Spi1 regulates the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage

Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that microglia and macrophages participate in a multiphasic brain damage repair process following intracerebral hemorrhage.The E26 transformation-specific sequence-related transcription factor Spi1 regulates microglial/macrophage commitment and maturation.However,the effect of Spi1 on intracerebral hemorrhage remains unclear.In this study,we found that Spi1 may regulate recovery from the neuroinflammation and neurofunctional damage caused by intracerebral hemorrhage by modulating the microglial/macrophage transcriptome.We showed that high Spi1expression in microglia/macrophages after intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with the activation of many pathways that promote phagocytosis,glycolysis,and autophagy,as well as debris clearance and sustained remyelination.Notably,microglia with higher levels of Soil expression were chara cterized by activation of pathways associated with a variety of hemorrhage-related cellular processes,such as complement activation,angiogenesis,and coagulation.In conclusion,our results suggest that Spi1 plays a vital role in the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response following intracerebral hemorrhage.This new insight into the regulation of Spi1 and its target genes may advance our understanding of neuroinflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage and provide therapeutic targets for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

The Chinese guideline for management of snakebites

In 2009,the World Health Organization included snakebite on the list of neglected tropical diseases,acknowledging it as a common occupational hazard for farmers,plantation workers,and others,causing tens of thousands of deaths and chronic physical disabilities every year.This guideline aims to provide practical information to help clinical professionals evaluate and treat snakebite victims.These recommendations are based on clinical experience and clinical research evidence.This guideline focuses on the following topics:snake venom,clinical manifestations,auxiliary examination,diagnosis,treatments,and prevention.

Review of Field Weakening Control Strategies of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

Due to high power density,high efficiency,and accurate control performance,permanent magnet synchronous motors(PMSMs)have been widely adopted in equipment manufacturing and energy transformation fields.To expand the speed range under finite DC-bus voltage,extensive research on field weakening(FW)control strategies has been conducted.This paper summarizes the major FW control strategies of PMSMs,which are categorized into calculation-based methods,voltage closed-loop control methods,and model predictive control related methods.The existing strategies are analyzed and compared according to performance,robustness,and execution difficulty,which can facilitate the implementation of FW control.

Temporal dynamics of microglia-astrocyte interaction in neuroprotective glial scar formation after intracerebral hemorrhage

The role of glial scar after intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)remains unclear.This study aimed to investigate whether microglia-astrocyte interaction affects glial scar formation and explore the specific function of glial scar.We used a pharmacologic approach to induce microglial depletion during different ICH stages and examine how ablating microglia affects astrocytic scar formation.Spatial transcriptomics(ST)analysis was performed to explore the potential ligand-receptor pair in the modulation of microglia-astrocyte interaction and to verify the functional changes of astrocytic scars at different periods.During the early stage,sustained microglial depletion induced disorganized astrocytic scar,enhanced neutrophil infiltration,and impaired tissue repair.ST analysis indicated that microglia-derived insulin like growth factor 1(IGF1)modulated astrocytic scar formation via mechanistic target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling activation.Moreover,repopulating microglia(RM)more strongly activated mTOR signaling,facilitating a more protective scar formation.The combination of IGF1 and osteopontin(OPN)was necessary and sufficient for RM function,rather than IGF1 or OPN alone.At the chronic stage of ICH,the overall net effect of astrocytic scar changed from protective to destructive and delayed microglial depletion could partly reverse this.The vital insight gleaned from our data is that sustained microglial depletion may not be a reasonable treatment strategy for early-stage ICH.Inversely,early-stage IGF1/OPN treatment combined with late-stage PLX3397 treatment is a promising therapeutic strategy.This prompts us to consider the complex temporal dynamics and overall net effect of microglia and astrocytes,and develop elaborate treatment strategies at precise time points after ICH.

Experimental evaluation of thermolysis-driven gas emissions from LiPF6-carbonate electrolyte used in lithium-ion batteries

This paper performs an experimental evaluation of thermolysis-driven gases generated by the thermal decomposition of 1 M LiPF6+EC/DMC=1/1 v/v electrolytes at various decomposition temperatures,pyrolysis durations,and oxygen concentrations.Carried out in a home-built autoclave filled with pure helium,the experiment reveals that as the decomposition temperature increases,more types and larger quantities of gases will be released.Specifically,the experimental results demonstrate trends of logistic growth in the volume concentration of CO2,C2H6O,C2H4,CO,and C2H4O2 with the increase of decomposition temperature.With a prolonged pyrolysis duration,while volume concentrations of certain gases,such as CO2,C2H6O,C2H5F,and CO would increase,the concentration of C2H4O2 actually decreases.Moreover,concentrations of both C2H4 and C2H5F will first decrease and reach their minimum values at 1%v/v oxygen concentration,and then they would quickly climb back at higher oxygen concentrations,while the concentrations of C2H6 and C2H3F would decrease monotonically.It is envisioned that the detailed experimental results and findings on the gas generation pattern of 1 M LiPF6+EC/DMC=1/1 v/v electrolytes can facilitate the development of an early warning mechanism of thermal runaway based on gas sensing technology,which can be effectively applied to monitor the potential thermal failures of lithium-ion batteries with the same type of electrolyte and thus promote the thermal safety of battery packs in safety-critical applications.

Using irrigation intervals to optimize water-use efficiency and maize yield in Xinjiang,northwest China

Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.

High-energy-density plasma in femtosecond-laser-irradiated nanowire-array targets for nuclear reactions

In this work,the high-energy-density plasmas(HEDP)evolved from joule-class-femtosecond-laser-irradiated nanowire-array(NWA)targets were numerically and experimentally studied.The results of particle-in-cell simulations indicate that ions accelerated in the sheath field around the surfaces of the nanowires are eventually confined in a plasma,contributing most to the high energy densities.The protons emitted from the front surfaces of the NWA targets provide rich information about the interactions that occur.We give the electron and ion energy densities for broad target parameter ranges.The ion energy densities from NWA targets were found to be an order of magnitude higher than those from planar targets,and the volume of the HEDP was several-fold greater.At optimal target parameters,8%of the laser energy can be converted to confined protons,and this results in ion energy densities at the GJ/cm^(3) level.In the experiments,the measured energy of the emitted protons reached 4 MeV,and the changes in energy with the NWA’s parameters were found to fit the simulation results well.Experimental measurements of neutrons from 2H(d,n)3He fusion with a yield of(24±18)×10^(6)/J from deuterated polyethylene NWA targets also confirmed these results.

Synchrotron-Based Data-Constrained Modeling Analysis of Microscopic Mineral Distributions in Limestone

Three dimensional (3D) microscopic distributions of dolomite and calcite in a limestone sample have been analyzed with a data-constrained modeling (DCM) technique using synchrotron radiation-based multi-energy X-ray computed tomography (CT) data as constraints. In order to optimize the experimental parameters, X-ray CT simulations and DCM analysis of a numerical phantom consisting of calcite (CaCO3) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) have been used to investigate the effects on the predicted results in relation to noise, X-ray energy and sample-to-detector distance (SDD). The simulation results indicate that the optimal X-ray energies are 25 and 35 keVs, and the SDD is 10 mm. The high resolution 3D distributions of mineral phases of a natural limestone have been obtained. The results are useful for quantitative understanding of mineral, porosity, and physical property distributions in relation to oil and gas reservoirs hosted in carbonate rocks, which account for more than half of the world’s conventional hydrocarbon resources. The case studied is also instructive for the applicability of the DCM methods for other types of composite materials with modest atomic number contrasts between the mineral phases.

New opportunities for nuclear and atomic physics on the femto-to nanometer scale with ultra-high-intensity lasers

There are a number of puzzles concerning physics on the scale of nanometers to femtometers,including the neutron lifetime,the proton charge radius,and the possible existence of the deep Dirac level.With the development of high-intensity laser technology,lasers today can induce extremely strong electromagnetic fields.Electrons in the deep shells of atoms as well as the atomic nucleus itself can be affected by these fields.This may provide a new experimental platform for studies of physical processes on the femto-to nanometer scale,where atomic physics and nuclear physics coexist.In this paper,we review possible new opportunities for studying puzzles on the femto-to nanometer scale using highintensity lasers.

Laboratory Study on CR/SBS Modified Asphalt:Preparation and Performance Characterization

Crumble rubber(CR)can be used to prepare CR and styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS)composite modified asphalt with a good high-and low-temperature performance,meanwhile the addition of CR could work as the substitute for SBS and help reduce the content of SBS.This study contains three main parts:effect of preparation and effect of material composition as well as rheological performance characterization.Factors during the preparation,including shearing temperature,shearing time,mixing time and swelling time,were selected,while base binder,CR content,CR particle size and SBS content in material composition were considered.The effects of these factors were assessed in terms of the conventional performance(penetration,softening point,ductility and storage stability).After identifying these effects,the sample of CR and SBS modified asphalt at the selected preparing condition and material composition(CR/SBSMA)was made,and the corresponding SBS modified and CR modified asphalt(SBSMA and CRMA)were produced for the comparing reason.Subsequently,temperature sweeps from 0℃ to 80℃ were utilized to depict the viscoelasticity of these modified asphalt binders by complex modulus and phase angle.Multiple stress creep recovery tests(MSCR)at 64℃ and bending beam rheometer tests(BBR)at various low temperatures were employed to evaluate the high-and low-temperature performance,respectively.Results highlight that that CR/SBSMA could exhibit an excellent high-temperature performance(better than SBSMA),and a good low-temperature performance(reaching the level of base binder).

Graph-Based Chinese Word Sense Disambiguation with Multi-Knowledge Integration

Word sense disambiguation(WSD)is a fundamental but significant task in natural language processing,which directly affects the performance of upper applications.However,WSD is very challenging due to the problem of knowledge bottleneck,i.e.,it is hard to acquire abundant disambiguation knowledge,especially in Chinese.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a graph-based Chinese WSD method with multi-knowledge integration.Particularly,a graph model combining various Chinese and English knowledge resources by word sense mapping is designed.Firstly,the content words in a Chinese ambiguous sentence are extracted and mapped to English words with BabelNet.Then,English word similarity is computed based on English word embeddings and knowledge base.Chinese word similarity is evaluated with Chinese word embedding and HowNet,respectively.The weights of the three kinds of word similarity are optimized with simulated annealing algorithm so as to obtain their overall similarities,which are utilized to construct a disambiguation graph.The graph scoring algorithm evaluates the importance of each word sense node and judge the right senses of the ambiguous words.Extensive experimental results on SemEval dataset show that our proposed WSD method significantly outperforms the baselines.

Evolution of Two Ubiquitin-like System of Autophagy in Orchid

As an important horticultural plant,the orchid is widely distributed in its natural habitat and faces various environmental stresses,among which nutrient recycling and stress resistance are of great concern.During these processes,autophagy is an essential pathway,which is a conserved self-eating process that degrades macromolecular components and recycles cell materials or nutrients during developmental processes or under stress conditions.Two ubiquitin-like systems(UBLs)play a major role in the initiation of autophagy and are associated with two key proteins:ATG8 and ATG12.In this study,we identified and refined the UBL-related genes in orchids and performed phylogenetic reconstruction together with other plant species.We found that the orchid had unique domains in UBL-related genes,indicating potential functional diversification in the ATG8 system in plants.Transcriptome and protein tertiary structure prediction indicated that conserved domains that are vital for the canonical function of ATG12 are incomplete in orchids,in which a novel mechanism of autophagy may have evolved.

A Review of Sensorless Control Methods for AC Motor Drives

In recent years,the application of sensorless AC motor drives is expanding in areas ranging from industrial applications to household electrical appliances.As is well known,the advantages of sensorless motor drives include lower cost,increased reliability,reduced hardware complexity,better noise immunity,and less maintenance requirements.With the development of modern industrial automation,more advanced sensorless control strategies are needed to meet the requirements of applications.For sensorless motor drives at low-and zero-speed operation,inverter nonlinearities and motor parameter variation have significant impact on the stability of control system.Meanwhile,high observer’s bandwidth is required in high-speed region.This paper introduces the state of art of recent progress in sensorless AC motor drives.In addition,this paper presents the sensorless control strategies we investigated for practical industrial and household applications.Both advanced sensorless drives of induction motor(IM)and permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)are presented in this paper.

The utility of endogenous glycochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate and 4β-hydroxycholesterol to evaluate the hepatic disposition of atorvastatin in rats

The liver is an important organ for drugs disposition,and thus how to accurately evaluate hepatic clearance is essential for proper drug dosing.However,there are many limitations in drug dosage adjustment based on liver function and pharmacogenomic testing.In this study,we evaluated the ability of endogenous glycochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate(GCDCA-S)and 4β-hydroxycholesterol(4β-HC)plasma levels to evaluate organic anion-transporting polypeptide(Oatps)-mediated hepatic uptake and Cyp3 a-meidated metabolism of atorvastatin(ATV)in rats.The concentration of ATV and its metabolites,2-OH ATV and 4-OH ATV,was markedly increased after a single injection of rifampicin(RIF),an inhibitor of Oatps.Concurrently,plasma GCDCA-S levels were also elevated.After a single injection of the Cyp3 a inhibitor ketoconazole(KTZ),plasma ATV concentrations were significantly increased and 2-OH ATV concentrations were decreased,consistent with the metabolism of ATV by Cyp3 a.However,plasma 4β-HC was not affected by KTZ treatment despite it being a Cyp3 a metabolite of cholesterol.After repeated oral administration of RIF,plasma concentrations of ATV,2-OH ATV and 4-OH ATV were markedly increased and the hepatic uptake ratio of ATV and GCDCA-S was decreased.KTZ did not affect plasma concentrations of ATV,2-OH ATV and 4-OH ATV,but significantly decreased the metabolic ratio of total and 4-OH ATV.However,the plasma level and hepatic metabolism of 4β-HC were not changed by KTZ.The inhibition of hepatic uptake of GCDCA-S by RIF was fully reversed after a 7-d washout of RIF.Plasma concentration and hepatic uptake ratio of GCDCA-S were correlated with the plasma level and hepatic uptake of ATV in rats with ANIT-induced liver injury,respectively.These results demonstrate that plasma GCDCA-S is a sensitive probe for the assessment of Oatps-mediated hepatic uptake of ATV.However,Cyp3 a-mediated metabolism of ATV was not predicted by plasma 4β-HC levels in rats.

Smart City Development in China: One City One Policy

China is in a process of urbanization and is aiming at a type of people-centered urbanization. The main purpose of developing a ＂smart city＂ is to help this type urbanization and to serve the people of the city. From 2012 to 2015, China has chosen more than 300 cities or towns to be national pilot ＂smart cities.＂ These pilot smart cities are located in more than 30 provinces around China, which differ greatly in thousands ways. So we advocated ＂One City One Policy＂. In 2012, MOHURD announced 90 cities as first batch of pilot smart cities. After three years, some pilot cities achieved great progress. This paper introduces five example cities （including town, district） as five different models of China＇ s smart city development. They are- Guilin city; Yunlong demonstration zone; Panyu District; Yangling Agricultural Hi-tech Industries Demonstration Zone; Lecong town. This paper also introduces our standardization work on smart city field at present.

Simulation Analysis of Control System in an Innovative Magnetically-Saturated Controllable Reactor

Controllable saturation reactors are widely used in reactive power compensation. The control system of controllable saturation reactor determines adaption speed, accuracy, and stability. First, an innovative type of controllable saturation reactor is introduced. After that the control system is designed, and a self-tuning algorithm in PID controller is proposed in the paper. The algorithm tunes PID parameters automatically with different error signals caused by varied loads in power system. Then the feasibility of the above algorithm is verified by Simulink module of Matlab software. The results of simulation indicate that the control system can efficiently reduce adaption time and overshoot.

<i>Lactobacillus</i>GG Supplementation on Anti-<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>Therapy-Related Side Effects and Eradication Rates: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Concerns still exist with respect to unsatisfactory eradication rates and/or therapy-associated side effects for the use of standard triple therapy in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, which prompts considerable interest in new therapy. We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate whether Lactobacillus GG as supplementation to standard triple therapy could improve H. pylori eradication rates and/or reduce therapy-associated side effects. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were systematically searched from their inception to August 4, 2015 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The language was restricted to English only. Results: Four RCTs involving a total of 305 participants (including 83 children) were included. Lactobacillus GG given along with triple therapy significantly reduced the risk of overall H. pylori therapy-related adverse effects (three RCTs, n = 221, RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.45 - 0.78), particularly of diarrhea (four RCTs, n = 285, RR 0.23, 95% CI 0.11 - 0.47), bloating (four RCTs, n = 289, RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 - 0.90), and taste disturbance (four RCTs, n = 288, RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.23 - 0.62). There were no significant differences between groups in the risk of other adverse effects. No beneficial effects of Lactobacillus GG were observed for H. pylori eradication rates (four RCTs, n = 284, RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.88 - 1.13). Conclusion: Current evidence indicates that Lactobacillus GG administered along with standard triple therapy is a feasible way to reduce therapy-related side effects, particularly diarrhea, bloating, and taste disturbance. However, Lactobacillus GG shows no effects on eradication rates.

Self-Adaptive Stepsize Affine Projection Based Parameter Estimation of IPMSM Using Square-Wave Current Injection

Affine projection algorithm(APA)has been used to estimate the parameters of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor(IPMSM).However,there is not a strict guideline of choosing the stepsize of this algorithm to make sure that the results of parameter estimation are convergent.In order to solve such problem,self-adaptive stepsize affine projection algorithm for parameter estimation of IPMSM is proposed in this paper.Compared with traditional affine projection algorithm,this method can obtain the stepsize automatically based on the operation condition,which can ensure the convergence and celerity of the process of parameter estimation.Then,on the basis of self-adaptive stepsize affine projection algorithm,a novel parameter estimation method based on square-wave current injection is proposed.By this method,the error of estimated parameter caused by stator resistance,linkage magnetic flux and dead-time voltage can be reduced effectively.Finally,the proposed parameter estimation method is verified by experiments on a 2.2-kW IPMSM drive platform.

缺陷二维材料强度

材料失效是固体力学关心的核心问题之一,强度准则是描述材料失效的重要工具.二维材料如石墨烯、六方氮化硼、过渡金属二硫化物等具有优越的力学性能,在能源环境、电子信息、航空航天、纳米器件等领域都有重要的潜在应用.二维材料缺陷不可避免,由于其原子级厚度和极低的离面刚度,缺陷残余应力会导致显著的应力集中和离面变形,从而显著降低材料的强度.尽管断裂力学理论被广泛用来描述二维材料的脆性断裂,但研究发现六方氮化硼的能量释放率超过Griffith预测值一个量级,与经典断裂力学理论预测不符.另一方面,虽然晶界强度理论解释了晶界强度随缺陷密度增加而反常升高的现象,位错堆积模型揭示了多晶石墨烯强度与晶粒尺寸间的赝Hall-Petch效应,但这些理论模型主要针对特定缺陷在单轴载荷下的失效行为,缺乏普适性.特别地,二维材料缺陷结构、加载状态多样,导致复杂的应力分布和变形失效模式,增加了建立普适性强度理论的难度.然而,从原子角度,材料失效的本质都是化学键发生断裂,特别是大部分二维材料都由共价键构成,因此从化学键失效的角度,得到化学键失效的本征标度,则有可能建立缺陷二维材料的统一强度理论.本文首先综述了近年来二维材料强度的相关实验、模拟和理论研究进展,着重介绍了缺陷二维材料的变形机理和基于化学键失效分析的缺陷二维材料统一强度准则.最后,本文讨论了二维材料强度理论的发展趋势,旨在促进缺陷二维材料强度准则的理论和应用研究.

A state-of-the-art review on shallow geothermal ventilation systems with thermal performance enhancement-system classifications,advanced technologies and applications

Geothermal energy with abundance and large quantity can partially cover building heating/cooling loads and promote the carbon-neutrality transitions.Shallow geothermal ventilation(SGV)system,with a little initial in-vestment cost,is one of promising technologies to partly replace the conventional air-conditioning system for air pre-cooling/pre-heating.This paper reviews applications of SGV system for improving thermal performance over latest two decades,which mainly includes the reclassification of SGV system,coupling with other advanced energy-saving technologies,application potentials for building cooling/heating under various weather conditions.Heat transfer mechanism and mathematical modelling techniques have been reviewed,together with in-depth analysis on current research trends,existing limitations,and recommendations of SGV system.Phase change materials,with considerable latent energy density,can stabilize the thermal performance with high reliability.The review identifies that optimization designs and advanced approaches need to be investigated to address the existing urgent issues of SGV system(e.g.,large land occupation,difficulty in centralized collection of condensate water timely for horizontal buried pipe,bacteria growth,polluted supply air,and high construction cost for ver-tical buried pipe).A plenty of studies show that the SGV system could greatly expand the application scope and improve system energy efficiency by combining with other energy-saving technologies.This paper will provide some guidelines for the scientific researchers and engineers to keep track on recent advancements and research trends of SGV system for the building thermal performance enhancement and pave path for future research works.