Quantitative description of infrared radiation characteristics of preflawed sandstone during fracturing process

Previous studies show that infrared radiation temperature(IRT)abnormalities are always accompanied by the crack development in rocks under external loads.In this context,experiments were conducted on preflawed sandstone to investigate the infrared radiation characteristics during failure process.Two indicators were defined herein,i.e.coefficient of variation of IRT(CVIRT)and skewness of IRT(SIRT).The regression analysis shows that the IRT probability distributions during loading process fit the Gaussian model.The variations in the CVIRT are characterized by four stages:primary stage,steady stage,accelerating stage and post-peak stage.Besides,the variations in the SIRT are divided into three stages:primary stage,steady stage and failure and post-peak stage.The precursor point for preflawed rock failure is identified based on the CVIRTetime curve,with average precursor point of 83%of the peak stress.Compared with other IRT indicators,the proposed two IRT indicators have higher sensitivity to IRT abnormalities during failure process.Furthermore,the connection between the IRT indicators and the rock fracturing was investigated to interpret the IRT indicator abnormalities.Based on the Verhulst inverse function,a new quantitative model was presented to describe the primary stage,steady stage and accelerating stage of the CVIRTetime curve.The results obtained in this study can provide early-warning information for rock failure prediction.

Revealing the Precise Role of Calretinin Neurons in Epilepsy: We Are on the Way

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by hyperexcitability in the brain.Its pathogenesis is classically associated with an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurons.Calretinin(CR)is one of the three major types of calcium-binding proteins present in inhibitory GABAergic neurons.The functions of CR and its role in neural excitability are still unknown.Recent data suggest that CR neurons have diverse neurotransmitters,morphologies,distributions,and functions in different brain regions across various species.Notably,CR neurons in the hippocampus,amygdala,neocortex,and thalamus are extremely susceptible to excitotoxicity in the epileptic brain,but the causal relationship is unknown.In this review,we focus on the heterogeneous functions of CR neurons in different brain regions and their relationship with neural excitability and epilepsy.Importantly,we provide perspectives on future investigations of the role of CR neurons in epilepsy.

Adult-born neurons in critical period maintain hippocampal seizures via local aberrant excitatory circuits

Temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE),one common type of medically refractory epilepsy,is accompanied with altered adult-born dentate granule cells(abDGCs).However,the causal role of abDGCs in recurrent seizures of TLE is not fully understood.Here,taking advantage of optogenetic and chemogenetic tools to selectively manipulate abDGCs in a reversible manner.

Double-Edged Mossy Cells in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy:Evil in the Early Stage Through a BDNF-Dependent Strengthening Dentate Gyrus Circuit

Temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE),one of the most common drug-resistant epilepsies,is characterized by abnormal recurrent excitatory activity originating from the temporal lobe.In the dentate gyrus(DG)of the hippocampus.

Histamine H1 Receptor in Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Circuit:A Novel Target for the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia is a common and severe mental disorder with a lifetime prevalence of~1%[1]Apart from the typical positive symptoms,such as hallucinations and delusions,which mainly make patients seek medication,60%-70%of patients are tortured by negative symptoms(e.g.apathy and alogia)and cognitive deficits that impose a long-term burden on patients[2].