Chromosome-level genome and population genomics of the intermediate horseshoe bat(Rhinolophus affinis)reveal the molecular basis of virus tolerance in Rhinolophus and echolocation call frequency variation

Horseshoe bats(genus Rhinolophus,family Rhinolophidae)represent an important group within chiropteran phylogeny due to their distinctive traits,including constant high-frequency echolocation,rapid karyotype evolution,and unique immune system.Advances in evolutionary biology,supported by high-quality reference genomes and comprehensive whole-genome data,have significantly enhanced our understanding of species origins,speciation mechanisms,adaptive evolutionary processes,and phenotypic diversity.However,genomic research and understanding of the evolutionary patterns of Rhinolophus are severely constrained by limited data,with only a single published genome of R.ferrumequinum currently available.In this study,we constructed a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome for the intermediate horseshoe bat(R.affinis).Comparative genomic analyses revealed potential genetic characteristics associated with virus tolerance in Rhinolophidae.Notably,we observed expansions in several immune-related gene families and identified various genes functionally associated with the SARS-CoV-2 signaling pathway,DNA repair,and apoptosis,which displayed signs of rapid evolution.In addition,we observed an expansion of the major histocompatibility complex class II(MHC-II)region and a higher copy number of the HLA-DQB2 gene in horseshoe bats compared to other chiropteran species.Based on whole-genome resequencing and population genomic analyses,we identified multiple candidate loci(e.g.,GLI3)associated with variations in echolocation call frequency across R.affinis subspecies.This research not only expands our understanding of the genetic characteristics of the Rhinolophus genus but also establishes a valuable foundation for future research.

Evaluation and application of a milk antibody ELISA for assessing the prevalence and incidence of bovine tuberculosis in dairy herds in Hubei Province,China

Bovine tuberculosis(bTB)is a chronic zoonotic disease that is endemic in China.Current in-vitro tests for bTB are mainly based on blood assays.Collection of samples results in some stress to the sampled cattle and associated economic losses for the herd owner.This study was designed to investigate the relationship between milk and serum antibody tests for bTB in dairy cows using 85 cows with milk and corresponding blood samples.Totally 4,395 milk samples were used to assesse the apparent(test)prevalence and incidence of bTB using the milk antibody ELISA.The association between levels of bTB milk antibody and milk quality was also evaluated.Milk and serum antibody tests showed a good correlation with a 87.5%(95%CI:61.7%,98.4)positive agreement and 98.7%(95%CI:95.4,99.8)negative agreement.The animal level lactoprevalence ranged from 0.3%(95%CI:0,1.2)to 33.3%(95%CI:26.6,40.6)in different farms and the incidence rate ranged from 0 head/cow-month(95%CI:0,0.02)to 0.04 head/cow-month(95%CI:0.02,0.07).Twenty percent of sampled farms met the criteria for bTB control in China.The prevalence on large-scale farms was lower(p<0.001)than on small farms.The bTB milk antibody levels had a negative correlation with milk yield and a positive correlation with somatic cell count(SCC),milk protein percentage(MPP)and percentage of total solids(TS).According to this research,milk ELISA could be used as a supplement of blood samples to assist in the surveillance for bTB and for alerting control and eradication of bTB.

不同剂量瑞舒伐他汀对冠心病介入治疗患者血脂的影响分析

目的研究分析冠心病介入治疗术后不同瑞舒伐他汀剂量对血脂的影响。方法随机选取2017年4月-2018年4月本院收治的120例行介入治疗的冠心病患者作为研究的对象。根据随机原则分为甲、乙、丙三组,每组40例,给予甲组患者实施常规治疗,乙、丙两组分别联合瑞舒伐他汀5 mg/d、10 mg/d进行治疗,观察介入治疗术后不同瑞舒伐他汀剂量对血脂影响及安全性。结果治疗后,乙、丙两组患者的TC、LDL-C治疗效果均优于甲组及治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。三组患者的TG、HDL-C水平与治疗前相比无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。乙、丙组两组患者缺血事件的发生率均低于甲组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。乙组患者不良反应发生率高于甲组,比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);丙组不良反应发生率均高于甲组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用瑞舒伐他汀对行介入治疗后的冠心病患者进行治疗,可有效改善患者的TC、LDL-C水平,降低缺血事件的发生率;随着瑞舒伐他汀剂量的增加,对患者血脂变化的影响也越大,同时也增加了不良反应的发生风险。

A case study investigating the efects of emergency vaccination with Brucella abortus A19 vaccine on a dairy farm undergoing an abortion outbreak in China

Brucellosis is an important zoonosis that results in substantial economic losses to the livestock industry through abortions and reduced milk yield.This study investigated an abortion outbreak in a dairy herd and then explored the efects of emergency vaccination with Brucella abortus A19 vaccine on the incidence of abortion and milk yield.A full dose of vaccine(6×10^(10)—12×10^(10)colony forming units,CFU)was administered subcutaneously to calves and non-pregnant heifers,and a reduced dose(6×10^(8)—12×10^(8)CFU)to adult cows and pregnant replacement heifers.Rose Bengal Test was used to screen Brucella infection status and then positive samples were tested with a C-ELISA.Animals that tested positive for both tests were considered positive to Brucella spp.The animal-level seroprevalence of brucellosis was 23.1%(95%CI:17.0,30.2),and the attributable fraction of abortions in seropositive animals was 89.1%(95%CI:64.3,96.7).The odds of seropositivity were signifcantly higher in cows that aborted compared to cows that calved normally(OR=21.4,95%CI:4.4,168.4).Cows in sheds A2 and C1 were 10.2(95%CI:1.4,128.0)and 17.0(95%CI:2.8,190.3)times more likely to be seropositive than cows in shed B1.Antibodies were not detectable in most heifers 12 months post-vaccination.The efectiveness of the vaccine in preventing abortions was estimated to be 56.8%(95%CI:15.8,77.8)for the entire herd,but increased to 86.7%(95%CI:4.4,98.1)when only primiparous heifers were considered.Furthermore,a signifcant increase in the average herd 305-day milk yield one-year after vaccination was also observed relative to that in the previous three years.It is concluded that emergency vaccination of a dairy herd undergoing an abortion outbreak with the A19 vaccine efectively reduced the incidence of abortion and indirectly increased milk yield one-year after vaccination.

Expert Consensus on the Clinical Application of Oral Small-molecule Antiviral Drugs Against COVID-19

Although COVID‑19 no longer constitutes a“public health emergency of international concern”,which still has being spreading around the world at a low level.Small molecule drugs are the main antiviral treatment for novel coronavirus recommended in China.Although a variety of small‑molecule antiviral drugs against COVID‑19 have been listed in China,there is no specific drug recommendation for special populations.Society of Bacterial Infection and Resistance of Chinese Medical Association,together with the National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease,and the National Center for Respiratory Medicine,organized domestic experts in various fields such as respiratory,virology,infection,critical care,emergency medicine and pharmacy to release Expert Consensus on the Clinical Application of Oral Small‑Molecule Antiviral Drugs against COVID‑19.The main content of this consensus includes the introduction of seven small‑molecule antiviral drugs against COVID‑19,focusing on the drug recommendations for 14 special groups such as the elderly,patients with complicated chronic diseases,tumor patients,pregnant women,and children,and providing suggestions for clinicians to standardize drug use.

Insights into varicella-zoster virus assembly from the B-and C-capsid at near-atomic resolution structures

Varicella-zoster is a highly communicable virus that can be transmitted through the airborne route.About one quarter of people are infected with this virus.Previous studies have described the structure of A-capsid and a blurred reconstruction of the C-capsid with icosahedral symmetry.In this study,we have determined the more precise detailed structures of the varicella-zoster virus(VZV)B-and C-capsid in icosahedral symmetry using a combination of block-based reconstruction and symmetry relaxation strategies.In addition,we are reporting structural details of the portal vertex reconstructions in five-fold symmetry and portal reconstructions in twelve-fold symmetry.The structures unveil the basis for the high thermal stability of the VZV capsid.The conformational flexibility of structural elements of the capsid plays a role in the assembly of the capsid and drives processes critical for the viral life cycle.The results of the study open up new avenues for the development of drugs against a highly prevalent and contagious pathogen.

Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B(version 2022)

To facilitate the achieving of the goal of“eliminating viral hepatitis as a major public health threat by 2030”set by the World Health Organization,the Chinese Society of Hepatology together with the Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases(both are branches of the Chinese Medical Association)organized a panel of experts and updated the guidelines for prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B in China(version 2022).With the support of available evidence,this revision of the guidelines focuses on active prevention,large scale testing,and expansion of therapeutic indication of chronic hepatitis B with the aim of reducing the hepatitis B related disease burden.

Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B(Version 2022)

To facilitate the achieving of the goal of“eliminating viral hepatitis as a major public health threat by 2030”set by theWorld Health Organization,the Chinese Society of Hepatology together with the Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases(both are branches of the ChineseMedical Association)organized a panel of experts and updated the guidelines for prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B in China(version 2022).With the support of available evidence,this revision of the guidelines focuses on active prevention,large-scale testing,and expansion of therapeutic indication of chronic hepatitis B with the aim of reducing the hepatitis B–related disease burden.

Guideline of Prevention and Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B (2nd Version)

This guideline is established to standardize the prevention,diagnosis and antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B(CHB).For other treatment regimens and methods involving CHB,please refer to relevant guidelines and consensuses.The Chinese Society of Hepatology,Chinese Medical Association(CMA)and the Society of Infectious Diseases,CMA organized relevant native experts to establish this Guideline of Prevention and Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B(1st version)in 2005,and made the first revision in 2010.In the past 5 years,great progress has been made in the native and foreign fundamental and clinical research with respect to CHB,necessitating additional revision of this guideline.

Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B

To achieve the goal of the World Health Organization to eliminate viral hepatitis as a major public health threat by 2030,the Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases and the Chinese Society of Hepatology convened an expert panel in 2019 to update the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B(CHB).The current guidelines cover recent advances in basic,clinical,and preventive studies of CHB infection and consider the actual situation in China.These guidelines are intended to provide support for the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of CHB.

2019 Chinese Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention of Mother-to-child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus

To develop the evidence-based guidelines for managing mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in China, a multidisciplinary guideline development group was estab-lished. Clinical questions were identified from two rounds of surveys on the concerns of first-line clinicians. We conducted a comprehensive search and review of the literature. A grading of recommendations' assessment, development, and evaluation system was adopted to rate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. Recommen-dations were formulated based on the evidence, overall balance of benefits and harms (at individual and population levels), patient/health worker values and preferences, re-sources available, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility. Even-tually, recommendations related to 13 main clinical concerns were developed, covering diagnostic criteria, treatment in-dications, antiviral therapy choice, timing to initiate and discontinue treatment, immunoprophylaxis strategy at birth, and how to deal with special situations, such as unintended pregnancy, assisted reproduction, and breastfeeding. The guidelines are intended to serve as guidance for clinicians and patients, to optimize the management of majority of pregnant women who are positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Guideline registration: International Practice Guide Registration Platform (IPGRP-2018CN040).

Efficacy and Safety of All-oral Emitasvir and Sofosbuvir in Patients with Genotype 1b HCV Infections without Cirrhosis

Publications>Journals>Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology>Article Full Text ORIGINAL ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Efficacy and Safety of All-oral Emitasvir and Sofosbuvir in Patients with Genotype 1b HCV Infections without Cirrhosis Huiying Rao1,Xingxiang Yang2,Youwen Tan3,Qin Ning4,Daokun Yang5,Jiefei Wang6,Yongfeng Yang7,Sujun Zheng8,Dongliang Yang9,Jinlin Hou10,Qing Xie11,Caiyan Zhao12,Lunli Zhang13,Xiaorong Mao14,Tong Sun15,Lang Bai16,Fuchun Zhang17,Jinglan Jin18,Yingren Zhao19,Maorong Wang20,Wen Xie21,Yingjie Ma22,Jun Quan23,Xuebing Yan24,Ping An25,Feng Lin26,Jidong Jia27,Xiaoxuan Hu28,Zuojiong Gong29,Jie Wu30,Yongping Chen31,Zhansheng Jia32,Minghua Lin33,Guiqiang Wang34,Yueyong Zhu35,Yingjun Zhang*,36,Hongming Xie36,Lin Luo36,Qingyun Ren36,Rui Huang1 and Lai Wei*,37 Author information Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology 2020;8(3):255-261DOI:10.14218/JCTH.2020.00031 Abstract Background and Aims:Emitasvir is a new type of hepatitis C virus(HCV)nonstructural protein 5A(NS5A)inhibitor,and the data of phase 2 trial has shown emitasvir-sofosbuvir to have good safety and tolerance.We conducted this phase 3 trial to further verify the efficacy and safety.Methods:We evaluated the antiviral activity and safety of a 12-week regimen of emitasvir phosphate(100 mg)combined with sofosbuvir(400 mg)once daily in non-cirrhotic patients with genotype 1 HCV infection.The primary endpoint was a sustained virological response at 12 weeks(SVR12)after the end of treatment.Results:Of the 362 patients enrolled in the trial,39.8%were male,99.2%had HCV genotype 1b,0.8%had genotype 1a and 79.8%were treatment-naïve.The average age was 47.2 years.All patients completed the treatment and follow-up.All 3 patients with genotype 1a achieved SVR.Two genotype 1b treatment-naïve patients experienced virologic relapse.The rate of SVR12 was 99.7%(358/359),and SVR24 was 99.4%(357/359)in genotype 1b.Overall,36.2%had resistance-associated substitutions(RASs)in NS5A and 98.3%had RASs in NS5B at baseline.The RASs at baseline had no effect on the rates of response.Serious adverse events were reported in 16 patients and were not related to emitasvir-sofosbuvir.Most adverse events did not require therapy.Conclusions:The 12 weeks of treatment with emitasvir-sofosbuvir was a highly efficient and safe treatment for a wide range of patients with HCV genotype 1b infection without cirrhosis,who had not been treated or who had been treated with interferon-based regimen previously.

Transcriptomic characteristics and impaired immune function of patients who retest positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection,has become a global public health crisis.Some patients who have recovered from COVID-19 subsequently test positive again for SARS-CoV-2 RNA after discharge from hospital.How such retest-positive(RTP)patients become infected again is not known.In this study,30 RTP patients,20 convalescent patients,and 20 healthy controls were enrolled for the analysis of immunological characteristics of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells.We found that absolute numbers of CD4^(+)T cells,CD8^(+)T cells,and natural killer cells were not substantially decreased in RTP patients,but the expression of activation markers on these cells was significantly reduced.The percentage of granzyme B-producing T cells was also lower in RTP patients than in convalescent patients.Through transcriptome sequencing,we demonstrated that high expression of inhibitor of differentiation 1(ID1)and low expression of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 10(IFITM10)were associated with insufficient activation of immune cells and the occurrence of RTP.These findings provide insight into the impaired immune function associated with COVID-19 and the pathogenesis of RTP,which may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying RTP.

Expert Consensus on the Prevention and Treatment of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)is an acute zoonosis with a global distribution.China is one of the countries with a high incidence of HFRS,which has long endangered the lives and health of the Chinese people.The Infectious Disease Branch of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association and the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association organized national multidisciplinary experts,based on domestic and international research results combined with experts’practical experiences,to reach this consensus after thorough discussion.This consensus contains 17 recommendations aimed at prevention and identification of important clinical issues to further standardize the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of HFRS.

Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dengue in China

Dengue is the most prevalent and rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease.As a dengue non-endemic country,China has experienced several dengue outbreaks in recent years.However,dengue patients in China display clinical characteristics that are distinct from those of patients in dengue-endemic countries.To standardize the diagnosis and treatment of dengue fever,the experts at the Society of Infectious Diseases,Society of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology of the Chinese Medical Association,and the Society of Emergency Medicine of China Association of Chinese Medicine have developed a guideline after reviewing the following guidelines and data:guidelines for diagnosis,treatment,prevention,and control of dengue(World Health Organization,2009);the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of dengue(National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China,2014,Edition 2);health industry standard of the People’s Republic of China“diagnosis for dengue fever(WS216-2018)”;and systemic reports on dengue.The new guideline includes eight aspects:introduction,terminology,epidemiology and prevention,etiology and pathogenesis,clinical features,diagnosis,treatment,and problems to be solved.

Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of End-Stage Liver Disease Complicated with Infections

End-stage liver disease(ESLD)is a life-threatening clinical syndrome that markedly increases mortality in patients with infections.In patients with ESLD,infections can induce or aggravate the occurrence of liver decompensation.Consequently,infections are among the most common complications of disease progression.There is a lack of working procedure for early diagnosis and appropriate management for patients with ESLD complicated by infections as well as local and international guidelines or consensus.This consensus assembled up-to-date knowledge and experience across Chinese colleagues,providing data on principles as well as working procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with ESLD complicated by infections.