Considerations of advanced aqueous batteries recycling:A perspective

1.Introduction Battery technology,serving as a basis for a rechargeable society,has developed rapidly over a century[1].The progress can be roughly divided into three stages,with the initial two mainly focusing on aqueous battery systems.Prior to 1859,research primarily focused on the conceptualization of batteries and the development of primary(non-rechargeable)cells[2].In the subsequent150 years,rechargeable battery technology emerged。

Infrared Indoor Wireless MIMO Communication System Using 1.2GHz OOK Modulation

The multiple input multiple output(MIMO) systems using serial infrared(SIR),return to zero-inverted(RZI) and on off keying(OOK) modulation were studied. Also, by analyzing experimental results, curve fitting models were established. Three infrared MIMO systems with 2X2, 2X4 and 4X4 MIMO channels using RZI and OOK modulation were designed and tested. Based on the experimental results, evaluations between BER, distance and displacement were discussed.

Pretreatment of Herbicides Production Wastewater by Different Electrolyte Fillers

[Objective] The aim was to study the pretreatment effect of herbicides production wastewater by different types of micro-electrolysis filler.[Method] The research performed comparison on the effects of three types of micro-electrolysis filler treatment of pesticide wastewater by changing the role of time and p H.[Result] The results showed that the best treatment effect was spherical packing,followed by tooth filler;poor treatment effect and easy to harden were iron shavings.With pH of the influent of 2 and reaction time of 160 min,the removals of CODcr and chromaticity which was with spherical packing reached 24.79% and 97.5%;the removals of CODcr and chromaticity which Dentate micro-electrolysis filler treated reached21.74% and 93.75%.With pH of the influent at 3 and reaction time of 120 min,the removal of CODcr and chromaticity which was treated with iron ingot reached13.59% and 87.5%.[Conclusion] By comparison analysis,the spherical packing is better suited to handle wastewater.

Surplus energy utilization of spent lithium-ion batteries for high-profit organolithiums

It is challenging to efficiently and economically recycle many lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)because of the low valuation of commodity metals and materials,such as LiFePO_(4).There are millions of tons of spent LIBs where the barrier to recycling is economical,and to make recycling more feasible,it is required that the value of the processed recycled material exceeds the value of raw commodity materials.The presented research illustrates improved profitability and economics for recycling spent LIBs by utilizing the surplus energy in lithiated graphite to drive the preparation of organolithiums to add value to the recycled lithium materials.This study methodology demonstrates that the surplus energy of lithiated graphite obtained from spent LIBs can be utilized to prepare high-value organolithiums,thereby significantly improving the economic profitability of LIB recycling.Organolithiums(R-O-Li and R-Li)were prepared using alkyl alcohol(R-OH)and alkyl bromide(R-Br)as substrates,where R includes varying hindered alkyl hydrocarbons.The organolithiums extracted from per kilogram of recycled LIBs can increase the economic value between$29.5 and$226.5 kg^(−1) cell.The value of the organolithiums is at least 5.4 times the total theoretical value of spent materials,improving the profitability of recycling LIBs over traditional pyrometallurgical($0.86 kg^(−1) cell),hydrometallurgical($1.00 kg^(−1) cell),and physical direct recycling methods($5.40 kg^(−1) cell).

Noncovalent interactions on the electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol on a Pt/C electrocatalyst

Due to their environmentally friendly nature and high energy density,direct ethanol fuel cells have attracted extensive research attention in recent decades.However,the actual Faraday efficiency of the ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR)is much lower than its theoretical value and the reaction kinetics of the EOR is sluggish due to insufficient active sites on the electrocatalyst surface.Pt/C is recognized as one of the most promising electrocatalysts for the EOR.Thus,the microscopic interfacial reaction mechanisms of the EOR on Pt/C were systematically studied in this work.In metal hydroxide solutions,hydrated alkali cations were found to bind with OH_(ad)through noncovalent interactions to form clusters and occupy the active sites on the Pt/C electrocatalyst surface,thus resulting in low Faraday efficiency and sluggish kinetics of the EOR.To reduce the negative effect of the noncovalent interactions on the EOR,a shield was made on the electrocatalyst surface using 4-trifluoromethylphenyl,resulting in twice the EOR catalytic reactivity of Pt/C.

Understanding the hydroxyl adsorption behavior at Pt electrode surface in high-temperature alkaline solutions

Since the application in fuel cell,the electrochemical adsorption of hydroxyl has received considerable attention in recent years.While most research mainly focus on the room temperature,in this paper,the electrochemical adsorption of hydroxyl in alkaline solution at high temperature was investigated.An unusual oxidation peak was observed at-0.27 V,suggesting new behavior of hydroxyl adsorption occurred.As is known two kinds of cation hydrated clusters exist in alkaline solution,(H_(2)O)_(x-1)M^(+)-H_(2)O-O_(ad)H and(H_(2)O)_xM^(+)-O_(ad)H.For K^(+)and Cs^(+),the cluster shows unstable structure due to the weak interaction between hydrated cation and OH^(-)especially at high temperature.However,For Li^(+),Na^(+)the cluster structure would be stable,as the interaction force between the hydrated cation and OH^(-)is so strong.It was revealed that the unusual oxidation peak has some relationship with the(H_(2)O)_(x-1)M^(+)-H_(2)O-O_(ad)H cluster(K^(+)and Cs^(+))absorbed at Pt electrode surface.When the temperature was raised,(H_(2)O)_(x-1)M^(+)-H_(2)O-and-O_(ad)H was disconnected,then the O_(ad)H absorbed at Pt surface got oxidated.Based on the SEM observation,it was showed the unusual electrochemical oxidation reaction would generate platinum oxides,blocking the reactive sites at Pt electrode surface,thus reducing the electrochemical reactivity of Pt electrode.Accordingly,parameters of alkaline concentration and temperature were systematically studied,it was found that increase temperature or alkaline concentration was in favor of the unusual oxidation reaction.This study provides more understanding of hydroxyl adsorption behavior at Pt electrode surface for the high temperature water solution environment.

中草药提取物与抗菌药联用对耐药大肠杆菌的抑菌作用研究

文章旨在分析中草药提取物与抗菌药两种不同药物联合的抑菌效应。用试管二倍稀释法和微量棋盘稀释法测定中草药和抗菌药单独抑菌的最小抑菌浓度和联合抑菌指数。结果:在筛选的4种抑菌作用较强的中草药提取物与氨基糖苷类药物联合抑菌结果中,山楂与硫酸大观霉素,五倍子与硫酸庆大霉素等具有协同作用。结论:在大肠杆菌临床抑制过程中,联合应用各种中草药和抗菌类药物具有较好的抗菌效果。

Genome-wide analysis of the WRKY transcription factor gene family in Gossypium raimondii and the expression of orthologs in cultivated tetraploid cotton

WRKY proteins are members of a family of transcription factors in higher plants that function in plant responses to various physiological processes.We identified 120 candidate WRKY genes from Gossypium raimondii with corresponding expressed sequence tags in at least one of four cotton species,Gossypium hirsutum,Gossypium barbadense,Gossypium arboreum,and G.raimondii.These WRKY members were anchored on 13 chromosomes in G.raimondii with uneven distribution.Phylogenetic analysis showed that WRKY candidate genes can be classified into three groups,with 20 members in group I,88 in group II,and 12 in group III.The88 genes in group II were further classified into five subgroups,groups IIa–e,containing 7,16,37,15,and 13 members,respectively.We characterized diversity in amino acid residues in the WRKY domain and/or other zinc finger motif regions in the WRKY proteins.The expression patterns of WRKY genes revealed their important roles in diverse functions in cotton developmental stages of vegetative and reproductive growth and stress response.Structural and expression analyses show that WRKY proteins are a class of important regulators of growth and development and play key roles in response to stresses in cotton.

飞秒激光辅助白内障联合TECNIS Symfony人工晶状体植入术后视觉质量的评价（英文）

目的:通过观察飞秒激光辅助的白内障手术联合TECNIS Symfony连续视程人工晶状体植入术后远中近全程视力、对比敏感度,主观满意度,综合评价TECNIS Symfony人工晶状体植入术后患者的视觉质量。方法:收集我院目前已实施40例55眼飞秒激光辅助白内障联合TECNIS Symfony连续视程人工晶状体植入术资料,检测术后3mo裸眼远视力(5 m)、中视力(67 cm)及近视力(40 cm),绘制离焦曲线,根据多焦晶体满意度调查表并计算脱镜率。结果:所有患者术中术后无严重并发症发生。术后3mo,所有患者人工晶状体位置居中,无明显偏位或倾斜。术后3mo,5 m、67 cm、40 cm平均裸眼LogMAR视力分别为:-0.04±0.08,-0.17±0.22,0. 37±0.17。总体脱镜率95%。不同空间频率的对比敏感度较普通单焦非球面人工晶状体无明显下降。无中等或严重光学干扰现象发生。远中近各功能区满意度评分分别为9.0,9.0,7.0分。结论:飞秒激光辅助的白内障手术联合TECNIS Symfony连续视程人工晶状体植入术后可获得满意的远中裸眼视力和基本满足日常生活的近视力,术后光学干扰少,脱镜率高,患者满意度高。

Low-frequency damping behavior of closed-cell Mg alloy foams reinforced with SiC particles

The damping properties of an Mg alloy foam and its composite foams were investigated using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer. The results show that the loss factors of both the Mg alloy and its composite foams are insensitive to temperature and loading frequency when the temperature is less than a critical temperature Tcrit. However, it increases when the temperature exceeds the Tcrit values, which are 200 and 250°C for the Mg alloy foam and the Mg alloy/SiCp composite foams, respectively. The Mg alloy/SiCp composite foams exhibit a higher damping capacity than the Mg alloy foam when the temperature is below 200°C. By contrast, the Mg alloy foam exhibits a better damping capacity when the temperature exceeds 250°C. The variation in the damping capacity is attributed to differences in the internal friction sources, such as the characteristics of the matrix material, abundant interfaces, and interfacial slipping caused by SiC particles, as well as to macrodefects in the Mg alloy and its composite foams.

Leaching of chromite ore in concentrated KOH by catalytic oxidation using CuO as catalyst

CuO was used as a catalyst in the concentrated KOH solution to enhance the leaching of chromium from the chromite ore.The impacts of temperature,KOH-to-chromite ore mass ratio,CuO-to-chromite ore mass ratio,and gas flow rate on the chromiumleaching rate were investigated.The results indicated that CuO played an important role in improving the chromium leaching rate.The leaching rate reached98%after leaching for6h when CuO was applied,whereas it was only60.8%without CuO under thesame reaction conditions:temperature230°C,KOH-to-ore mass ratio6:1,stirring speed700r/min,gas flow rate1L/min.Accordingto the kinetics study,the catalytic oxidation was controlled by surface chemical reaction and the activation energy was calculated tobe15.79kJ/mol when the temperature was above230°C.In contrast,without CuO,the rate-determining step was external diffusionand the apparent activation energy was38.01kJ/mol.

Retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial resection of the renal pelvis for urothelial carcinoma:A case report

BACKGROUND The standard treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract consists of radical nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff removal,which can be performed either in open or laparoscopy or robot-assisted laparoscopy.Treatment of chronic renal insufficiency patients with upper urothelial tumor is in a dilemma.Urologists weigh and consider the balance between tumor control and effective renal function preservation.European Association of Urology guidelines recommend that select patients may benefit from endoscopic treatment,but laparoscopic treatment is rarely reported.CASE SUMMARY In this case report,we describe a case of 79-year-old female diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis and adrenal adenoma with chronic renal insufficiency.The patient was treated with retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial resection of the renal pelvis and adrenal adenoma resection simultaneously.CONCLUSION Retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial resection of the renal pelvis is an effective surgical procedure for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis.

Abundance and significance of neuroligin-1 and glutamate in Hirschsprung's disease

AIM: To investigate the abundance and potential diagnostic significance of neuroligin-1 and glutamate(Glu) in Hirschsprung's disease(HSCR).METHODS: Ninety children with HSCR and 50 children without HSCR matched for similar nutritional status, age and basal metabolic index were studied. The expression and localization of neuroligin-1 and Glu were assessed using double-labeling immunofluorescence staining of longitudinal muscles with adherent myenteric plexus from the surgically excised colon of children with HSCR. Western blot analysis, quantitative real-time PCR(q RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the abundance of neuroligin-1 and Glu in different HSCR-affected segments(ganglionic, transitional, and aganglionic segments). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect and compare serum Glu levels in the long-segment HSCR, short-segment HSCR and non-HSCR samples.RESULTS: Neuroligin-1 and Glu were co-expressed highest to lowest in the ganglionic, transi tional and aganglionic segments based on Western blot(neuroligin-1: 0.177 ± 0.008 vs 0.101 ± 0.006, 0.177 ± 0.008 vs 0.035 ± 0.005, and 0.101 ± 0.006 vs 0.035 ±0.005, P < 0.005; Glu: 0.198 ± 0.006 vs 0.115 ± 0.008, 0.198 ± 0.006 vs 0.040 ± 0.003, and 0.115 ± 0.008 vs 0.040 ± 0.003, P < 0.005) and q RT-PCR(neuroligin-1: 9.58 × 10-5 ± 9.94 × 10-6 vs 2.49 × 10-5 ± 1.38 × 10-6, 9.58 × 10-5 ± 9.94 × 10-6 vs 7.17 × 10-6 ± 1.12 × 10-6, and 2.49 × 10-5 ± 1.38 × 10-6 vs 7.17 × 10-6 ± 1.12 × 10-6, P < 0.005). Serum Glu level was the highest to lowest in the non-HSCR, short-type HSCR and long-type HSCR samples based on ELISA(in nmol/μL, 0.93 ± 0.31 vs 0.57 ± 0.25, 0.93 ± 0.31 vs 0.23 ± 0.16, and 0.57 ± 0.25 vs 0.23 ± 0.16, P < 0.005).CONCLUSION: Neuroligin-1 and Glu may represent new markers of ganglion cells, whose expression may correlate with the pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis or classification of HSCR.

Doped-TiO_2 Photocatalysts and Synthesis Methods to Prepare TiO_2 Films

TiO2 is a promising photocatalyst. However, the low photocatalytic efficiency calls for the modification of TiO2. Metal- and nonmetal-doping of TiO2 have been proved to be effective ways to enhance photocatalytic properties. This review provides a deep insight into the understanding of the metal- and nonmetal-doped TiO2 photocatalysts. This article begins with the introduction of the crystal structures of TiO2 and applications of TiO2 materials. We then reviewed the doped-TiO2 system in two categories： （1） metal-doped TiO2 photocatalysts system, and （2） nonmetal-doped TiO2 photocatalysts system. Both experimental results and theoretical analyses are elaborated in this section. In the following part, for the advantages of TiO2 thin films over particles, various preparation methods to obtain TiO2 thin films are briefly discussed. Finally, this review ends with a concise conclusion and outlook of new trends in the development of TiO2-based photocatalysts.

Development of Cu foam-based Ni catalyst for solar thermal reforming of methane with carbon dioxide

Using solar energy to produce syngas via the endothermic reforming of methane has been extensively inves- tigated at the laboratory- and pilot plant-scales as a promising method of storing solar energy. One of the challenges to scaling up this process in a tubular reformer is to improve the reactor＇s performance, which is limited by mass and heat transfer issues. High thermal conductivity Cu foam was therefore used as a sub-strate to improve the catalyst＇s thermal conductivity during solar reforming. We also developed a method to coat the foam with the catalytically active component NiMg3AlOx. The Cu foam-based NiMg3AlOx performs better than catalysts supported on SiSiC foam, which is currently used as a substrate for solar-reforming cat- alysts, at high gas hourly space velocity （≥400,000 mL/（g.h）） or at low reaction temperatures （≤ 720 ℃）. The presence of a γ-Al2O3 intermediate layer improves the adhesion between the catalyst and substrate as well as the catalytic activity.

探针药物法评价不同羟基位点苯乙酸对4种肝微粒体酶的代谢影响

通过钙沉淀法制备大鼠肝微粒体,将3-羟基苯乙酸、4-羟基苯乙酸、3,4-二羟基苯乙酸与4种亚型酶(CYP1A2、CYP2C9、CYP2E1和CYP3A4)的特异性探针药物(非那西丁、甲苯磺丁脲、氯唑沙宗、睾酮)在体外孵育,应用高效液相色谱法检测探针底物浓度,间接获得相对酶活性和计算半数抑制浓度(IC 50),从而对不同羟基位点苯乙酸对大鼠肝微粒体主要的CYP450酶系活性进行评价。发现不同羟基位点苯乙酸对大鼠肝微粒体主要的4种CYP450酶无抑制作用,药效作用安全,可为药物合成奠定基础。

Effects of Power Density and Post Annealing Process on the Microstructure and Wettability of TiO_2 Films Deposited by Mid-frequency Magnetron Reactive Sputtering

The relationship of ＂preparation parameters-microstructures-wettability＂ of TiO2 films was reported. In this work, TiO2 films were deposited onto glass and silicon substrates by using mid-frequency dual magnetron sputtering technique at ambient temperature with various power densities and deposition time. After deposition, the films were heat treated at different annealing temperatures. X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Raman spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM） were utilized to characterize TiO2 films. The wettability of the films was evaluated by water contact angle measurement. The phase transition temperature of TiO2 films depended on the power density. It was demonstrated that wettability was strongly structure dependent and the film with the thickness of 610 nm （the power density was 2.22 W/cm^2） showed the lowest contact angle （8°）. It can be concluded that smaller crystallite size, the rutile phase with （110） face being parallel to the surface, and tensile stress favored the hydrophilicity of the TiO2 films.

Electrical modeling of dielectric barrier discharge considering surface charge on the plasma modified material

We present the variations of electrical parameters of dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)when the DBD generator is used for the material modification,whereas the relevant physical mechanism is also elaborated.An equivalent circuit model is applied for a DBD generator working in a filament discharging mode,considering the addition of epoxy resin(EP)as the plasma modified material.The electrical parameters are calculated through the circuit model.The surface conductivity,surface potential decay,trap distributions and surface charge distributions on the EP surface before and after plasma treatments were measured and calculated.It is found that the coverage area of micro-discharge channels on the EP surface is increased with the discharging time under the same applied AC voltage.The results indicate that the plasma modified material could influence the ignition of new filaments in return during the modification process.Moreover,the surface conductivity and density of shallow traps with low trap energy of the EP samples increase after the plasma treatment.The surface charge distributions indicate that the improved surface properties accelerate the movement and redistribution of charge carriers on the EP surface.The variable electrical parameters of discharge are attributed to the redistribution of deposited surface charge on the plasma modified EP sample surface.

Analysis of a Large Grounding System and Subsequent Field Test Validation Using the Fall of Potential Method

This paper examines various aspects of the design process and subsequent field test measurements of a large and complex substation grounding system. The study and measurements show that soil layering and lead interference can have a significant impact on the appropriate test location that yields the exact substation ground impedance. Applying a specific percentage rule such as the 61.8% rule for uniform soils to obtain the true ground impedance may lead to unacceptable errors for large grounding systems. This poses significant problems when attempting to validate a design based on raw test data that are interpreted using approximate methods to evaluate substation ground impedance, and determine ground potential rise (GPR), touch and step voltages. Advanced measurement methodologies and modern software packages were used to obtain and effectively analyze fall of potential test data, compute fault current distribution, and evaluate touch and step voltages for this large substation. Fault current distribution between the grounding system and other metallic paths were computed to determine the portion of fault current discharged in the grounding system. The performance of the grounding system, including its GPR and touch and step voltages, has been accurately computed and measured, taking into account the impedance of the steel material used of the ground conductors and circulating currents within the substation grounding system.

Cleaner production of ammonium paratungstate by membrane electrolysis-precipitation of sodium tungstate solution

The production of ammonium paratungstate(APT) is riddled with the generation of wastewater,which causes environmental problems.To solve the problem of wastewater generation at source,a membrane electrolysis-NH3·H2O precipitation method,which prevents wastewater generation and recycles the reagents used in the process,was proposed and investigated in this study.The electrolysis process was investigated based on parameters such as initial cathodic and anodic NaOH concentrations,and current density.The results showed that an increase in current density and initial cathodic NaOH concentration and a decrease in the initial anodic NaOH concentration would enhance the separation of tungsten and sodium.The optimum condition was found at a current density of 666 A·m^(-2),initial anodic and cathodic NaOH concentrations of 69 g·L^(-1) and 40 g·L^(-1),with a current efficiency of 75.40%,and energy consumption for producing 1 ton of NaOH was 2184 kW·h.The precipitation process was investigated based on the acidic high W/Na molar ratio solution obtained by the electrolysis process with NH3·H2O as the precipitant.Parameters such as excessive coefficient,temperature,and W/Na molar ratio were studied.The result showed that the variation of excessive coefficient and solution temperature had an opposite effect on the purity of the APT,while an increase in the W/Na molar ratio would increase the product purity.The precipitation product obtained had a purity of 99.6% and was characterized using X-ray diffraction,inductively coupled plasma,and scanning electron microscopy.The methods proposed in this study could provide fundamental information for the design of a cleaner APT production process.