Rock physical characteristics of deep dolomite under complex geological conditions:A case study of 4th Member of Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin,China

The deep-ultra deep carbonate reservoir in China,commonly subjected to modification of multi-stage diagenesis,has extremely high heterogeneity.Conventional rock physics analysis cannot accurately identify the elastic responses of reservoir.Here,the rock physics properties of the dolomite from the 4th Member of the Sinian Dengying Formation are experimentally measured,and the change law of rock physics characteristics is investigated within the framework of the diagenetic processes by the analysis of the elastic and petrologic characteristics,pore structure,and sedimentary environments.The results show that the differentiated diagenesis results in different pore structure characteristics and microtexture characteristics of the rock.The microbial dolomite of the algal mound-grain beach facies is subjected to the contemporaneous microbial dolomitization and seepage-reflux dolomitization,penecontemporaneous selective dissolution,burial dolomitization,and hydrothermal dolomitization.The resultant crystalline dolomite is found with one main type of the dolomite crystal contact boundaries,and the dissolution pore is extensive development.The siliceous,muddy,and limy dolomite of the interbeach sea environment mainly experiences the weak capillary concentration dolomitization,intensive mechanical compaction-induced densification,and burial dolomitization.Such crystalline dolomite is observed with four types of contact boundaries,namely the dolomite contact,clay contact,quartz contact,and calcite contact boundaries,and porosity mostly attributed to residual primary inter-granular or crystalline pores.The samples with the same crystal boundary condition have consistent correlations between the compressional-and shear-wave velocities,and between the compressional-wave velocity and the velocity ratio.Additionally,the variation of the acoustic velocity with effective pressure and the intensity of pore-scale fluid-related dispersion are controlled by the differentiation of pore structure types of the samples.The varied effects of soft pores like micro-cracks on the compressional-and shearwave velocity causes considerable changes in the relationships between the compressional-and shearwave velocities,compressional-wave velocity and velocity ratio,and porosity and acoustic velocity.This research is an attempt to demonstrate a novel method for investigating the rock physics variation of rock during the geological process,and the obtained findings can provide the rock physics basis for seismic prediction of the characteristics of deep carbonate reservoirs.

Hydrogen-rich saline protects against hepatic injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion and laparoscopic hepatectomy in swine

Background: Hydrogen-rich saline(HRS) has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. We investigated the effects of hydrogen on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) and laparoscopic hepatectomy in swine. Methods: Twenty-one healthy Bama miniature pigs were randomly divided into the sham group, ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI) group, HRS-5(5 m L/kg) group, and HRS-10(10 m L/kg) group. HRS was injected through the portal vein 10 min before reperfusion and at postoperative day 1, 2 and 3. The roles of HRS on oxidative stress, inflammatory response and liver regeneration were studied. Results: Compared with the IRI group, HRS treatment attenuated oxidative stress by increasing catalase activity and reducing myeloperoxidase. White blood cells in the HRS-10 group were reduced compared with the IRI group( P < 0.01). In the HRS-10 group, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein and cortisol were downregulated, whereas interleukin-10 was upregulated. In addition, HRS attenuated endothelial cell injury and promoted the secretion of angiogenic cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2. HRS elevated the levels of hepatocyte growth factor, Cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Ki-67 and reduced the secretion of transforming growth factor-beta. Conclusions: HRS treatment may exert a protective effect against I/R and hepatectomy-induced hepatic damage by reducing oxidative stress, suppressing the inflammatory response and promoting liver regeneration.

Predictive factors of endoscopic submucosal dissection procedure time for gastric superficial neoplasia

AIM:To identify the determinants of endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) operation time.METHODS:This investigation was conducted as a single-center,prospective study in which ESD was performed by the same endoscopist at the Chinese PLA General Hospital.A total of 173 patients underwent ESD operations performed by Dr.Lu from July 2007 to December 2011,and 183 lesions were enrolled.Patient gender,age,tumor location,gross type,tumor size,pathological type and adhesions were recorded prospectively.The order of treatment represented the experience of the operator.Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were performed to evaluate the relationships between these factors and ESD procedure time.RESULTS:Univariate analysis showed the ESD time was closely related to the gender(P = 0.0210),tumor size(P < 0.0001),location(P < 0.0001),gross type(P < 0.0001) and adhesion(P = 0.0010).The surgical proficiency level was associated with ESD time in unit area(P < 0.0001).Multivariate analysis revealed that the ESD time was positively correlated with tumor size(P < 0.0001),adhesion(P < 0.0001) and location(P < 0.0001),but negatively correlated with surgical proficiency level(P = 0.0046).CONCLUSION:Large tumor size,adjacency to the cardia,and adhesion are predictors of a long ESD time,whereas high surgical proficiency level predicts a short ESD time.

Endoscopic measurement of variceal diameter

AIM:To measure in vitro diameter of imitational varices using a self-made endoscopic scale and confirm its accuracy and clinical feasibility.METHODS:A catheter was introduced into the endoscopeaccessory channel and attached to a zebra wire guide that was used as a stylet.The wire guide was fixed onto the tip of the catheter by a soft and thin string.By gently advancing the stylet into the catheter,the width of the opening loop at the tip of the endoscope approximated the diameter of the imitational varices.Measurements performed in vitro using this self-made endoscopic ruler were compared to measurements of simulative varices.RESULTS:At the handle,the sleeve moving distance ranged from 5 to 14 mm.There was no obvious proportional relationship between the sleeve movement distance and endoscopic measurement ruler.The results indicated that the gap between the endoscopic measurement and actual measurement of the object size tended to close.The in vitro measurement of the diameter of the simulative varices showed that the two kinds of measuring methods were not significantly different with respect to their accuracy(P=0.8499).CONCLUSION:In vitro experiments confirmed that using a self-designed endoscopic ruler to measure the diameter of simulative varices was objective,accurate and feasible.

Design of Robotic Visual Servo Control Based on Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm

A new visual servo control scheme for a robotic manipulator is presented in this paper, where a back propagation （BP） neural network is used to make a direct transition from image feature to joint angles without requiring robot kinematics and camera calibration. To speed up the convergence and avoid local minimum of the neural network, this paper uses a genetic algorithm to find the optimal initial weights and thresholds and then uses the BP Mgorithm to train the neural network according to the data given. The proposed method can effectively combine the good global searching ability of genetic algorithms with the accurate local searching feature of BP neural network. The Simulink model for PUMA560 robot visual servo system based on the improved BP neural network is built with the Robotics Toolbox of Matlab. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method can accelerate convergence of the image errors and provide a simple and effective way of robot control.

Novel endoscopic papillectomy for reducing postoperative adverse events(with videos)

BACKGROUND Pancreatic adenoma can potentially transform into adenocarcinoma, so it is recommended to be resected surgically or endoscopically. Endoscopic papillectomy is one of the main treatments for papillary adenoma, and bleeding, perforation, and pancreatitis are the most frequent and critical adverse events that restrict its wider use. There is no standard procedure for endoscopic papillectomy yet. The procedure is relevant to postoperative adverse events.AIM To reduce the postoperative adverse event rates and improve patients' postoperative condition, we developed a standard novel procedure for endoscopic papillectomy.METHODS The novel endoscopic papillectomy had two main modifications based on the conventional method: The isolation of bile from pancreatic juice with a bile duct stent and wound surface protection with metal clips and fibrin glue. We performed a single-center retrospective comparison study on the novel and conventional methods to examine the feasibility of the novel method for reducing postoperative adverse events.RESULTS A total of 76 patients, of whom 23 underwent the novel procedure and 53 underwent the conventional procedure, were retrospectively evaluated in this study. The postoperative bleeding and pancreatitis rates of the novel method were significantly lower than those of the conventional method(0 vs 20.75%, P = 0.028, and 17.4% vs 41.5%, P = 0.042, respectively). After applying the novel method, the most critical adverse event, perforation, was entirely prevented, compared to a prevalence of 5.66% with the conventional method. Several postoperative symptoms, including fever, rapid pulse, and decrease in hemoglobin level, were significantly less frequent in the novel group(P = 0.042, 0.049, and 0.014, respectively). Overall, the total adverse event rate of the novel method was lower(0 vs 24.5%, P = 0.007) than that of the conventional method.CONCLUSION Patients who underwent the novel procedure had lower postoperative adverse event rates. This study demonstrates the potential efficacy and safety of the novel endoscopic papillectomy in reducing postoperative adverse events.

Atomic structure and transition properties of H-like Al in hot and dense plasmas

The atomic structure and transition properties of H-like Al embedded in hot and dense plasmas are investigated using modified GRASP2 K code. The plasma screening effect on the nucleus is described using the self-consistent field ion sphere model. The effective nuclear potential decreases much more quickly with increasing average free electron density,but increases slightly with increasing electron temperature. The variations of the transition energies, transition probabilities,and oscillator strengths with the free electron density and electron temperature are the same as that of the effective nuclear potential. The results reported in this work agree well with other available theoretical results and are useful for plasma diagnostics.

Verification of the Tokyo guidelines for acute cholangitis secondary to benign and malignant biliary obstruction:experience from a Chinese tertiary hospital

BACKGROUND: The lack of widely-accepted guidelines for acute cholangitis largely lags behind the progress in medical and surgical technology and science for the management of acute cholangitis. This study aimed to verify the Tokyo guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis of 2007 edition (TG07) in patients with obstructive cholangitis due to benign and malignant diseases. METHODS: The patients were retrieved from our existing ERCP database. Final diagnosis of acute cholangitis was made by detecting purulent bile during biliary drainage. We examined and compared the guidelines concerning benign and malignant obstruction. RESULTS: In 120 patients in our study, 82 and 38 had benign and malignant biliary obstruction, respectively. Guidelines based diagnosis was made in 68 (82.9%), 36 (94.7%), and 104 (86.7%) patients with benign, malignant, and overall biliary obstruction, respectively, which were significantly higher than 44 (53.7%), 17 (44.7%), and 61 (50.8%) diagnosed by Charcot’s triad (P【0.001). Treatment consistent with the guidelines was offered to 58 (70.7%) patients with benign obstruction and15 (39.5%) patients with malignant obstruction (P=0.001). No significant association was observed between clinical compliance, guidelines-based severity grades and clinical outcomes. In the multivariate model, intrahepatic obstruction (OR=11.2, 95% CI: 1.55-226.9) and hypoalbuminemia (≤25.0 g/L; OR=17.3, 95% CI: 3.5-313.6) were independent risk factors for a 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The TG07 are more reliable than Charcot’s triad for the diagnosis of acute cholangitis albeit with limited prognostic values. Intrahepatic obstruction and hypoalbuminemia are new predictors of poor prognosis and need further assessment.

Electronic structure of YbB6 dependent on onsite Coulomb interaction U and internal parameter of B atom

Using first-principles calculations in the generalized gradient approximation plus on-site Coulomb interaction(GGA+U) scheme, the effects of internal structural parameters x and U on the electronic structure of YbB6 are investigated. The results show that the band gap of YbB6 increases with x increasing, and does not change with U. It not only illustrates the influence of internal structural parameter x on band gap, but also explains the discrepancy between the previous experimental result and the theoretical prediction. In addition, the electronic structure and density of states reveal that there exist the interactions between B atoms in different cages, and that a small band gap can form around the Fermi level(EF). The present work plays a leading role in ascertaining the relation between crystal structure and electronic property for the further analysis of its topological properties.

Effects of Siwei Yuganzi decoction on LXRα and CYP7A1 in hyperlipidemic rats

Background:Hyperlipidemia(HLP)is a disorder in which lipids in the blood are disturbed due to abnormal lipid metabolism.Statins and fibrates lipid-regulating drugs prevent the generation of lipids and improves HLP,thereby reducing the likelihood of developing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.However,their adverse reactions and side effects limit a wide range of clinical applications.Tibetan medicine compound preparation Siwei Yuganzi decoction(SYD)is an adaptation of a classical prescription of the Tibetan medicine Sanguo decoction,that has been proved to have the effect of improving lipid metabolism;however,its possible mechanism remains unknown.Methods:Sixty specific-pathogen free grade Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the blank control group,the HLP group,the Chinese patent medicine Xuezhikang positive control group,and the treatment groups with Tibetan SYD high-,middle-,and low-dosages respectively.Ten rats were assigned to each group.Every rat in these groups was fed with a high-fat emulsion to establish the hyperlipidemic animal model,except for those in the blank control group.Then the rats in the blank control and HLP groups were fed with 0.9%normal saline,those in Xuezhikang group were fed with Xuezhikang suspension at the dose of 0.11 g/kg/d,and those in SYD groups were fed with the SYD suspension at the dosage of 16.2 g/kg/d(high dosage),10.8 g/kg/d(middle dosage),and 5.4 g/kg/d(low dosage),respectively.After 8 weeks,the levels of serum total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)were detected by the ELISA.The mRNA and protein expression levels of liver X receptorα(LXRα)and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1(CYP7A1)were detected using RT-PCR,western blotting,and immunohistochemistry.Results:The serum levels of TC,TG,and LDL-C in the HLP group were higher than those in the blank control group(P<0.05),whereas the serum levels of HDL-C and the expression levels of both LXRαand CYP7A1 mRNA and proteins in the liver in the HLP group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).After the treatment of the Xuezhikang and SYD,the serum levels of TG,TC,and LDL-C significantly decreased(P<0.05),whereas the serum levels of HDL-C and the expression levels of both LXRαand CYP7A1 mRNA and proteins in the liver significantly increased compared with those in the HLP group(P<0.05).Furthermore,The serum levels of TC,TG,and LDL-C in the SYD group at high dosage were lower(P<0.05),the serum level of HDL-C was higher,and the expression levels of both LXRαand CYP7A1 mRNA and proteins in the liver tissue were higher than those in the Xuezhikang group(P<0.05).Conclusion:SYD can improve the serum levels of TC,TG,and LDL-C in the hyperlipidemic animal model via increasing the expression of both LXRαand CYP7A1 mRNA and proteins in the liver tissue.

Transition parameters of Li-like ions(Z=7-11)in dense plasmas

The energy levels,transition energies,transition probabilities,weighted oscillator strengths,and line strengths of Li-like ions(Z=7-11)in dense plasmas are investigated in this work.The relativistic effects and electron correlation effects are described by the MCDHF method.The ion sphere model is applied to include the dense plasma screening effect.The ground configuration 1s^(2)2s and the excited 1s^(2)2p,1s^(2)3l(l=0-2)are considered.The configuration sets are enlarged until n=7 where the calculated energy levels have converged.The critical free electron densities of 1s^(2)3d states are estimated.Except for 1s^(2)3s-1s^(2)3p transitions,the transition energies for△n=0 increase,and for△n≠0 decrease with increasing free electron densities.For 1s^(2)3s-1s^(2)3p transitions,the spectra show blue-shift at lower free electron densities and red-shift at higher free electron densities,and the energy level crossing phenomens are observed at higher free electron densities.

Gas-and plasma-driven hydrogen permeation behavior of stagnant eutectic-solid GaInSn/Fe double-layer structure

Gas-driven permeation(GDP)and plasma-driven permeation(PDP)of hydrogen gas through Ga In Sn/Fe are systematically investigated in this work.The permeation parameters of hydrogen through Ga In Sn/Fe,including diffusivity,Sieverts'constant,permeability,and surface recombination coefficient are obtained.The permeation flux of hydrogen through Ga In Sn/Fe shows great dependence on external conditions such as temperature,hydrogen pressure,and thickness of liquid Ga In Sn.Furthermore,the hydrogen permeation behavior through Ga In Sn/Fe is well consistent with the multilayer permeation theory.In PDP and GDP experiments,hydrogen through Ga In Sn/Fe satisfies the diffusion-limited regime.In addition,the permeation flux of PDP is greater than that of GDP.The increase of hydrogen plasma density hardly causes the hydrogen PDP flux to change within the test scope of this work,which is due to the dissolution saturation.These findings provide guidance for a comprehensive and systematic understanding of hydrogen isotope recycling,permeation,and retention in plasma-facing components under actual conditions.

Morphological and structural damage investigation of nanostructured molybdenum fuzzy surface after pulsed plasma bombardment

Steady high-flux helium(He)plasma with energy ranging from 50 eV to 90 eV is used to fabricate a fiber-form nanostructure called fuzz on a polycrystalline molybdenum(Mo)surface.Enhanced hydrogen(H)pulsed plasma in a wide power density range of 12 MW/m^(2)-35 MW/m^(2)is subsequently used to bombard the fuzzy Mo,thereby simulating the damage of edge localized mode(ELM)to fuzz.The comparisons of surface morphologies,crystalline structures,and optical reflectivity between the original Mo and the Mo treated with various He^(+)energy and transient power densities are performed.With the increase of He ion energy,the Mo nano-fuzz evolved density is enlarged due to the decrease of filament diameter and optical reflectivity.The fuzz-enhanced He release should be the consequence of crystalline growth and the lattice shrinkage inside the Mo-irradiated layers(^(2)00 nm).The fuzz induced by lower energy experiences more severe melting damage and dust release under the condition of the identical transient H plasma-bombardment.The H and He are less likely to be trapped due to aggravated melting evidenced by the enhanced crystalline size and distinct lattice shrinkage.As the transient power density rises,the thermal effect is enhanced,thereby causing the fuzz melting loss to aggravate and finally to completely disappear when the power density exceeds 21 MW/m^(2).Irreversible grain expansion results in huge tensile stress,leading to the observable brittle cracking.The effects of transient thermal load and He ion energy play a crucial role in etching Mo fuzz during ELM transient events.

Effect of astrocyte on synchronization of thermosensitive neuron–astrocyte minimum system

Astrocytes have a regulatory function on the central nervous system(CNS), especially in the temperature-sensitive hippocampal region. In order to explore the thermosensitive dynamic mechanism of astrocytes in the CNS, we establish a neuron-astrocyte minimum system to analyze the synchronization change characteristics based on the Hodgkin-Huxley model, in which a pyramidal cell and an interneuron are connected by an astrocyte. The temperature range is set as 0-40 ℃ to juggle between theoretical calculation and the reality of a brain environment. It is shown that the synchronization of thermosensitive neurons exhibits nonlinear behavior with changes in astrocyte parameters. At a temperature range of0 ℃-18 ℃, the effects of the astrocyte can provide a tremendous influence on neurons in synchronization. We find the existence of a value for inositol triphosphate(IP_(3)) production rate and feedback intensities of astrocytes to neurons, which can ensure the weak synchronization of two neurons. In addition, it is revealed that the regulation of astrocytes to pyramidal cells is more sensitive than that to interneurons. Finally, it is shown that the synchronization and phase transition of neurons depend on the change in Ca^(2+) concentration at the temperature of weak synchronization. The results in this paper provide some enlightenment on the mechanism of cognitive dysfunction and neurological disorders with astrocytes.

Tricuspid Valve Reconstruction in a Patient with Ventricular Septal Defect and Subacute Endocarditis

Objective Tricuspid valve reconstruction was advocated as the operative method for the treatment of tricus-pid valve endocarditis recently. Many people accept that valve replacement therapy should be performed if more than two valve leaflets are involved. The aim of the study to discuss if reconstructive surgery could be done to treat two valve leaflets involved in tricuspid valve endocarditis. Methods A 17-year-old boy with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and tricuspid valve subacute endocarditis was surgical treated through extra-corporeal circulation. two-thirds of the defective septal cusp, and half of the defective anterior cusp were ex-cised during operation. The tricuspid valve was reconstructed with autologous pericardial strip, cusp com-missuroplasty and 4-0 prolene sutures made as chordae tendineaes. VSD was repaired using a pericardial patch. Results The patient was discharged post-operation with excellent restoration of the tricuspid valve ac-tivity. Cardiac ultrasound revealed normal tricuspid valve activity and low degree of regurgitation two years follow-up. Conclusions It seems that tricuspid valve reconstruction could be performed for two defective leaflets or half of the tricuspid valve.

Progress and prospects of graphene-based materials in lithium batteries

Reasonable design and applications of graphene-based materials are supposed to be promising ways to tackle many fundamental problems emerging in lithium batteries,including suppression of electrode/electrolyte side reactions,stabilization of electrode architecture,and improvement of conductive component.Therefore,extensive fundamental research on this aspect has been performed so far.However,when it comes to large-scale industrial applications,the utilization of graphene-based materials progresses at a very slow pace.Namely,there presents a severe technological decoupling between academic research and industrial application,and there is an urgent need to link them.Herein,in order to address current issues of graphene-based materials used in lithium batteries,we present their latest advancements with stateof-the-art technologies.Potential applications of graphenebased materials in practical lithium batteries are highlighted and predicted to bridge the gap between the academic progress and industrial manufacture,thereby paving the way for accelerating the development of graphenebased material as well as lithium battery industry.

Impact of climate change on the global circulation of West Nile virus and adaptation responses:a scoping review

Background West Nile virus(WNV),the most widely distributed flavivirus causing encephalitis globally,is a vector-borne pathogen of global importance.The changing climate is poised to reshape the landscape of various infectious diseases,particularly vector-borne ones like WNV.Understanding the anticipated geographical and range shifts in disease transmission due to climate change,alongside effective adaptation strategies,is critical for mitigating future public health impacts.This scoping review aims to consolidate evidence on the impact of climate change on WNV and to identify a spectrum of applicable adaptation strategies.Main body We systematically analyzed research articles from PubMed,Web of Science,Scopus,and EBSCOhost.Our criteria included English-language research articles published between 2007 and 2023,focusing on the impacts of climate change on WNV and related adaptation strategies.We extracted data concerning study objectives,populations,geographical focus,and specific findings.Literature was categorized into two primary themes:1)climate-WNV associations,and 2)climate change impacts on WNV transmission,providing a clear understanding.Out of 2168 articles reviewed,120 met our criteria.Most evidence originated from North America(59.2%)and Europe(28.3%),with a primary focus on human cases(31.7%).Studies on climate-WNV correlations(n=83)highlighted temperature(67.5%)as a pivotal climate factor.In the analysis of climate change impacts on WNV(n=37),most evidence suggested that climate change may affect the transmission and distribution of WNV,with the extent of the impact depending on local and regional conditions.Although few studies directly addressed the implementation of adaptation strategies for climate-induced disease transmission,the proposed strategies(n=49)fell into six categories:1)surveillance and monitoring(38.8%),2)predictive modeling(18.4%),3)cross-disciplinary collaboration(16.3%),4)environmental management(12.2%),5)public education(8.2%),and 6)health system readiness(6.1%).Additionally,we developed an accessible online platform to summarize the evidence on climate change impacts on WNV transmission(https://2xzl2o-neaop.shinyapps.io/WNVScopingReview/).Conclusions This review reveals that climate change may affect the transmission and distribution of WNV,but the literature reflects only a small share of the global WNV dynamics.There is an urgent need for adaptive responses to anticipate and respond to the climate-driven spread of WNV.Nevertheless,studies focusing on these adaptation responses are sparse compared to those examining the impacts of climate change.Further research on the impacts of climate change and adaptation strategies for vector-borne diseases,along with more comprehensive evidence synthesis,is needed to inform effective policy responses tailored to local contexts.

Strategies for adaptation to high light in plants

Plants absorb light energy for photosynthesis via photosystem complexes in their chloroplasts.However,excess light can damage the photosystems and decrease photosynthetic output,thereby inhibiting plant growth and development.Plants have developed a series of light acclimation strategies that allow them to withstand high light.In the first line of defense against excess light,leaves and chloroplasts move away from the light and the plant accumulates compounds that filter and reflect the light.In the second line of defense,known as photoprotection,plants dissipate excess light energy through non-photochemical quenching,cyclic electron transport,photorespiration,and scavenging of excess reactive oxygen species.In the third line of defense,which occurs after photodamage,plants initiate a cycle of photosystem(mainly photosystem II)repair.In addition to being the site of photosynthesis,chloroplasts sense stress,especially light stress,and transduce the stress signal to the nucleus,where it modulates the expression of genes involved in the stress response.In this review,we discuss current progress in our understanding of the strategies and mechanisms employed by plants to withstand high light at the whole-plant,cellular,physiological,and molecular levels across the three lines of defense.

Sensory and immune genes identification and analysis in a widely used parasitoid wasp Trichogramma dendrolimi （Hymenoptera： Trichogrammatidae）

Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura （Hymenoptera： Trichogrammatidae） is one of the preponderant egg parasitoids of Dendrolimus spp., which are important defoliators of coniferous forests. This parasitoid wasp has been widely released to control pine caterpillar and other lepidopteran pests, but its control efficiency needs to be improved. Sensory systems are crucial for T dendrolimi to locate hosts, and immunity is probably involved after egg deposition in the host cavity; however, few reports have focused on the molecular mechanism of olfactory detection and survival of T. dendrolimi. It is necessary to identify these genes before further functional research is conducted. In this study, we assembled and analyzed the transcriptome of T. dendrolimi using next-generation sequencing technology. The sequencing and assembly resulted in 38 565 contigs with N50 of 3422 bp. Sequence comparison indicate that T dendrolimi sequences are very similar to those of another parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis. Then the olfactory, vision, and immune- related gene families were identified, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with these genes from T. dendrolimi and other model insect species. Furthermore, phylogenetic tree with odorant binding proteins of T. dendrolimi and their host Dendrolimus was constructed to determine whether convergent evolution exists. These genes can be valid targets for further gene function research. The present study may help us to understand host location and survival mechanisms of T dendrolimi and to use them more efficiently for pest control in the future.