Design and prototyping of the readout electronics for the transition radiation detector in the high energy cosmic radiation detection facility

The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and an observatory for high-energy gamma rays.A transition radiation detector placed on one of its lateral sides serves dual purpose,(ⅰ)calibrating HERD's electromagnetic calorimeter in the TeV energy range,and(ⅱ)serving as an independent detector for high-energy gamma rays.In this paper,the prototype readout electronics design of the transition radiation detector is demonstrated,which aims to accurately measure the charge of the anodes using the SAMPA application specific integrated circuit chip.The electronic performance of the prototype system is evaluated in terms of noise,linearity,and resolution.Through the presented design,each electronic channel can achieve a dynamic range of 0–100 fC,the RMS noise level not exceeding 0.15 fC,and the integral nonlinearity was<0.2%.To further verify the readout electronic performance,a joint test with the detector was carried out,and the results show that the prototype system can satisfy the requirements of the detector's scientific goals.

OML:an online multi-particle locating method for high-resolution single-event effects studies

Identifying sensitive areas in integrated circuits susceptible to single-event effects(SEE)is crucial for improving radiation hardness.This study presents an online multi-track location(OML)framework to enhance the high-resolution online trajectory detection for the Hi’Beam-SEE system,which aims to localize SEE-sensitive positions on the IC at the micrometer scale and in real time.We employed a reparameterization method to accelerate the inference speed,merging the branches of the backbone of the location in the deployment scenario.Additionally,we designed an irregular convolution kernel,an attention mechanism,and a fused loss function to improve the positioning accuracy.OML demonstrates exceptional realtime processing capabilities,achieving a positioning accuracy of 1.83μm in processing data generated by the Hi’Beam-SEE system at 163 frames per second per GPU.

Effect of water-sediment regulation and its impact on coastline and suspended sediment concentration in Yellow River Estuary

Implementation of the water-sediment regulation(WSR) scheme, mainly focused on solving the sedimentation problems of reservoirs and the lower reaches of the Yellow River, has inevitably influenced the sediment distribution and coastal morphology of the Yellow River Estuary.Using coastline delineation and suspended sediment concentration(SSC) retrieval methods, this study investigated water and sediment changes,identified detailed inter-annual and intra-annual variations of the coastline and SSC in the normal period(NP: 1986-2001, before and after the flood season) and WSR period(WSRP: 2002-2013, before and after WSR). The results indicate that(1) the sedimentation in the low reaches of the Yellow River turned into erosion from 2002 onward;(2) the inter-annual coastline changes could be divided into an accretion stage(1986-1996), a slow erosion stage(1996-2002), and a slow accretion stage(2002-2013);(3) an intra-annual coastline extension occurred in the river mouth in most years of the WSRP; and(4) the mean intra-annual accretion area was 0.789 km^2 in the NP and 4.73 km2 in the WSRP,and the mean SSC increased from 238 mg/L to 293 mg/L in the NP and from 192 mg/L to 264 mg/L in the WSRP.

Design and tests of the prototype a beam monitor of the CSR external target experiment

A prototype beam monitor was designed to provide tracking information for heavy-ion projectiles for the cool storage ring(CSR)external target experiment(CEE)at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).High granularity and direct charge sensing are the main features of this device.It measures the beam position in a two-dimensional(2D)plane transverse to the beam direction on an event-by-event basis.The current design consists of two field cages inside a single vessel that operates independently and has electrical drift fields in orthogonal directions.Preliminary tests of the prototype were performed using a^(241)Am a source.The results show that a spatial resolution of less than 40μm and a time resolution of less than 600 ns can be achieved.

Hyperoside Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-induced Inflammation and Apoptosis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Finding the novel drug from the effective components of traditional Chinese herbal medicine is a hotspot of the modem pharmacological research. Hyperoside （HYP） belongs to flavonoid glycosides, and it has various properties, such as anti-inflammation, anti-spasm, anti-diuretic, antitussive, lowering blood pressure, and lowering cholesterol effects as well as protective effects for the cardiac and cerebral blood vessels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of HYP on inflammatory and apoptotic responses in vascular endothelial cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and further to identify the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. In our study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVECs） were stimulated with 1 Bg/mL LPS in the presence or absence of HYP （10, 20 and 50 μmol/L）. Our results indicated that HYP alone exerted no cytotoxicity on HUVECs, while it had an upregulatory effect on the viability of HUVECs induced by LPS in a dose-dependent manner; increased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα and iNOS induced by LPS was attenuated after treatment with HYP both in a dose- and time-dependent manner; LPS-induced HUVECs apoptosis and cleaved-caspase 8, 9, 3 were all significantly reduced by HYP. Furthermore, the possible pathway involved in apoptosis and inflammation by HYP was detected, and the results showed that when treated with HYP, LPS-induced mitochondrial membrane instability was significantly inhibited through up-regulation of Bcl-2 and down-regulation of Bax. Furthermore, the expression of TLR4 and the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 in LPS-treated cells were blocked by HYP. Our results suggested that HYP treatment prevented HUVECs from LPS- induced inflammation and apoptosis responses, which might be mediated by inhibiting TLR4/ NFκB pathway.

Sevoflurane pretreatment inhibits the myocardial apoptosis caused by hypoxia reoxygenation through AMPK pathway:An experimental study

Objective:To study whether sevoflurane pretreatment inhibits the myocardial apoptosis caused by hypoxia reoxygenation through AMPK pathway.Methods:H9c2 myocardial cell lines were cultured and divided into control group(C group),hypoxia reoxygenation group(H/R group),sevoflurane pretreatment+hypoxia reoxygenation group(SP group) and sevoflurane combined with Compound C pretreatment+hypoxia reoxygenation group(ComC group),and the cell proliferation activity and apoptosis rate,myocardial enzyme levels in culture medium as well as the expression of apoptosis genes and p-AMPK in cells were determined.Results:p-AMPK expression in cells of H/R group was significantly lower than that of C group,SP group was significantly higher than that of H/R group;cell proliferation activity value and Bcl-2 expression in cells of H/R group were significantly lower than those of C group,SP group were significantly higher than those of H/R group,Com C group were significantly lower than those of SP group;apoptosis rate,LDH,CK and AST levels as well as the Bax and Caspase-3 expression in cells of H/R group were significantly higher than those of C group,SP group were significantly lower than those of H/R group,ComC group were significantly higher than those of SP group.Conclusions:Sevoflurane pretreatment can activate AMPK signaling pathway to inhibit the myocardial apoptosis caused by hypoxia reoxygenation.

Improvement of carbothermic reduction of nickel slag by addition of CaCO3

The effect of CaCO3 addition on the carbothermic reduction of nickel slag was studied,and the mechanism of CaCO3 in improving the reduction was analyzed.The results showed that when the CaCO3 content added to the slag was increased from 0 to 8 wt.%,initiation temperature of the carbothermic reaction decreased from 1100 to 1000℃,the temperature reaching the maximum reduction rate decreased from 1150 to 1100℃,and the reduction degree of the nickel slag increased from 58%to 88%.The iron particles in the reduced nickel slag were coarsened and the X-ray diffraction intensity of metallic iron peaks increased,confirming that the addition of CaCO3 was beneficial to the reduction of nickel slag and recovery of iron.

Hi'CT:a pixel sensor-based device for ion tomography

Carbon ions,commonly referred to as particle therapy,have become increasingly popular in the last decade.Accurately predicting the range of ions in tissues is important for the precise delivery of doses in heavy-ion radiotherapy.Range uncertainty is currently the largest contributor to dose uncertainty in normal tissues,leading to the use of safety margins in treatment planning.One potential method is the direct relative stopping measurement(RSP)with ions.Heavy-ion CT(Hi′CT),a compact segmented full digital tomography detector using monolithic active pixel sensors,was designed and evaluated using a 430 MeV/u high-energy carbon ion pencil beam in Geant4.The precise position of the individual carbon ion track can be recorded and reconstructed using a 30μm×30μm small pixel pitch size.Two types of customized image reconstruction algorithms were developed,and their performances were evaluated using three different modules of CAT-PHAN 600-series phantoms.The RSP measurement accuracy of the tracking algorithm for different types of materials in the CTP404 module was less than 1%.In terms of spatial resolution,the tracking algorithm could achieve a 20%modulation transfer function normalization value of CTP528 imaging results at 5 lp/cm,which is significantly better than that of the fast imaging algorithm(3 lp/cm).The density resolution obtained using the tracking algorithm of the customized CTP515 was approximately 10.5%.In conclusion,a compact digital Hi'CT system was designed,and its nominal performance was evaluated in a simulation.The RSP resolution and image quality provide potential feasibility for scanning most parts of an adult body or pediatric patient,particularly for head and neck tumor treatment.

Design and evaluation of prototype readout electronics for nuclide detector in Very Large Area Space Telescope

China plans to develop the next generation dark matter particle explorer satellite,referred to as the Very Large Area Space Telescope(VLAST).As an essential step in this process,the prototype design of detectors and electronics for the VLAST is currently underway.The nuclide detector is a core detector in the VLAST.It mainly measures nuclides’charges and distinguishes high-energy gamma rays and electrons.This paper will discuss the prototype readout electronics for the VLAST’s nuclide detector,which accurately measures the charge signal of the photomultiplier tubes using the VATA160 applicationspecific integrated circuit chip;furthermore,we consider a series of critical problems,including radiation-hardening and environment monitoring.The test results show that the system exhibits stable operation,good performance,and good technical indicators.Furthermore,each electronic channel achieves a dynamic range of 0-12.5 pC,the random noise level exceeds 1.6 fC,and the integral nonlinearity exceeds 0.35%.

An online fast multi-track locating algorithm for high-resolution single-event effect test platform

To improve the efficiency and accuracy of single-event effect(SEE)research at the Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou,Hi’Beam-SEE must precisely localize the position at which each heavy ion hitting the integrated circuit(IC)causes SEE.In this study,we propose a fast multi-track location(FML)method based on deep learning to locate the position of each particle track with high speed and accuracy.FML can process a vast amount of data supplied by Hi’Beam-SEE online,revealing sensitive areas in real time.FML is a slot-based object-centric encoder-decoder structure in which each slot can learn the location information of each track in the image.To make the method more accurate for real data,we designed an algorithm to generate a simulated dataset with a distribution similar to that of the real data,which was then used to train the model.Extensive comparison experiments demonstrated that the FML method,which has the best performance on simulated datasets,has high accuracy on real datasets as well.In particular,FML can reach 238 fps and a standard error of 1.6237μm.This study discusses the design and performance of FML.

Toward real-time digital pulse process algorithms for CsI(Tl)detector array at external target facility in HIRFL-CSR

A fully digital data acquisition system based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA) was developed for a CsI(Tl) array at the external target facility(ETF) in the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL). To process the CsI(Tl) signals generated by γ-rays and light-charged ions, a scheme for digital pulse processing algorithms is proposed. Every step in the algorithms was benchmarked using standard γ and α sources. The scheme, which included a moving average filter, baseline restoration, leading-edge discrimination, moving window deconvolution, and digital charge comparison, was subsequently implemented on the FPGA. A good energy resolution of 5.7% for 1.33-MeV γ-rays and excellent α-γ identification using the digital charge comparison method were achieved, which satisfies CsI(Tl) array performance requirements.

Hformer:highly efficient vision transformer for low-dose CT denoising

In this paper,we propose Hformer,a novel supervised learning model for low-dose computer tomography(LDCT)denoising.Hformer combines the strengths of convolutional neural networks for local feature extraction and transformer models for global feature capture.The performance of Hformer was verified and evaluated based on the AAPM-Mayo Clinic LDCT Grand Challenge Dataset.Compared with the former representative state-of-the-art(SOTA)model designs under different architectures,Hformer achieved optimal metrics without requiring a large number of learning parameters,with metrics of33.4405 PSNR,8.6956 RMSE,and 0.9163 SSIM.The experiments demonstrated designed Hformer is a SOTA model for noise suppression,structure preservation,and lesion detection.

Prediction of proton-induced SEE error rates for the VATA160 ASIC

We predict proton single event effect(SEE)error rates for the VATA160 ASIC chip on the Dark Matter Particle Explorer(DAMPE) to evaluate its radiation tolerance.Lacking proton test facilities,we built a Monte Carlo simulation tool named PRESTAGE to calculate the proton SEE cross-sections.PRESTAGE is based on the particle transport toolkit Geant4.It adopts a location-dependent strategy to derive the SEE sensitivity of the device from heavy-ion test data,which have been measured at the HI-13 tandem accelerator of the China Institute of Atomic Energy and the heavy-ion research facility in Lanzhou.The AP-8,SOLPRO,and August 1972 worst-case models are used to predict the average and peak proton fluxes on the DAMPE orbit.Calculation results show that the averaged proton SEE error rate for the VATA160 chip is approximately 2.17×10^(-5)/device/day.Worst-case error rates for the Van Allen belts and solar energetic particle events are 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than the averaged error rate.

Model-based deep learning for fiber bundle infrared image restoration

As the representative of flexibility in optical imaging media,in recent years,fiber bundles have emerged as a promising architecture in the development of compact visual systems.Dedicated to tackling the problems of universal honeycomb artifacts and low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)imaging in fiber bundles,the iterative super-resolution reconstruction network based on a physical model is proposed.Under the constraint of solving the two subproblems of data fidelity and prior regularization term alternately,the network can efficiently“regenerate”the lost spatial resolution with deep learning.By building and calibrating a dual-path imaging system,the real-world dataset where paired low-resolution(LR)-high-resolution(HR)images on the same scene can be generated simultaneously.Numerical results on both the United States Air Force(USAF)resolution target and complex target objects demonstrate that the algorithm can restore high-contrast images without pixilated noise.On the basis of super-resolution reconstruction,compound eye image composition based on fiber bundle is also embedded in this paper for the actual imaging requirements.The proposed work is the first to apply a physical model-based deep learning network to fiber bundle imaging in the infrared band,effectively promoting the engineering application of thermal radiation detection.

Design of fast adaptive readout system for wire scanners

A new wide-range fast readout system capable of adaptive identification is designed for wire scanners,which are used to measure beam profiles and emittance.This system is capable of handling varying current signals with Gaussian distributions and current pulses up to 1000 counts/s, as well as an input current range of 1 n A–1 m A. When tested, the resolution was found to exceed 3.68% for full scale, the nonlinearity was found to be less than 0.11%, and the measurement sensibility was found to be less than 5 p A. We believe that the system will play a crucial role in improving the measurement accuracy of beam diagnosis and the efficiency of accelerator operation,as well as decreasing the time required for beam tuning.This system was applied to the beam diagnosis of an injector II prototype for an accelerator-driven subcritical system and produced excellent measurement results. A description of the adaptive fast readout system for wire scanners is presented in this paper.

Synchronous multiple primary malignant neoplasms in breast,kidney,and bilateral thyroid:A case report

BACKGROUND Multiple primary malignant neoplasms(MPMNs)are rare,while synchronous MPMNs(SMPMNs)are even less common.Owing to the progression of medical technology and the extension of life expectancy,its incidence is gradually increasing.CASE SUMMARY Although reports of breast and thyroid dual cancers are common,cases of an additional diagnosis of kidney primary cancer within the same individual are rare.CONCLUSION We present a case of simultaneous MPMN of three endocrine organs,reviewing the relevant literature to enhance our understanding of SMPMNs while emphasizing the increasingly important need for accurate diagnosis and multidisciplinary management whenever this challenging situation arises.

Homogeneous,heterogeneous,and enzyme catalysis in microfluidics droplets

Microfluidics has received extensive attention due to its ability to rapidly prepare a large number of microdroplets with controlled sizes and defined morphologies.In addition to having large surface areas and controllable confinement environments,these prepared microdroplets can be used as analytical detection devices to screen and optimize various kinetic parameters.This review summarizes recent advances in the microfluidic control of droplet-based catalytic reactions and discusses the role of these droplets in both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyzes and in the catalysis of macromolecular biological enzymes in water-in-oil and oil-in-oil environments.Additionally,the existing problems and future development directions of droplets in catalysis are highlighted to promote the development of catalytic reactions in droplet media and provide guidance for the high-throughput screening of catalysts and the directed evolution of biological enzymes.

Redox-Active Dihydrophenazine-Based Macrocycle:Synthesis,Conformation-Adaptive Behavior and Host-Guest Complexation with Tetracyanoquinodimethane

A novel macrocycle based on conformation-adaptive and electron-rich dihydrophenazine was designed and synthesized.On the one hand,the macrocycle showed host-guest interactions with tetracyanoquinodimethane(TCNQ)driving by charge transfer interaction between them.Meanwhile,host-guest complexation was accompanied by fluorescence quenching and conformational change of the macrocycle.On the other hand,the oxidation of the macrocycle resulted in its diradical cation analogue and induced the release of the guest molecule TCNQ,thereby accomplishing reversible binding dynamics.Therefore,this work wellillustrates the chemical and structural versatility of dihydrophenazine in the synthesis of macrocycles and their host-guest chemistry.

Multistate circularly polarized luminescence switches based on dual stimuli-responsive chiral[2]rotaxanes

Aiming at the construction of novel multistate circularly polarized luminescence(CPL)switches,dual stimuli-responsive chiral[2]rotaxanes towards anions and light have been designed and constructed.Through the light-controlled on/off F?rster resonance energy transfer(FRET)switching between the emissive stoppers and anion-induced controllable motions of the chiral wheel for the precise regulations of chirality information transfer from the chiral wheel to the emissive stoppers,precisely switching between four CPL emission states with varied emission wavelengths and dissymmetry factors has been successfully realized,making them a promising platform for practical uses such as information storage and encryption.This proof-of-concept study not only provides a novel design strategy for multistate CPL switching but also contributes excellent candidates for the construction of novel smart chiral luminescent materials.

What Can Topology Bring to Chemistry?

The unique mathematical perspectives and principal concepts of topology have not only promoted the development of other branches of mathematics but have also deeply influenced other subjects,particularly physics and chemistry.This minireview aims to elucidate the substantial influence of topology on chemistry by critically examining both the contributions of topology to current chemical science and its potential future impacts.We will discuss the topology of molecular structures and assemblies across various scales—from small molecules and mechanically interlocked molecules to polymers,biomacromolecules,and supramolecular networks.This discussion will include an exploration of cutting-edge techniques for characterizing topological features,underscoring the role of topology as a novel paradigm for the design and synthesis of new molecular assemblies.Furthermore,a critical analysis of topology’s role in the development of functional materials—such as photonic materials,polymers,biomacromolecules,and chiral materials—will demonstrate its emerging significance as a crucial parameter in unveiling novel properties and functionalities.Given topology’s formidable potential,it is anticipated to be used increasingly to address pivotal challenges within chemistry and adjacent disciplines.