The black water around the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary in the spring of 2003

The Changjiang （Yangtze） Estuary is located in the East China Sea shelf with shallow water. Affected by the tide mixing and the runoff of the Changjiang River and the Qiantang River the turbidity is very high. Generally, the water-leaving radiance is high in the turbid water because of the large particle scattering. Based on the in-situ data and ocean color remote sensing data of SeaWiFS, it was found that there was a black water region with the normalized water-leaving radiances less than 0.5 mW/（cm2-μm2-sr）. The optical principle of the occurrence of this black water was analyzed by the inherent optical properties and the ocean color components. The results show that black water is caused by the relative low values of the suspended particle matter concentration and the back scattering ratio. In the black water region, the percentage of the phytoplankton absorption was relatively high, and the large size of the phytoplankton caused the low value of the particle backscattering ratio.

Upper ocean responses to category 5 typhoon Megi in the western north Pacific

Category 5 typhoon Megi was the most intense typhoon in 2010 of the world. It lingered in the South China Sea （SCS） for 5 d and caused a significant phytoplankton bloom detected by the satellite image. In this study, the authors investigated the ocean biological and physical responses to typhoon Megi by using chlorophyll-a （chl-a） concentration, sea surface temperature （SST）, sea surface height anomaly （SSHA）, sea surface wind measurements derived from different satellites and in situ data. The chl-a concentration （〉3 mg/m3） increased thirty times in the SCS after the typhoon passage in comparison with the mean level of October averaged from 2002 to 2009. With the relationship of wind stress curl and upwelling, the authors found that the speed of upwelling was over ten times during typhoon than pre-typhoon period. Moreover, the mixed layer deepened about 20 m. These reveal that the enhancement of chl-a concentration was triggered by strong vertical mixing and upwelling. Along the track of typhoon, the maximum sea surface cooling （6-8~C） took place in the SCS where the moving speed of typhoon was only 1.4-2.8 m/s and the mixed layer depth was about 20 m in pre-typhoon period. However, the SST drop at the east of the Philippines is only 1-2~C where the translation speed of typhoon was 5.5-6.9 m/s and the mixed layer depth was about 40 m in pre-typhoon period. So the extent of the SST drop was probably due to the moving speed of typhoon and the depth of the mixed layer. In addition, the region with the largest decline of the sea surface height anomaly can indicate the location where the maximum cooling occurs.

Satellite remote sensing of ultraviolet irradiance on the ocean surface

Ultraviolet （UV） radiation has a significant influence on marine biological processes and primary productivity; however, the existing ocean color satellite sensors seldom contain UV bands. A look-up table of wavelength- integrated UV irradiance （280-400 nm） on the sea surface is established using the coupled ocean atmosphere radiative transfer （COART） model. On the basis of the look-up table, the distributions of the UV irradiance at middle and low latitudes are inversed by using the satellite-derived atmospheric products from the Aqua satellite, including aerosol optical thickness at 550 nm, ozone content, liquid water path, and the total precipitable water. The validation results show that the mean relative difference of the 10 d rolling averaged UV irradiance between the satellite retrieval and field observations is 8.20% at the time of satellite passing and 13.95% for the daily dose of UV. The monthly-averaged UV irradiance and daily dose of UV retrieved by satellite data show a good correlation with the in situ data, with mean relative differences of 6.87% and 8.43%, respectively. The sensitivity analysis of satellite inputs is conducted. The liquid water path representing the condition of cloud has the highest effect on the retrieval of the UV irradiance, while ozone and aerosol have relatively lesser effect. The influence of the total precipitable water is not significant. On the basis of the satellite-derived UV irradiance on the sea surface, a preliminary simple estimation of ultraviolet radiation＇s effects on the global marine primary productivity is presented, and the results reveal that ultraviolet radiation has a non-negligible effect on the estimation of the marine primary productivity.

Remote sensing of sea surface nutrient in the frontal zone of Changjiang diluted water and the Taiwan Warm Current

Field investigation was carried out during 4 to 15 April 2001 around the Changjiang River Estuary. The similar distribution of sea surface nutrients and suspended sediment （SS） concentration is attributed to the physical mixing of Changjiang diluted water （CDW） with the Taiwan Warm Current （TWC）. On the basis of the observed positive relationship between total phosphorus （TP） and SS concentration, the sea surface TP is inversed from satellite SS data. SS is believed to be an ideal eutrophic state assessing index substitution for TP, the eutrophication classification critical value of SS adopted in this research was based on the linear model： CTP =0. 000 6Css_ ＋0. 016 3, r^2 =0.564 5, n =32. Although lack of in-situ chromophoric dissolved organic matter （CDOM） measurement, a good relationship was observed between the in-situ DIN （dissolved inorganic nitrogen） concentration with near real time SeaWiFS absorption coefficient of CDOM （ACD） data： cDIN= 1. 406 5AACB_ - 0. 035 9, r^2 = 0. 741 5, n = 16. This empirical regression algorithm was also utilized for inversing the DIN concentration from SeaWiFS ACD data, and for establishing the eutrophication classification critical value of satellite ACD data. The established remote eutrophication classification sys- tem was later used for seawater eutrophic state assessment. The evaluation suggested that the Zhoushan Fishing Ground especially the western border is affected seriously with the nutrient input. The nutrient is mainly from the terrestrial source transported by the Changjiang River runoff. The seawater quality classification precision was assessed by in-situ data, which suggested the seawater quality distribution is similar to the two classification systems, and the remote classification error is below 25%.

Areas of the global major river plumes

River plumes are the regions where the most intense river-sea-land interaction occurs, and they are char- acterized by complex material transport and biogeochemical processes. However, due to their highly dy- namic nature, global river plume areas have not yet been determined for use in synthetic studies of global oceanography. Based on global climatological monthly averaged salinity data from the NOAA World Ocean Atlas 2009 （WOA09）, and monthly averaged salinity contour maps of the East and South China Seas from the Chinese Marine Atlas, we extract the monthly plume areas of major global rivers using a geographic information system （GIS） technique. Only areas with salinities that are three salinity units lower than the average salinity in each ocean are counted. This conservative estimate shows that the minimum and max- imum monthly values of the total plume area of the world＇s 19 largest rivers are 1.72× 106 kin2 in May and 5.38× 106 klTl2 inAugust. The annual mean area of these river plumes （3.72× 106 knl2） takes up approximately 14.2% of the total continental shelves area worldwide （26.15 × 106 km2）. This paper also presents river plume areas for different oceans and latitude zones, and analyzes seasonal variations of the plume areas and their relationships with river discharge. These statistics describing the major global river plume areas can now provide the basic data for the various flux calculations in the marginal seas, and therefore will be of useful for many oceanographic studies.

The dynamic observation of dissolved organic matter in the Zhujiang(Pearl River)Estuary in China from space

The distributions of estuarine colored dissolved organic matter（CDOM）are the combined results of physicalbiogeochemical processes.Remote sensing is needed to monitor highly dynamically estuarine CDOM.Using in situ data from four seasonal cruises,an algorithm is developed to estimate CDOM absorption coefficient at 400nm（aCDOM（400））in the Zhujiang（Pearl River）Estuary（ZJE）.The algorithm uses band ratios of Rrs（667）/Rrs（443）and Rrs（748）/Rrs（412）.By applying it to moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer onboard Aqua satellite（MODIS/Aqua）data from 2002 to 2014,seasonal climatology aCDOM（400）in the ZJE is calculated.CDOM distributions are majorly influenced by water discharge from the Zhujiang River and underwater topography.Along the section vertical to a water depth gradient,the seasonal aCDOM（400）exponentially decreased（y=aebx,b〈0）,but with great differences among seasons.Riverine fresh water is the primary source of CDOM in the ZJE.Fulvic acid fraction decreases with increasing salinity.Using developed algorithms,conservative CDOM mixing equation,and river discharge,effective riverine end-member concentration and flux of dissolved organic carbon（DOC）in summer and winter from 2002 to 2014 are first estimated from the MODIS/Aqua data.Both effective riverine end-member DOC concentration and flux are positively related to the river discharge,significantly in summer with R-2 of 0.698 for concentration and 0.965 7 for flux.

基于机器学习的长江口表层水体溶解有机碳遥感反演研究

溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)是海洋中最大的活跃有机碳库.精确刻画大河河口及其近海水体表层DOC浓度的时空分布,有助于更好地理解河流输送的有机碳在河口近海经历的生物地化过程及在该区域的归宿.本研究采用机器学习方法,通过反演水体溶解态有机碳库中的有色溶解有机物(colored dissolved organic matter,CDOM)的吸收光谱信息,并基于其与水体DOC浓度的相关关系,发展了基于地球静止轨道水色成像仪(geostationary ocean color imager,GOCI)的DOC遥感反演模型.结果表明,Nu支持向量回归(nu-supporting vector regression,NuSVR)方法可准确反演CDOM光谱吸收特性(如验证集CDOM在300 nm处的吸收系数aCDOM(300)和275~295 nm处的光谱斜率S275–295的平均绝对误差(mean absolute percent differences,MAPD)分别为32%和8.6%).分别基于该区域表层水体CDOM光谱吸收特性与DOC浓度之间表现的3种不同的相关关系进行DOC算法构建,结果表明,基于aCDOM(300)与DOC浓度之间的线性相关,并考虑这一相关关系的季节性差异所构建的DOC反演算法可较为准确地反演水体DOC浓度,DOC反演现场数据验证集和卫星验证集的MAPD分别为11%和14%.将构建的DOC算法模型应用到GOCI卫星图像上,结果显示,受长江径流影响,季节尺度上,长江口夏季水体表层DOC浓度显著高于冬季;而受潮汐、风场等因素的影响,小时尺度上河口近岸海域DOC分布呈现逐时高动态变化.本研究利用卫星遥感反演河口近海水体DOC浓度,为进一步在不同时间尺度上研究该区域水体DOC动态变化及驱动因素提供了有效手段.

中国海洋卫星遥感技术进展

新中国成立70年来,中国在海洋卫星遥感技术领域取得了丰硕成果。中国制定了长远的自主海洋卫星发展规划,构建了海洋水色、海洋动力环境和海洋监视监测三大系列的海洋卫星,逐步形成了以中国自主卫星为主导的海洋空间监测网,在中国海洋资源与环境监测、海洋防灾减灾、海洋安全管理等方面发挥了重要作用。本文回顾了中国在海洋水色、海洋微波(海洋动力环境)卫星遥感技术的发展历程,重点介绍了中国在海洋卫星遥感技术领域所取得的新成果,并对中国海洋卫星遥感技术的未来发展进行了展望。

中国海洋卫星遥感应用进展

我国海洋遥感应用自20世纪70年代起步以来,取得了长足发展,构建了覆盖海洋水色、海洋动力和海洋监视监测的三大系列海洋卫星,并初步形成了具有优势互补的卫星海洋遥感业务化应用体系。本文回顾了我国海洋卫星遥感应用取得的重要进展,重点介绍了卫星遥感在海洋环境与资源监测、海洋灾害监测、海洋权益维护、海洋环境预报与安全保障等方面所构建的典型应用示范系统,以及开展的典型业务化监测应用。最后,文章对我国海洋卫星遥感应用下一步发展进行了展望分析。

大太阳天顶角下水色卫星叶绿素遥感探测能力研究

本文利用考虑地球曲率的矢量辐射传输模型PCOART-SA,对大太阳天顶角下叶绿素浓度的卫星遥感探测极限能力进行了模拟研究。结果表明:太阳-传感器几何参数,尤其是太阳天顶角对叶绿素浓度变化的探测极限能力影响较大;大太阳天顶角下,卫星对叶绿素浓度变化的探测能力下降十几倍。在典型陆架水体(叶绿素浓度为1μg/L),低太阳天顶角(30°)时,叶绿素浓度变化探测极限为0.012 8μg/L(约为原浓度的1.2%),而大太阳天顶角(80°)时,探测极限为0.136μg/L(约为原浓度的13.6%)。相比于太阳天顶角,观测天顶角增大造成的叶绿素浓度探测能力衰减较小。叶绿素浓度越高,吸收作用越强,对卫星遥感器的辐射探测灵敏度、定标及大气校正精度的要求越高。

南太平洋典型岛国海洋生态环境状况及其对汤加火山爆发的响应

南太平洋岛国大多四面环海且国土面积狭小,多为生态环境脆弱区。基于此,本文利用多源卫星数据,对瑙鲁、帕劳、图瓦卢、马绍尔群岛四国的海洋生态环境进行监测,基于长时间序列遥感结果的回溯,分析了其时空变化,并对比分析了汤加火山爆发前后,各国生态环境是否发生显著变化。结果显示:1)在气候态时空分布上,南太平洋岛屿国家周边海域海表温度和透明度一直维持在较高水平,叶绿素和净初级生产力则随离岸距离增加快速下降;2)升温、酸化和海平面升高是四个岛屿国家周边海域面临的共同问题;3)汤加火山的爆发对于南太平洋四岛国的沿岸悬浮物质量浓度、海表温度等无明显影响;4)火山爆发前半个月海岛地表温度以及周边海域悬浮物质量浓度异常升高的现象对利用遥感手段进行灾害预警预报具有启示作用。

基于GF-4卫星的杭州湾悬浮泥沙浓度遥感监测研究

悬浮泥沙作为重要水质参数,其分布和动态变化对河口及近岸的生态、环境、物质循环等都具有深远的影响。我国静止轨道高分四号(GF-4)卫星数据具有高时间和高空间分辨率的观测优势,在水色遥感上具有重大应用潜力。为探究GF-4卫星对悬浮泥沙浓度的监测能力,本文以杭州湾为研究区,构建反演模型,利用静止海洋水色成像仪进行交叉验证。结果表明,以GF-4卫星第5和第4波段遥感反射率的比值作为遥感因子建立的反演模型精度较高,决定系数为0.92,均方根误差为223.2 mg/L,平均相对误差为17.2%。交叉验证结果显示,GF-4卫星作为一种新的遥感数据源,在低浓度区与静止海洋水色成像仪反演悬浮泥沙浓度分布相似,但在高浓度区的差异随浓度增高而增大,总体可满足中国大部分海区的监测需求。

基于Landsat遥感数据的田湾核电站温排水时空特征研究

本文基于2007—2018年Landsat系列遥感卫星数据开展田湾核电站温排水时空变化特征及其影响分析。采用辐射传输方程算法和劈窗算法对核电站周围海域的海表温度进行反演,通过星星匹配对反演温度的精度进行验证。匹配验证结果表明,反演的Landsat海表温度与MODIS海表温度产品具有较好的一致性,决定系数达到0.91。基于研究海域温度反演结果分析了核电站温排水面积的季节变化、年际变化和潮周期内变化特征,并且分析了潮汐与风场对温排水扩散的影响。结果表明,核电站周边海域各季节的温升区面积存在明显差异,春季最大,可达秋季的7倍;2007—2018年,随着装机容量的扩大,温排水面积不断扩大,2018年达到峰值,瞬时最大面积可达101.7 km^(2);潮汐对温排水扩散有影响,涨憩时刻温升区面积较落憩时刻大;有利风会促进温排水扩散,但影响有限。

一种基于电压静态稳定性的电力系统自复性指标

针对电力系统的运行稳定问题,提出了一种综合的系统电压自复性指标。该方法结合了系统潮流方程的降阶雅克比矩阵最小特征值以及L指标,既能考虑到系统整体的电压裕度,又反映了节点的电压稳定性,能够在直观、全面地体现系统当前运行状态距离崩溃点的距离的同时,对系统的状态变化进行监测。该评价方法在IEEE 30节点系统模型与某实际电网模型进行测试,仿真结果表明该指标能够在系统负荷变化时较好地体现系统运行稳定性的波动。

计及源网不确定性的风险评估与优化调度

为解决风电等新能源比例日益提升恶劣天气导致设备故障频发传统调度手段无法应对源网双侧不确定性的问题,提出一种风险评估与优化调度方法。采用K-means++/K-medoids聚类算法生成风电场景集,并建立三天气状态故障模型;通过等分散蒙特卡洛法,对风险水平进行准确评估;建立“正常-紧急-故障”多阶段协调控制模型,得到风险可控且经济合理的调度方案。算例结果表明,所提方法能够有效实现风险态势感知,并为调度决策提供重要参考。

水体颗粒后向散射系数测量一致性对比实验研究

颗粒后向散射系数是水体最重要的固有光学参量之一,也是海洋水色卫星遥感的核心参数。现场准确测量水体颗粒后向散射数据,对于水色遥感模型构建以及水色遥感产品真实性检验至关重要。本文针对常用的3种水体颗粒后向散射系数原位测量仪(HydroScat6,VSF3和BB9),通过比测实验,对三者测量结果的一致性进行了比较分析。结果表明,在清洁水体中3种仪器对颗粒后向散射系数测量具有较好的一致性;但在浑浊水体中,HydroScat6和BB9测量值会比VSF3高,三者偏差显著增大。同时,数值模拟和实验结果均表明,颗粒形状会对测量结果产生影响,3种仪器对球形颗粒的后向散射系数测量结果的一致性显著好于野外颗粒结果。

考虑潮位校正的乐清湾潮滩面积近30年变化遥感研究

潮滩是滨海湿地的重要组成部分,监测其演变对于蓝碳增汇具有重要意义。卫星遥感是目前应用最广泛的潮滩监测手段之一,但受潮位影响,遥感提取的潮滩面积往往被低估。本文利用2016—2021年Sentinel-2卫星影像提取乐清湾潮滩瞬时面积,建立了潮滩面积与潮位的定量关系模型,从而实现潮滩面积的潮位校正。在此基础上,将建立的校正模型应用于Landsat卫星影像,获取了1988—2020年期间7个时期的乐清湾潮滩面积,并分析了乐清湾潮滩面积近30年的变化及主要驱动因素。结果表明,乐清湾潮滩面积在1988—1994年期间显著增加,在1994—2010年期间急剧减少,在2010—2015年期间少量增长,而在2015—2020年期间再次减少。人类活动对潮滩的开发利用是乐清湾潮滩面积变化的主要驱动因素。

A general purpose exact Rayleigh scattering look-up table for ocean color remote sensing

The current exact Rayleigh scattering calculation of ocean color remote sensing uses the look-up table （LUT）, which is usually created for a special remote sensor and cannot be applied to other sensors. For practical application, a general purpose Rayleigh scattering LUT which can be applied to all ocean color remote sensors is generated. An adding-doubling method to solve the vector radiative transfer equation in the plane-parallel atmosphere is deduced in detail. Compared with the exact Rayleigh scattering radiance derived from the MODIS exact Rayleigh scattering LUT, it is proved that the relative error of Rayleigh scattering calculation with the adding-doubling method is less than 0.25%, which meets the required accuracy of the atmospheric correction of ocean color remote sensing. Therefore, the adding-doubling method can be used to generate the exact Rayleigh scattering LUT for the ocean color remote sensors. Finally, the general purpose exact Rayleigh scattering LUT is generated using the adding-doubling method. On the basis of the general purpose LUT, the calculated Rayleigh scattering radiance is tested by comparing with the LUTs ofMODIS, SeaWiFS and the other ocean color sensors, showing that the relative errors are all less than 0.5%, and this general purpose LUT can be applied to all ocean color remote sensors.

COD_(Mn)入海通量长时序演变:瓯江遥感影像光谱信息反演

瓯江作为浙江省第二大入海河流,每年约有200亿m^(3)水体输入东海。为探究瓯江高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))的入海通量及其长时序变化特征,该文基于实测数据与Landsat-8遥感影像光谱信息之间的相关性,构建了瓯江COD_(Mn)遥感反演模型(平均相对误差为28%),获得了1986—2020年瓯江中下游河段COD_(Mn)反演结果。此外,进一步结合降水数据估算了瓯江入海径流量和COD_(Mn)入海通量,实现了瓯江COD_(Mn)入海通量长时序变化遥感监测。结果表明,瓯江入海段COD_(Mn)干、湿季差异并不明显,但总体而言,COD_(Mn)在湿季略高于干季;1986—2020年,瓯江COD_(Mn)入海通量整体波动较大,略呈下降趋势。

Wind vector retrieval algorithm from spaceborne lidar data

The principal purpose of this paper is to extract entire sea surface wind＇s information from spaceborne lidar, and particularly to utilize a appropriate algorithm for removing the interference information due to white caps and subsurface water. Wind speeds are obtained through empirical relationship with sea surface mean square slopes. Wind directions are derived from relationship between wind speeds and wind directions im plied in CMOD5n geophysical models function （GMF）. Whitecaps backscattering signals were distinguished with the help of lidar depolarization ratio measurements and rectified by whitecaps coverage equation. Subsurface water backscattering signals were corrected by means of inverse distance weighted （IDW） from neighborhood non-singular data with optimal subsurface water backscattering calibration parameters. To verify the algorithm reliably, it selected NDBC＇s TAO buoy-laying area as survey region in camparison with buoys＇ wind field data and METOP satellite ASCAT of 25 km single orbit wind field data after temporal-spa tial matching. Validation results showed that the retrieval algorithm works well in terms of root mean square error （RMSE） less than 2m/s and wind direction＇s RMSE less than 21 degree.