中国肺癌低剂量螺旋CT筛查指南(2018年版)

背景与目的肺癌是导致中国癌症死亡的首要原因。已有的研究证明低剂量螺旋CT在肺癌高危人群进行肺癌筛查能降低20%的肺癌死亡。本研究的目的是建立适合中国国情的肺癌筛查指南。方法由国家卫计委任命的中国肺癌早诊早治专家组专家及部分非专家组专家,包括:4名胸外科专家、4名胸部影像学专家、2名肿瘤学专家、2名肺内科专家、2名病理学专家和2名流行病学专家,共同参与了本指南的制定工作。专家们在系统评价了美国NLST和中国农村肺癌LDCT筛查结果及经验,并达成共识的基础上,共同推荐了本肺癌筛查指南。结果本指南推荐的肺癌高危人群为:年龄50岁-74岁;吸烟20包/年,或者戒烟5年。参与肺癌LDCT筛查前,需要获得筛查者的知情同意。肺癌筛查需与健康教育结合,向患者宣传吸烟对健康的危害。因此,健康教育应该整合到肺癌筛查全过程,以便帮助患者戒烟。结论 LDCT筛查能降低肺癌死亡率,本指南推荐中国肺癌高危人群进行LDCT筛查。但是,未来需要进行更多的研究,包括LDCT联合生物标志物用于肺癌筛查的研究,以优化肺癌LDCT筛查方法及技术。

Size-Dependent Oxidation-Induced Phase Engineering for MOFs Derivatives Via Spatial Confinement Strategy Toward Enhanced Microwave Absorption

Precisely reducing the size of metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)derivatives is an effective strategy to manipulate their phase engineering owing to size-dependent oxidation;however,the underlying relationship between the size of derivatives and phase engineering has not been clarified so far.Herein,a spatial confined growth strategy is proposed to encapsulate small-size MOFs derivatives into hollow carbon nanocages.It realizes that the hollow cavity shows a significant spatial confinement effect on the size of confined MOFs crystals and subsequently affects the dielectric polarization due to the phase hybridization with tunable coherent interfaces and heterojunctions owing to size-dependent oxidation motion,yielding to satisfied microwave attenuation with an optimal reflection loss of-50.6 d B and effective bandwidth of 6.6 GHz.Meanwhile,the effect of phase hybridization on dielectric polarization is deeply visualized,and the simulated calculation and electron holograms demonstrate that dielectric polarization is shown to be dominant dissipation mechanism in determining microwave absorption.This spatial confined growth strategy provides a versatile methodology for manipulating the size of MOFs derivatives and the understanding of size-dependent oxidation-induced phase hybridization offers a precise inspiration in optimizing dielectric polarization and microwave attenuation in theory.

Modelling the Roles of Cewebrity Trust and Platform Trust in Consumers’Propensity of Live-Streaming:An Extended TAM Method

Live streaming is a booming industry in China,involving an increasing number of Internet users.Previous studies show that trust is a cornerstone to develop ecommerce.Trust in the streaming industry is different from that of other e-commerce areas.There are two major dimensions of trust in the live streaming context:platform trust and cewebrity trust,which are both important for customers to adopt and reuse a specific live streaming service.We collected questionnaire data from 520 participates who have used live streaming services in China.We model the collected data and identified factors that can influence users’propensity by an extended technology acceptance model(TAM)method.According to our analysis,both cewebrity trust and platform trust will greatly influence users’intention to reuse a certain platform.Moreover,results also indicate that cewebrity trust is far more important than platform trust.These findings can lead to several management strategies to improve the adherence of users to streaming platforms.

A Differentially Private Data Aggregation Method Based on Worker Partition and Location Obfuscation for Mobile Crowdsensing

With the popularity of sensor-rich mobile devices,mobile crowdsensing(MCS)has emerged as an effective method for data collection and processing.However,MCS platform usually need workers’precise locations for optimal task execution and collect sensing data from workers,which raises severe concerns of privacy leakage.Trying to preserve workers’location and sensing data from the untrusted MCS platform,a differentially private data aggregation method based on worker partition and location obfuscation(DP-DAWL method)is proposed in the paper.DP-DAWL method firstly use an improved K-means algorithm to divide workers into groups and assign different privacy budget to the group according to group size(the number of workers).Then each worker’s location is obfuscated and his/her sensing data is perturbed by adding Laplace noise before uploading to the platform.In the stage of data aggregation,DP-DAWL method adopts an improved Kalman filter algorithm to filter out the added noise(including both added noise of sensing data and the system noise in the sensing process).Through using optimal estimation of noisy aggregated sensing data,the platform can finally gain better utility of aggregated data while preserving workers’privacy.Extensive experiments on the synthetic datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Evaluation Method of Output Waveform Quality for Neutral⁃Point⁃ Clamped Three⁃Level Converter

An analytical evaluation method for output waveform quality of space vector pulse width modulation(PWM)strategies applied in neutral⁃point⁃clamped three⁃level converter(3L⁃NPC)is proposed in this paper.Low frequency error caused by neutral point voltage ripple and high frequency error introduced by space vector synthesis were both taken into account,and the unified error model of output current ripple was established.By taking continuous and discontinuous modulation strategies as examples,the unified error model was validated through Fourier analysis of the experimental results.The proposed evaluation method will be helpful for the switching sequence optimization and the modulation strategy selection.

MicroRNA-206 functions as a potential oligonucleotide therapeutics in preterm birth

To the Editor:Spontaneous preterm labor(PTL)causes infant morbidity and mortality.Regular uterine contractions were the common characteristics in spontaneous labor at term or PTL.Thus,effective decrease or suppression of myometrial contraction could prevent preterm delivery.We discovered that microRNA-206(miR-206)was a myometrium contraction-associated miRNA based on the transcriptome data of human laboring myometrium and indicated that miR-206 suppressed myometrial contractility by targeting junction protein alpha 1(GJA1)in the myometrium and would be a new potential therapeutic for preterm birth.Administration of miR-206 in RU486-induced PTL decreased myometrial contractility,prolonged pregnancy,reversed PTL to term labor,and improved perinatal outcomes.

一个新的OsBRI1弱等位突变体的鉴定及其调控种子大小的功能研究

水稻(Oryza sativa)籽粒大小是影响其产量的关键农艺性状,克隆并研究水稻籽粒大小相关基因对于提高水稻产量具有重要意义。为深入探究水稻籽粒大小的调控机制,通过EMS诱变品种宽叶粳(KYJ),分离了一系列水稻籽粒大小改变的突变体,其中smg12表现为籽粒变小,株高变矮,一级枝梗数和二级枝梗数减少。遗传分析表明,该小粒突变体受隐性单基因控制。细胞学分析显示,该突变体颖壳纵向细胞长度显著变短,表明SMG12主要影响细胞扩展。利用Mutmap方法对候选基因进行克隆,筛选出SMG12的候选基因OsBRI1,该基因编码油菜素内酯受体激酶。OsBRI1外显子上的第2074个碱基发生了由C到T的置换,产生非同义突变,使得该位置编码的脯氨酸变为丝氨酸,从而影响OsBRI1的功能。综上,该研究鉴定了OsBRI1基因的1个新等位变异,揭示了油菜素内酯途径调控水稻籽粒大小的细胞和分子基础。

Natural Variation in the Promoter of GSE5 Contributes to Grain Size Diversity in Rice

The utilization of natural genetic variation greatly contributes to improvement of important agronomic traits in crops. Understanding the genetic basis for natural variation of grain size can help breeders develop high- yield rice varieties. In this study, we identify a previously unrecognized gene, named GSE5, in the qSW5/ GW5 locus controlling rice grain size by combining the genome-wide association study with functional analyses. GSE5 encodes a plasma membrane-associated protein with ｜Q domains, which interacts with the rice calmodulin protein, OsCaMl-1. We found that loss of GSE5 function caused wide and heavy grains, while overexpression of GSE5 resulted in narrow grains. We showed that GSE5 regulates grain size predominantly by influencing cell proliferation in spikelet hulls. Three major haplotypes of GSE5 （GSE5, GSE5DELl＋IN1, and GSESDEL~ in cultivated rice were identified based on the deletion/insertion type in its pro- moter region. We demonstrated that a 950-bp deletion （DELl） in indica varieties carrying the GSE5DELl＋IN1 haplotype and a 1212-bp deletion （DEL2） in japonica varieties carrying the GSE5DEL2 haplotype associated with decreased expression of GSE5, resulting in wide grains. Further analyses indicate that wild rice acces- sions contain all three haplotypes of GSE5, suggesting that the GSE5 haplotypes present in cultivated rice are likely to have originated from different wild rice accessions during rice domestication. Taken together, our results indicate that the previously unrecognized GSE5 gene in the qSW5/GW5 locus, which is widely utilized by rice breeders, controls grain size, and reveal that natural variation in the promoter region of GSE5 contributes to grain size diversity in rice.

Control of Grain Size and Weight by the OsMKKK10-OsM KK4-OsMAPK6 Signaling Pathway in Rice

Grain size is one of the key agronomic traits that determine grain yield in crops. However, the mechanisms underlying grain size control in crops remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that the OsMKKK10-OsMKK4- OsMAPK6 signaling pathway positively regulates grain size and weight in rice. In rice, loss of OsMKKKIO function results in small and light grains, short panicles, and semi-dwarf plants, while overexpression of constitutively active OsMKKK10 （CA-OsMKKK10） results in large and heavy grains, long panicles, and tall plants. OsMKKK10 interacts with and phosphorylates OsMKK4. We identified an OsMKK4 gain-of-func- tion mutant （large11-1D）that produces large and heavy grains. OsMKK4A227T encoded by the large11-1D allele has stronger kinase activity than OsMKK4. Plants overexpressing a constitutively active form of OsMKK4 （OsMKK4oDD） also produce large grains. Further biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that OsMKKK10, OsMKK4, and OsMAPK6 function in a common pathway to control grain size. Taken together, our study establishes an important genetic and molecular framework for OsMKKK10-OsMKK4- OsMAPK6 cascade-mediated control of grain size and weight in rice.

Detection and fine-mapping of SC7 resistance genes via linkage and association analysis in soybean

Soybean mosaic virus（SMV） disease is one of the most serious and broadly distributed soybean（Glycine max（L.） Merr.） diseases. Here, we combine the advantages of association and linkage analysis to identify and fine-map the soybean genes associated with resistance to SMV strain SC7.A set of 191 soybean accessions from different geographic origins and 184 recombinant inbred lines（RILs） derived from Kefeng No.1（resistant） Nannong 1138-2（susceptible） were used in this study. The SC7 resistance genes were previously mapped to a 2.65 Mb region on chromosome 2 and a 380 kb region on chromosome 13. Among 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs） detected via association analysis in the study, the SNP BARC-021625-04157 was located in the2.65 Mb region, and the SNP BARC-041671-08065 was located near the 380 kb region; three genes harboring the SNPs were probably related to SC7 resistance. The resistance gene associated with BARC-021625-04157 was then finemapped to a region of approximately 158 kb on chromosome2 using 184 RILs. Among the 15 genes within this region, one NBS-LRR type gene, one HSP40 gene and one serine carboxypeptidase-type gene might be candidate SC7 resistance genes. These results will be useful for map-based cloning and marker-assisted selection in soybean breeding programs.

MOFs derived magnetic porous carbon microspheres constructed by core-shell Ni@C with high-performance microwave absorption

Lightweight and high-performance are two determining factors for metal-organic-frameworks(MOFs)derived microwave absorbers.However,most of the reported MOFs derived absorbers usually possess high filler loading.Herein,a series of MOFs derived magnetic porous carbon microspheres with tunable diameter and high specific surface area have been synthesized via a pyrolysis process.The synthesized magnetic porous carbon microspheres,constructed by uniformly distributed core-shell Ni@C,exhibit high-performance microwave absorption with a low filler loading of 10 wt%.Considering the mciro-mesoporous structures,matched impedance,strong conductive loss,enhanced dipolar/interfacial polarization as well as strong magnetic coupling network,a minimum reflection loss of-60 dB and an absorption bandwidth of 7.0 GHz can be achieved at 2.6 mm.Moreover,the bandwidth reaches as wide as 10.2 GHz when the thickness is 4 mm.In addition,compared with other MOFs derived absorbers,this work provides us a simple strategy for the synthesis of porous carbon microspheres with lightweight and high-performance microwave absorption for practical applications.

A study of miRNAs targets prediction and experimental validation

microRNAs(miRNAs)are 20–24 nucleotide(nt)RNAs that regulate eukaryotic gene expression post-transcriptionally by the degradation or translational inhibition of their target messenger RNAs(mRNAs).To identify miRNA target genes will help a lot by understanding their biological functions.Sophisticated computational approaches for miRNA target prediction,and effective biological techniques for validating these targets now play a central role in elucidating their functions.Owing to the imperfect complementarity of animal miRNAs with their targets,it is difficult to judge the accuracy of the prediction.Complexity of regulation by miRNA-mediated targets at protein and mRNAs levels has made it more challenging to identify the targets.To date,only a few miRNAs targets are confirmed.In this article,we review the methods of miRNA target prediction and the experimental validation for their corresponding mRNA targets in animals.

Heteroatoms-doped carbon nanocages with enhanced dipolar and defective polarization toward light-weight microwave absorbers

Light-weight and exceptional microwave absorption are two vital characteristics for microwave absorbers in practical applications,but still face challenges.Herein,we employ a sacrificial template strategy to fabricate heteroatoms-doped carbon nanocages(CNs)via chemical vapor deposition,in which heteroatoms are simultaneously doped into the carbon frameworks by bubbling flowing source liquid.Compared with CNs,doped heteroatoms,accompanied with the inevitably defective arrangements in the lattice,not only decrease the electrical conductivity and balance the impedance characteristics,but also introduce structuralchemical defects and trigger dominant dipolar/defect polarization.As a result,both the minimum reflection loss(R_(L,min))and effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)greatly increase at an ultralow filler loading of 5 wt.%owing to internal hollow void and high specific surface area.The R_(L,min) values reach−53.6,−43.2,and−50.1 dB for N-CNs,S-CNs,and N,S-CNs with the corresponding EAB of 4.9,2.5,and 3.1 GHz,respectively.Furthermore,this work provides an effective strategy for the construction of heteroatoms-doped hollow carbon frameworks in large-scale production and the obtained doped carbon nanocages can be used as light-weight and high-performance microwave absorbers.