Prediction of lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in BOF steelmaking based on online sequential extreme learning machine with forgetting mechanism

The machine learning models of multiple linear regression(MLR),support vector regression(SVR),and extreme learning ma-chine(ELM)and the proposed ELM models of online sequential ELM(OS-ELM)and OS-ELM with forgetting mechanism(FOS-ELM)are applied in the prediction of the lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in the basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The ELM model exhibites the best performance compared with the models of MLR and SVR.OS-ELM and FOS-ELM are applied for sequential learning and model updating.The optimal number of samples in validity term of the FOS-ELM model is determined to be 1500,with the smallest population mean absolute relative error(MARE)value of 0.058226 for the population.The variable importance analysis reveals lime weight,initial P content,and hot metal weight as the most important variables for the lime utilization ratio.The lime utilization ratio increases with the decrease in lime weight and the increases in the initial P content and hot metal weight.A prediction system based on FOS-ELM is applied in actual industrial production for one month.The hit ratios of the predicted lime utilization ratio in the error ranges of±1%,±3%,and±5%are 61.16%,90.63%,and 94.11%,respectively.The coefficient of determination,MARE,and root mean square error are 0.8670,0.06823,and 1.4265,respectively.The system exhibits desirable performance for applications in actual industrial pro-duction.

VO_(2)-SiO_(2)复合薄膜的激光诱导损伤特性研究

本文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了VO_(2)和VO_(2)-SiO_(2)复合薄膜,并用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和紫外-可见分光光度计对薄膜的相结构和透过率进行了表征。结果表明,制备的VO_(2)为单斜相(B),VO_(2)-SiO_(2)复合薄膜的XRD图谱和VO_(2)类似,薄膜在450~800 nm的光学透过率达到了90%以上。激光诱导损伤阈值(LIDT)测试结果显示,VO_(2)-SiO_(2)复合薄膜的LIDT为3.9 J/cm^(2),相比VO_(2)薄膜提高了77.3%。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)和台阶仪研究了VO_(2)薄膜和VO_(2)-SiO_(2)复合薄膜的损伤形貌差异,VO_(2)薄膜呈现出熔融型损伤,VO_(2)-SiO_(2)薄膜则呈现出熔融型损伤和应力型损伤的共同特征。此外,构建了不同薄膜的激光诱导损伤模型,揭示了相关损伤特性和内在机制。

In vivo fluorescence flow cytometry reveals that the nanoparticle tumor vaccine OVA@HA-PEI effectively clears circulating tumor cells

Tumor vaccine therapy offers significant advantages over conventional treatments,including reduced toxic side effects.However,it currently functions primarily as an adjuvant treatment modality in clinical oncology due to limitations in tumor antigen selection and delivery methods.Tumor vaccines often fail to elicit a sufficiently robust immune response against progressive tumors,thereby limiting their clinical efficacy.In this study,we developed a nanoparticle-based tumor vaccine,OVA@HA-PEI,utilizing ovalbumin(OVA)as the presenting antigen and hyaluronic acid(HA)and polyethyleneimine(PEI)as adjuvants and carriers.This formulation significantly enhanced the proliferation of immune cells and cytokines,such as CD3,CD8,interferon-,and tumor necrosis factor-,in vivo,effectively activating an immune response against B16–F10 tumors.In vivofluorescenceflow cytometry(IVFC)has already become an effective method for monitoring circulating tumor cells(CTCs)due to its direct,noninvasive,and long-term detection capabilities.Our study utilized a laboratory-constructed IVFC system to monitor the immune processes induced by the OVA@HA-PEI tumor vaccine and an anti-programmed death-1(PD-1)antibody.The results demonstrated that the combined treatment of OVA@HA-PEI and anti-PD-1 antibody significantly improved the survival time of mice compared to anti-PD-1 antibody treatment alone.Additionally,this combination therapy substantially reduced the number of CTCs in vivo,increased the clearance rate of CTCs by the immune system,and slowed tumor progression.Thesefindings greatly enhance the clinical application prospects of IVFC and tumor vaccines.

Long non-coding RNA-AK138945 regulates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via the miR-1-GRP94 signaling pathway

Objective:Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI)is one of the leading causes of death from cardiovascular disease in humans,especially in individuals exposed to cold environments.Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)regulate MIRI through multiple mechanisms.This study explored the regulatory effect of lncRNA-AK138945 on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and its mechanism.Methods:In vivo,8-to 12-weeks-old C57BL/6 male mice underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 50 minutes followed by reperfusion for 48 hours.In vitro,the primary cultured neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes(NMVCs)were treated with 100μmol/L hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)).The knockdown of lncRNA-AK138945 was evaluated to detect cardiomyocyte apoptosis,and a glucose-regulated,endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein 94(GRP94)inhibitor was used to detect myocardial injury.Results:We found that the expression level of lncRNA-AK138945 was reduced in MIRI mouse heart tissue and H2O2-treated cardiomyocytes.Moreover,the proportion of apoptosis in cardiomyocytes increased after lncRNA-AK138945 was silenced.The expression level of Bcl2 protein was decreased,and the expression level of Bad,Caspase 9 and Caspase 3 protein was increased.Our further study found that miR-1a-3p is a direct target of lncRNA-AK138945,after lncRNA-AK138945 was silenced in cardiomyocytes,the expression level of miR-1a-3p was increased while the expression level of its downstream protein GRP94 was decreased.Interestingly,treatment with a GRP94 inhibitor(PU-WS13)intensified H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.After overexpression of FOXO3,the expression levels of lncRNA-AK138945 and GRP94 were increased,while the expression levels of miR-1a-3p were decreased.Conclusion:LncRNA-AK138945 inhibits GRP94 expression by regulating miR-1a-3p,leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis.The transcription factor Forkhead Box Protein O3(FOXO3)participates in cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress through up-regulation of lncRNA-AK138945.

用于人工肌肉纤维丝的“三明治”复合结构熔融机理仿真

研究了构成“三明治”结构的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)/聚乙烯(PE)/环烯烃类共聚物弹性体(COCe)3种材料在不同温度场的熔融机理和成型过程,为后续人工肌肉纤维丝的制作提供数据参考。建立了基于标准κ-ε湍流模型的分段加热有限元仿真模型,通过设置不同参数对比研究进料速度、单元划分方式和边界条件设置对仿真结果的影响,实现高分子材料加热熔融凝固过程的仿真模拟。仿真结果表明,通过面映射和局部加密处理的方式划分网格得到的计算结果精度较高;控制进料速度约1mm/s时,材料能够得到充分加热,密度达到稳定,有利于材料的挤出成型。

铵浸钢渣熔融还原提铁制备微晶玻璃研究

利用氯化铵浸出钢渣,可有效浸取Ca元素并就地固定CO2制备碳酸钙,浸出后的铵浸渣由于CaO含量的降低,无需加入大量的改质剂就能还原提铁并制备微晶玻璃。基于此,引入热力学计算,对铵浸钢渣提铁并制备微晶玻璃的可行性进行探究,初步结果表明铵浸钢渣与40wt%的SiO2混合后进行提铁,铁的还原率高达98.47%,且还原渣物相主要为透辉石;由还原渣制备得到的基础玻璃在800℃下核化1 h,960℃下晶化1 h,得到微晶玻璃,其主晶相为透辉石,并夹杂部分钙长石;基础玻璃析晶活化能为597.4 kJ/mol,晶体生长指数均小于3,为表面析晶。

Behavior of phosphorus enrichment in dephosphorization slag at low temperature and low basicity

At low basicity and low temperature, the dephosphorization behavior and phosphorus distribution ratio(LP) between slag and molten steel in the double slag and remaining slag process were studied with a 180 t basic oxygen furnace industrial experiment.The dephosphorization slags with different basicities were quantitatively analyzed.At the lower basicity range of 0.9–2.59, both LP and dephosphorization ratio were increased as the basicity of dephosphorization slag increased.Dephosphorization slag consisted of dark gray P-rich, light gray liquid slag,and white Fe-rich phases.With increasing basicity, not only did the morphologies of different phases in the dephosphorization slag change greatly, but the area fractions and P2O5 content of the P-rich phase also increased.The transfer route of P during dephosphorization can be deduced as hot metal → liquid slag phase + Fe-rich phase → P-rich phase.

Effects of climate,biotic factors,and phylogeny on allometric relationships:testing the metabolic scaling theory in plantations and natural forests across China

Background:Metabolic scaling theory(MST)is still in debate because observed allometric exponents often deviate from MST predictions,and can change significantly depending on environment,phylogeny,and disturbance.We assembled published scaling exponents from literatures for three allometric relationships linked to biomass allocation:leaf biomassdiameter(LD),stem biomassdiameter(SD),and root biomassdiameter(RD).We used data from natural forests and plantations across China to test the following hypotheses:1)the allometric relationships of trees support the predictions of MST on a broad scale;2)the observed deviations from MST predictions are caused by climate,biotic factors,and/or phylogeny;3)abiotic and biotic factors influence allometric relationships in plantations and natural forests differently,and different allometric relationships(i.e.LD,SD,and RD)are affected differently.We related these scaling exponents to geographic climate gradient,successional stage,stand density,leaf form and phenology,and phylogeny.We used mixedeffect models to examine the major factors affecting tree allometries.Results:In natural forests,SD and RD scaling exponents were consistent with MST predictions in primary forests,but were significantly lower in secondary forests.Both SD and RD scaling exponents in plantations had a medium value that fell between those of the secondary and primary forests,despite plantations being similar in species characteristics and age to secondary forests.The SD and RD exponents were significantly affected by factors that are not yet considered in MST,including winter coldness which explained 2.76%–3.24%of variations,successional stage(7.91%–8.20%of variations),density(a surrogate for competition,5.86%–8.54%of variations),and especially phylogeny(45.86%–56.64%of variations explained).However,the LD scaling exponents conformed to MST predictions in primary,secondary,and plantation forests,and was not strongly explained by most factors.Conclusion:MST is only applicable to primary(steadystate)forests,and climate,biotic factors and phylogeny are causes of the observed deviations of allometric relationships from MST predictions.Forest management practices in plantations have a strong influence on tree allometries.LD allometry is more strongly controlled by biophysical constraints than SD and RD allometries,however,the mechanisms behind this difference still need further examinations.

Solid-state NMR studies of sulfonated SBA-15 and the synergistic catalysis of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with dimethyl sulfoxide

Sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 was prepared using the grafting method.The structure and acid properties were comprehensively characterized using multi-nuclear and quantitative probe molecule solid-state NMR(SSNMR),together with powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),N2 adsorption-desorption techniques.Its catalytic performance in the conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)in dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)was studied.Catalyst dosage,reaction time,reaction temperature and solvent effect have been investigated.A high yield of HMF up to 93%was obtained at a relatively low temperature of 373 K for 180 min.The Brønsted acid of SBA-15_SO3H together with the solvent DMSO was found to synergistically catalyze the reaction.The catalyst preserved most of its activity after five times reuse and the catalytic activity can be recovered by H2O2 process.

Mechanism and application of feedback loops formed by mechanotransduction and histone modifications

Mechanical stimulation is the key physical factor in cell environment.Mechanotransduction acts as a fundamental regulator of cell behavior,regulating cell proliferation,differentiation,apoptosis,and exhibiting specific signature alterations during the pathological process.As research continues,the role of epigenetic science in mechanotransduction is attracting attention.However,the molecular mechanism of the synergistic effect between mechanotransduction and epigenetics in physiological and pathological processes has not been clarified.We focus on how histone modifications,as important components of epigenetics,are coordinated with multiple signaling pathways to control cell fate and disease progression.Specifically,we propose that histone modifications can form regulatory feedback loops with signaling pathways,that is,histone modifications can not only serve as downstream regulators of signaling pathways for target gene transcription but also provide feedback to regulate signaling pathways.Mechanotransduction and epigenetic changes could be potential markers and therapeutic targets in clinical practice.

Accuracy of glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in patients with hematopathy

Renal dysfunction is a common side-effect of chemotherapeutic agents in patients with hematopathy. Although broadly used, glomerular filtration rate(GFR) estimation equations were not fully validated in this specific population. Thus, this study was designed to further assess the accuracy of various GFR equations, including the newly 2012 CKD-EPI equations. Referring to ^(99m)Tc-DTPA clearance method, three Scr-based(MDRD, Peking, and CKD-EPI_(Scr)), three Scys C-based(Steven 1, Steven 2, and CKD-EPI_(Scys C)), and three Scr-Scys C combination based(Ma, Steven 3, and CKD-EPI_(Scr-Scys C)) equations were included. Bias, P_(30), and misclassification rate were applied to compare the applicability of the selected equations. A total of 180 Chinese hematological patients were enrolled.Mean bias, absolute mean bias, P_(30), misclassification rate and Bland-Altman plots of the CKD-EPI_(Scr-Scys C) equation were 7.90 mL/minute/1.73 m^2, 17.77 mL/minute/1.73 m^2, 73.3%, 38% and 79.7 mL/minute/1.73 m^2, respectively.CKD-EPI_(Scr-Scys C) predicted the most precise eGFR both in lymphoma and leukemia subgroups. Additionally, CKDEPI_(Scys C) equation in the rGFR■90 mL/minute/1.73 m^2 subgroup and Steven 2 equation in the rGFR<90 mL/minute/1.73 m^2 subgroup provided more accurate estimates in each subgroup. The CKD-EPI_(Scr-Scys C) equation could be recommended to monitor kidney function in hematopathy patients. The accuracy of GFR equations may be closely related with GFR level and kidney function markers, but not the primary cause of hematopathy.

Automated apoptosis identification in fluorescence imaging of nucleus based on histogram of oriented gradients of high-frequency wavelet coefficients

The automatic and accurate identification of apoptosis facilitates large-scale cell analysis.Most identification approaches using nucleus fluorescence imaging are based on specific morphological parameters.However,these parameters cannot completely describe nuclear morphology,thus limiting the identification accuracy of models.This paper proposes a new feature extraction method to improve the performance of the model for apoptosis identification.The proposed method uses a histogram of oriented gradient(HOG)of high-frequency wavelet coefficients to extract internal and edge texture information.The HOG vectors are classified using support vector machine.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed feature extraction method well performs apoptosis identification,attaining 95:7% accuracy with low cost in terms of time.We confirmed that our method has potential applications to cell biology research.

The Use of a Combination of RDC and Chiroptical Spectroscopy for Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Fusariumin A from the Fungus Fusarium sp.

A new alkylpyrrole derivative,fusariumin A(1),was isolated from the culture broth of the fungus Fusarium sp.The absolute configuration of fuasiumin A has been established as(2'R,3'R)using a combination of RDC(residual dipolar coupling)-based NMR and DFT-supported chiroptical spectroscopy.It is worth to note that in this study without the aid of the RDC analysis,an unambiguous determination of configuration and conformation was not feasible due to the excessive conformational possibilities of this open-chain compound.

Growth differentiation factor 11 promotes macrophage polarization towards M2 to attenuate myocardial infarction via inhibiting Notch1 signaling pathway

Background:Myocardial infarctions(MI)is a major threat to human health especially in people exposed to cold environment.The polarization of macrophages towards different functional phenotypes(M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages)is closely related to MI repairment.The growth differentiation factor 11(GDF11)has been reported to play a momentous role in inflammatory associated diseases.In this study,we examined the regulatory role of GDF11 in macrophage polarization and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in MI.Methods:In vivo,the mice model of MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD),and mice were randomly divided into the sham group,MI group,and MI+GDF11 group.The protective effect of GDF11 on myocardial infarction and its effect on macrophage polarization were verified by echocardiography,triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining and immunofluorescence staining of heart tissue.In vitro,based on the RAW264.7 cell line,the effect of GDF11 in promoting macrophage polarization toward the M2 type by inhibiting the Notch1 Signaling pathway was validated by qRT-PCR,Western blot,and flow cytometry.Results:We found that GDF11 was significantly downregulated in the cardiac tissue of MI mice.And GDF11 supplementation can improve the cardiac function.Moreover,GDF11 could reduce the proportion of M1 macrophages and increase the accumulation of M2 macrophages in the heart tissue of MI mice.Furthermore,the cardioprotective effect of GDF11 on MI mice was weakened after macrophage clearance.At the cellular level,application of GDF11 could inhibit the expression of M1 macrophage(classically activated macrophage)markers iNOS,interleukin(IL)-1β,and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner.In contrast,GDF11 significantly increased the level of M2 macrophage markers including IL-10,CD206,arginase 1(Arg1),and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF).Interestingly,GDF11 could promote M1 macrophages polarizing to M2 macrophages.At the molecular level,GDF11 significantly down-regulated the Notch1 signaling pathway,the activation of which has been demonstrated to promote M1 polarization in macrophages.Conclusions:GDF11 promoted macrophage polarization towards M2 to attenuate myocardial infarction via inhibiting Notch1 signaling pathway.

Bone microenvironment regulative hydrogels with ROS scavenging and prolonged oxygen-generating for enhancing bone repair

Large bone defects resulting from fractures and disease are a major clinical challenge,being often unable to heal spontaneously by the body’s repair mechanisms.Lines of evidence have shown that hypoxia-induced overproduction of ROS in bone defect region has a major impact on delaying bone regeneration.However,replenishing excess oxygen in a short time cause high oxygen tension that affect the activity of osteoblast precursor cells.Therefore,reasonably restoring the hypoxic condition of bone microenvironment is essential for facilitating bone repair.Herein,we designed ROS scavenging and responsive prolonged oxygen-generating hydrogels(CPP-L/GelMA)as a“bone microenvironment regulative hydrogel”to reverse the hypoxic microenvironment in bone defects region.CPP-L/GelMA hydrogels comprises an antioxidant enzyme catalase(CAT)and ROS-responsive oxygen-releasing nanoparticles(PFC@PLGA/PPS)co-loaded liposome(CCP-L)and GelMA hydrogels.Under hypoxic condition,CPP-L/GelMA can release CAT for degrading hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen and be triggered by superfluous ROS to continuously release the oxygen for more than 2 weeks.The prolonged oxygen enriched microenvironment generated by CPP-L/GelMA hydrogel significantly enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis while inhibited osteoclastogenesis.Finally,CPP-L/GelMA showed excellent bone regeneration effect in a mice skull defect model through the Nrf2-BMAL1-autophagy pathway.Hence,CPP-L/GelMA,as a bone microenvironment regulative hydrogel for bone tissue respiration,can effectively scavenge ROS and provide prolonged oxygen supply according to the demand in bone defect region,possessing of great clinical therapeutic potential.

Carrimycin inhibits coronavirus replication by decreasing the efficiency of programmed–1 ribosomal frameshifting through directly binding to the RNA pseudoknot of viral frameshift-stimulatory element

The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide with successive emerging variants urgently calls for small-molecule oral drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.Here,we show that carrimycin,a new macrolide antibiotic in the clinic and an antiviral candidate for SARS-CoV-2 in phase III trials,decreases the efficiency of programmed–1 ribosomal frameshifting of coronaviruses and thus impedes viral replication in a broad-spectrum fashion.Carrimycin binds directly to the coronaviral frameshift-stimulatory element(FSE)RNA pseudoknot,interrupting the viral protein translation switch from ORF1a to ORF1b and thereby reducing the level of the core components of the viral replication and transcription complexes.Combined carrimycin with known viral replicase inhibitors yielded a synergistic inhibitory effect on coronaviruses.Because the FSE mechanism is essential in all coronaviruses,carrimycin could be a new broad-spectrum antiviral drug for human coronaviruses by directly targeting the conserved coronaviral FSE RNA.This finding may open a new direction in antiviral drug discovery for coronavirus variants.

Sm^(2+)ions boost ammonia electrooxidation reaction on samarium oxide anode for hydrogen generation in non-aqueous electrolyte

Ammonia has garnered recognition as a zero-carbon fuel due to its high-density hydrogen storage capacity and its convenience for storage and transportation.To address the challenges associated with the direct usage of ammonia,the development of NH_(3)-to-H_(2)conversion technologies has emerged as a promising and effective approach.Herein,we present for the first time that crystallized Sm_(2)O_(3−x)electrodes demonstrate high and stable electrocatalytic activities,including N_(2)evolution rate and Faradaic efficiency,for ammonia electrolysis in a non-aqueous electrolyte.It was observed that Sm^(2+)ions in samarium oxide play an indispensable role in the ammonia electrooxidation reaction on the anodes.Furthermore,the mechanism of ammonia electrooxidation has also been elucidated,laying the foundation for a better understanding of the relationship between local structure and electrochemical properties in order to facilitate research on Pt-free electrocatalysts for the electrolysis of ammonia into H_(2).

An improved method for edge detection based on neighbor distance for processing hemispheric photography

Hemisphere photos are now widely applied to provide information about solar radiation dynamics,canopy structure and their contribution to biophysical processes,plant productivity and ecosystem properties.The present study aims to improve the original‘edge detection’method for binary classifcation between sky and canopy,which works not well for closed canopies.We supposed such inaccuracy probably is due to the infuence of sky pixels on their neighbor canopy pixels.Here,we introduced a new term‘neighbor distance’,defned as the distance between pixels participated in the calculation of contrast at the edges between classifed canopy and sky,into the‘edge detection’method.We showed that choosing a suitable neighbor distance for a photo with a specifc gap fraction can signifcantly improve the accuracy of the original‘edge detection’method.We developed an ND-IS(Neighbor Distance-Iteration Selection)method that can automatically determine the threshold values of hemisphere photos with high accuracy and reproductivity.It combines the modifed‘edge detection’method and an iterative selection method,with the aid of an empirical power function for the relationship between neighbor distance and manually verifed gap fraction.This procedure worked well throughout a broad range of gap fractions(0.019-0.945)with different canopy compositions and structures,in fve forest biomes along a broad gradient of latitude and longitude across Eastern China.Our results highlight the necessity of integrating neighbor distance into the original‘edge detection’algorithm.The advantages and limitations of the method,and the application of the method in the feld were also discussed.

A 12-month follow-up study of discharged patients with acute pancreatitis:An acute condition with prolonged sequela

To the Editor:Acute pancreatitis(AP)is the most common gastrointestinal condition that leads to acute hospitalization.[1]The incidence of AP has increased in recent decades,with a current global incidence of 34/100,000,probably due to a rising trend of obesity and gallstone disease.AP is associated with remarkable pain,reduced quality of life(QoL),and even death,thus posing a heavy socioeconomic burden.In addition,approximately 22%of AP patients experience recurrent AP(RAP)and 10%of AP patients progress to chronic pancreatitis.[2]Petrov and Yadav[3]have,therefore,argued that AP should not be considered as an acute and self-limiting disease.Treatment and long-term care after AP have drawn widespread attention,which has improved patients’physical and mental health.

Nanoenzyme engineered neutrophil-derived exosomes attenuate joint injury in advanced rheumatoid arthritis via regulating inflammatory environment

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by synovitis and destruction of cartilage,promoted by sustained inflammation.However,current treatments remain unsatisfactory due to lacking of selective and effective strategies for alleviating inflammatory environments in RA joint.Inspired by neutrophil chemotaxis for inflammatory region,we therefore developed neutrophil-derived exosomes functionalized with sub-5 nm ultrasmall Prussian blue nanoparticles(uPB-Exo)via click chemistry,inheriting neutrophil-targeted biological molecules and owning excellent anti-inflammatory properties.uPB-Exo can selectively accumulate in activated fibroblast-like synoviocytes,subsequently neutralizing pro-inflammatory factors,scavenging reactive oxygen species,and alleviating inflammatory stress.In addition,uPB-Exo effectively targeted to inflammatory synovitis,penetrated deeply into the cartilage and real-time visualized inflamed joint through MRI system,leading to precise diagnosis of RA in vivo with high sensitivity and specificity.Particularly,uPB-Exo induced a cascade of anti-inflammatory events via Th17/Treg cell balance regulation,thereby significantly ameliorating joint damage.Therefore,nanoenzyme functionalized exosomes hold the great potential for enhanced treatment of RA in clinic.