了巴尔干地区优先铁路项目的概况,重点总结了欧盟铁路的发展现状,为我国铁路进一步发展、精准把握未来趋势提供借鉴。

波罗的海—亚得里亚海通道规划分析

波罗的海—亚得里亚海核心网络通道(Baltic-Adriatic,BA通道)是跨欧洲交通网络(Trans-European ransport Network,TEN-T)中九大通道之一。本文基于现有的BA通道研究报告,从通道概况、铁路线路特征、铁路运输项目进展情况这三个方面对BA通道的整体状况进行规划分析。最后,综合考虑项目性质、涉及的交通方式、成本等因素筛选出了8个波罗的海—亚得里亚海通道的核心项目并对其进行了详细描述。

欧盟铁路项目评价分析研究

在"一带一路"倡议的背景下,针对2018年欧盟提出对所有铁路项目进行排序。首先从准则层、目标层以及指标构建欧盟铁路规划项目影响指标体系。其次针对各种评价方法对进行对比分析,最终选定模糊层次分析法作为评价方法。最后建立模型,得出项目排序结果,为中国与欧盟国家铁路项目合作提供参考依据。

Overaccumulation of glycine betaine makes the function of the thylakoid membrane better in wheat under salt stress

Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) lines T1, T4, and T6 were genetically modified to increase glycine betaine(GB) synthesis by introduction of the BADH(betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, BADH)gene from mountain spinach(Atriplex hortensis L.). These transgenic lines and WT of wheat(T. aestivum L.) were used to study the effect of increased GB synthesis on wheat tolerance to salt stress. Salt stress due to 200 mmol L-1Na Cl impaired the photosynthesis of the four wheat lines, as indicated by declines in net photosynthetic rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Gs),maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII(Fv/Fm), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ФPSII) and an increase in intercellular CO2concentration(Ci). In comparison with WT, the effect of salinity on the three transgenic lines was mild. Salt stress caused disadvantageous changes in lipids and their fatty acid compositions in the thylakoid membrane of the transgenic lines and WT. Under salt stress, the three transgenic lines showed slightly higher chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and higher Hill reaction activities and Ca2+-ATPase activity than WT. All the results suggest that overaccumulation of GB resulting from introduction of the BADH gene can enhance the salt tolerance of transgenic plants, especially in the protection of the components and function of thylakoid membranes, thereby making photosynthesis better. Changes in lipids and fatty acid compositions in the thylakoid membrane may be involved in the increased salt stress tolerance of the transgenic lines.

Effects of Different Times of Bagging on Fruit Quality and Disease and Pest Incidence of Fuji Apple

The effects of bagging at different times in Mengyin area on the fruit quality and disease and pest incidence of Huimin short-cut Fuji apple were investigated,with unbagged fruit as the control. The results showed that among the apples bagged on May 5,May 15,May 25,June 2 and June 12,the single fruit weight and fruit shape index of the apples bagged on June 2 were highest,308. 1 g and 0. 868,respectively; the peeled harness of the apples bagged during May 5-25 was higher than that of the control; the peeled harness of the apples bagged on June 2 and June 12 was lower than that of the control; the soluble solids content of bagged fruit was lower than that of unbagged ones,and no significant differences were found among different treatments; the coloring index of the apples bagged on June 2 was up to 100%; the smooth finish index of the apples bagged on May 5 reached 96. 67%,the highest; the red chromatic value( a*) of bagged fruit was higher than that of unbagged ones,and there were no significant differences among different bagging treatments. The earlier the bagging was,the higher the incidence of black spot and bitter pit was. The incidence of black spot and bitter pit in bagged fruit was higher than that in unbagged ones. In conclusion,in Mengyin area of Shandong Province,bagging is better to be carried out on June 2,45 d after the full bloom.

Remarkably different results between two studies from North America on genomic mutations and sensitivity to DNA demethylating agents for myelodysplastic syndromes

Sekeres et al. （1） conducted a multicenter randomized, controlled trial to compare whether azacitidine-based combinations with lenalidomide or vorinostat produce superior overall response rates to azacitidine in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes （MDS）. In that trial, 224 patients with higher-risk MDS and 53 with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia （CMML） were enrolled and randomly assigned to the ＂azacitidine＂ group, ＂azacitidine plus lenalidomide＂ group or ＂azacitidine plus vorinostat＂ group. The researchers found that patients with MDS treated with azacitidine-based combinations had similar response rate to azacitidine monotherapy. Using genomic mutation analysis, they found that the overall response rate to azacitidine-based treatment was higher for patients with mutations in DNMT3A and lower for those with mutations in SRSF2. Whereas in another study, Welch et al. enrolled 26 patients with MDS and 90 with acute myeloid leukemia （AML） who were treated with decitabine, and they found that patients with TP53 mutations had a higher response rate, but not those with DNMT3A mutations （2）. We propose that this big discrepancy in the conclusions between the two studies might have been caused by the presence of many co-interacting factors, e.g. study aims, DNA demethylating agents, treatment protocols, and patient sources.

Effects of Different Water and Fertilizer Combinations on Tree Structure,Leaf Parameters and Photosynthesis of Apple Saplings

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different water and fertilizer combinations on apple saplings. [ Method] ＇ Tianhong 2＇ Fuji /SH40/Malus robusta Rehd. was used as the experimental material to analyze the effects of different irrigation modes and combinations of basal fertilizer and dressing fertilizer on tree structure, leaf parameters and photosynthesis of apple saplings. [ Result] The results showed that different water and fertilizer combinations ex- hibited varying effects on tree structure, leaf parameters and photosynthesis of apple saplings. To be specific, applying 432 000 kg/hm2 basal fertilizer, 480 kg/hm2 urea and 915 kg/hmz organic fertilizer ＋ 0 ＋ 915 kg/hm2 organic fertilizer as dressing fertilizer, and 1% urea as leaf fertilizer was conducive to promoting growth of branches and leaves, increasing leaf thickness, individual leaf area and SPAD, and improving photosynthesis of apple saplings under half root irrigation and whole root irrigation conditions. In addition, the effects were more significant under whole root irrigation conditions. [ Conclusion] Selecting the appropriate water and fertilizer combination is conducive to the growth of apple saplings.

Mutations in wheat TaAPA2 gene result in pleiotropic effects on plant architecture

Dear Editor,Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is a globally important cereal providing~20% of the calories and proteins for>4.5billion people.Plant architecture,including morphologies of leaves,spikes,stems,and roots,has great impact on plant development and productivity,and thus has been extensively investigated in various plant species(Jiang et al.,2023;Zhang et al.,2017).

苹果苦痘病对果实类黄酮总含量的影响及其分子生物学机制

类黄酮在多种植物生物学功能和人类慢性病的治疗上发挥了重要的作用.苹果苦痘病是苹果生产上的一种重要生理性病害,严重影响了果品的品质,造成了巨大经济损失.研究苹果苦痘病对苹果果实类黄酮的影响及其分子生物学机制,可为医用类黄酮的获得挖掘新的资源.采用氯化铝比色法测定了健康果实和苦痘病果的类黄酮总含量,结果显示,苦痘病果的类黄酮总含量为健康果实的4.28倍.通过转录组测序和qRT-PCR对类黄酮总含量变化的分子生物学机制进行了研究.经测序,从苹果健康果实和苦痘病果2组样品中,分别获得226.702和202.951 M Clean reads,包含32.807和29.626 Gb测序数据,其碱基百分比(Q30)大于95.0%.以健康果实为参考,苦痘病果共获得2632个差异表达基因,其中上调基因2080个,下调基因552个.经GO基因功能注释和KEGG代谢通路富集分析,获得与类黄酮合成相关的差异表达基因26个(24个上调基因和2个下调基因),选取其中8个差异表达基因:CYP98A3(1), CYP98A3 (1), BADH, DAT, MdHCT (1), MdHCT (2), CHI (1)和CHI (2)进行qRT-PCR分析验证,结果显示,该8个基因均表现为上调表达,上调倍数为1.05~7.17倍.研究表明,苹果苦痘病的发生刺激了苹果果实中类黄酮的大量表达和积累,可为医学研究中类黄酮的获得,提供更广泛的资源.

溴甲烷中毒1例报告

溴甲烷是一种强烈的神经毒物,可损害中枢及周围神经系统,也引起呼吸、泌尿、循环等系统损害。主要中毒途径为呼吸道吸入,也可由皮肤接触引起中毒。近期山东大学大学齐鲁医院中毒与职业病科收治1例工作中吸入溴甲烷导致神经系统损伤患者,现报告如下。