The life-history trait trade-offs mediated by reproduction and immunity in the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens Stål

Reproduction and immune defense are costly functions,and they are expected to tradeoff with each other to drive evolution.The brown planthopper(BPH),Nilaparvata lugens Stål(Hemiptera,Delphacidae),is a global superpest that mostly damages rice crops.Yeast-like symbionts(YLS)exist in the abdominal fat body tissue and are tightly associated with the development,growth,and reproduction of BPH.Our previous research demonstrated that mating behavior promotes the release of YLS from the fat body into the hemolymph in the BPH,thereby triggering an immune response.Additionally,the fitness costs related to life-history traits of BPH(such as survival rate)have a strong dependence on the relative abundance of YLS.However,the possible relationship between reproduction and the immune response in BPH has not been identified.In this study,an omics-based approach was used to analyze the transcriptome of fat body tissues in mated and unmated BPH at 72 h post-eclosion,from which two antimicrobial peptide genes,NlDefensin A(NlDfA)and NlDefensin B(NlDfB),were selected since they were highly expressed in mated BPH.Subsequently,the full-length cDNA sequences of the NlDfA and NlDfB genes were cloned and analyzed.qPCR results showed up-regulation of the NlDfA and NlDfB genes in mated BPH when compared to unmated BPH.Spatial-temporal expression analysis indicated that the NlDfA and NlDfB genes were expressed in all tissues and developmental stages,and they were most highly expressed in the fat body at 24 h post-eclosion.Moreover,the symbionts in BPH were significantly inhibited by the in vitro expression of the NlDfA and NlDfB proteins.Furthermore,RNA interference(RNAi)-mediated suppression of NlDfA and NlDfB dramatically increased the relative abundance of YLS in the fat body,while YLS in the hemolymph decreased significantly.These BPHs also displayed some fitness disadvantages in survival,fecundity,hatchability,and possibly the vertical transmission of YLS from hemolymph to egg.Our results indicated that mating could heighten the immunity of BPH by upregulating the expression of the NlDfA and NlDfB genes,which protect the host from pathogen challenges during reproduction.However,the reduced content of YLS may act as a fitness disadvantage in dictating the life-history traits of BPH.This work has significant theoretical and practical implications for the precise green control technology that involves crucial gene targeting,as well as for the“endosymbionts for pest control”strategy in insects.

Contribution Tracking Feature Selection (CTFS) Based on the Fusion of Sparse Autoencoder and Mutual Information

For data mining tasks on large-scale data,feature selection is a pivotal stage that plays an important role in removing redundant or irrelevant features while improving classifier performance.Traditional wrapper feature selection methodologies typically require extensive model training and evaluation,which cannot deliver desired outcomes within a reasonable computing time.In this paper,an innovative wrapper approach termed Contribution Tracking Feature Selection(CTFS)is proposed for feature selection of large-scale data,which can locate informative features without population-level evolution.In other words,fewer evaluations are needed for CTFS compared to other evolutionary methods.We initially introduce a refined sparse autoencoder to assess the prominence of each feature in the subsequent wrapper method.Subsequently,we utilize an enhanced wrapper feature selection technique that merges Mutual Information(MI)with individual feature contributions.Finally,a fine-tuning contribution tracking mechanism discerns informative features within the optimal feature subset,operating via a dominance accumulation mechanism.Experimental results for multiple classification performance metrics demonstrate that the proposed method effectively yields smaller feature subsets without degrading classification performance in an acceptable runtime compared to state-of-the-art algorithms across most large-scale benchmark datasets.

A New Micropropagation Technology of Tilia amurensis:In VitroMicropropagation of Mature Zygotic Embryos and the Establishment of a PlantRegeneration System

Tilia amurensis is an economically valuable broadleaf tree species in Northeast China.The production of highqualityT.amurensis varieties at commercial scales has been greatly limited by the low germination rates.Thereis thus a pressing need to develop an organogenesis protocol for in vitro propagation of T.amurensis to alleviate ashortage of high-quality T.amurensis seedlings.Here,we established a rapid in vitro propagation system forT.amurensis from mature zygotic embryos and analyzed the effects of plant growth regulators and culture mediain different stages.We found that Woody plant medium(WPM)was the optimal primary culture medium formature zygotic embryos.The highest callus induction percentage(68.76%)and number of axillary buds induced(3.2)were obtained in WPM+0.89μmol/L 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)+0.46μmol/L kinetin(KT)+0.25μmol/Lindole-3-butryic acid(IBA)+1.44μmol/L gibberellin A_(3)(GA_(3)).The multiple shoot bud development achievedthe highest percentage(83.32%)in the Murashige and Skoog(MS)+2.22μmol/L 6-BA+0.25μmol/L IBA+1.44μmol/L GA_(3).The rooting percentage(96.70%)was highest in 1/2 MS medium+1.48μmol/L IBA.Thesurvival percentage of transplanting plantlets was 82.22%in soil:vermiculite:perlite(5:3:1).Our study is the firstto establish an effective organogenesis protocol for T.amurensis using mature zygotic embryos.

Three-Stage Six-Step Flue-Curing Technology for Viginia Tobacco Leaves and Its Application in China

In order to overcome the problem that the leaf yellowing stage in tobacco curing reduces the fragrance of the product, this study introduced the principle and key parameters of a three-stage six-step curing technology. The field trail was conducted in Wulong county of Chongqing city in 2010, and Virginia K326 was the tested cultivar. The middle leaves were harvested and plaited after maturity, and then cured with the three-stage six-step curing technology and traditional three-stage curing technology, respectively. Three replicates were established for each of the two curing technologies. Then, chemical constituents, aromatic substances and smoking quality were analyzed. The results show that compared with the traditional three-stage curing technology, the three-stage six-step curing technology produces more suitable ratios of chemical constituents, higher aromatic component content and higher smoking quality grade of tobacco leaves. Therefore, the continuous improvement of corollary equipment and matching technologies is expected to widen the applications of the three-stage six-step curing technology in tobacco and provide a strong technical support for the development of the tobacco industry.

一例猪高致病性蓝耳病和猪圆环2型病毒病混合感染成功防控的经验分享

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,HP-PRRSV),是由PRRSV在NSP2基因(Nonstructural protein 2)上缺失90个核苷酸形成的突变株,能够引起不同生长阶段猪高热、高发病率和高死亡率,给我国养猪业造成巨大经济损失[1,4,5,6]。猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)是引起断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征(Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome,PMWS)的主要病原。近年来,国内外有关PRRSV与PCV2共感染报告较多,引起广泛关注。

ALS-linked C9orf72 dipeptide repeats inhibit starvation-induced autophagy through modulating BCL2–BECN1 interaction

Growing evidences indicate that dysfunction of autophagy contributes to the disease pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)and frontotemporal dementia(FTD),two neurodegenerative disorders.The GGGGCC·GGCCCC repeat RNA expansion in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72(C9orf72)is the most genetic cause of both ALS and FTD.According to the previous studies,GGGGCC·GGCCCC repeat undergoes the unconventional repeat-associated non-ATG translation,which produces dipeptide repeat(DPR)proteins.Although there is a growing understanding that C9orf72 DPRs have a strong ability to harm neurons and induce C9orf72-linked ALS/FTD,whether these DPRs can affect autophagy remains unclear.In the present study,we find that poly-GR and poly-PR,two arginine-containing DPRs which display the most cytotoxic properties according to the previous studies,strongly inhibit starvation-induced autophagy.Moreover,our data indicate that arginine-rich DPRs enhance the interaction between BCL2 and BECN1/Beclin 1 by inhibiting BCL2 phosphorylation,therefore they can impair autophagic clearance of neurodegenerative disease-associated protein aggregates under starvation condition in cells.Importantly,our study not only highlights the role of C9orf72 DPR in autophagy dysfunction,but also provides novel insight that pharmacological intervention of autophagy using SW063058,a small molecule compound that can disrupt the interaction between BECN1 and BCL2,may reduce C9orf72 DPR-induced neurotoxicity.

An Iterated Greedy Algorithm with Memory and Learning Mechanisms for the Distributed Permutation Flow Shop Scheduling Problem

The distributed permutation flow shop scheduling problem(DPFSP)has received increasing attention in recent years.The iterated greedy algorithm(IGA)serves as a powerful optimizer for addressing such a problem because of its straightforward,single-solution evolution framework.However,a potential draw-back of IGA is the lack of utilization of historical information,which could lead to an imbalance between exploration and exploitation,especially in large-scale DPFSPs.As a consequence,this paper develops an IGA with memory and learning mechanisms(MLIGA)to efficiently solve the DPFSP targeted at the mini-malmakespan.InMLIGA,we incorporate a memory mechanism to make a more informed selection of the initial solution at each stage of the search,by extending,reconstructing,and reinforcing the information from previous solutions.In addition,we design a twolayer cooperative reinforcement learning approach to intelligently determine the key parameters of IGA and the operations of the memory mechanism.Meanwhile,to ensure that the experience generated by each perturbation operator is fully learned and to reduce the prior parameters of MLIGA,a probability curve-based acceptance criterion is proposed by combining a cube root function with custom rules.At last,a discrete adaptive learning rate is employed to enhance the stability of the memory and learningmechanisms.Complete ablation experiments are utilized to verify the effectiveness of the memory mechanism,and the results show that this mechanism is capable of improving the performance of IGA to a large extent.Furthermore,through comparative experiments involving MLIGA and five state-of-the-art algorithms on 720 benchmarks,we have discovered that MLI-GA demonstrates significant potential for solving large-scale DPFSPs.This indicates that MLIGA is well-suited for real-world distributed flow shop scheduling.

黑龙江省野生维管植物名录

黑龙江省位于中国的东北端,省下辖区划分复杂而繁多,植被可分为3大区域:寒温带针叶林区域、温带针阔混交林区域、温带草原区域。本名录主要参考《中国生物物种名录(2021版)》《东北植物志》《东北植物检索表》《黑龙江省植物志》《黑龙江省树木志》《东北植物分布图集》《东北草本植物志》等著作、近年来发表的论文和来自国家标本资源共享平台(NSII)、全球生物多样性信息网络(GBIF)、东北林业大学植物标本室(NEFI)、东北农业大学生命科学学院植物标本室(NEAU)、中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所东北生物标本馆(IFP)的标本资料以及最近发表的文献资料。由于“无分布”比“有分布”的信息相对较难确定,我们在整理数据时,轻易不删除重要著作中已经有收录的物种,除非有较可信的证据,这可能使得本数据集的物种数量稍偏多。本名录中物种分布精确到县级,共收录黑龙江省野生维管植物132科651属2,276种(亚种、变种),有凭证标本的本土植物2,122种(亚种、变种),广泛入侵的44种,无凭证标本但是有较可靠资料的154种。其中石松类2科6属17种,蕨类植物16科34属81种,裸子植物3科6属20种,被子植物111科605属2,158种。收录国家级重点保护植物22科25属39种。黑龙江野生维管植物中,菊科(67属258种)、禾本科(61属187种)、莎草科(14属174种)、毛茛科(18属124种)和蔷薇科(24属112种)所含种数较多。统计发现,黑龙江省物种县域分布差异较大,131个县级行政单位中,物种数超过1,000的约占1/6,且县级分布数据严重不均衡。本名录中,省级名录的可信度相对较高,县级分布数据质量还需要大大提升。

地外文明技术印迹射电搜寻进展

基于哥白尼原理、德雷克公式以及大量系外行星的发现,大多科学家相信地球之外一定存在着生命尤其是高级智慧生命(或文明).射电技术由于其优势而成为地外文明搜寻的最佳手段之一.“中国天眼”(FAST)是全世界最大的单天线射电望远镜,地外文明搜寻(search for extraterrestrial intelligence,SETI)是其五大科学目标之一,它在低频射电L波段上极高的灵敏度对SETI有着重要意义.基于FAST专门用于SETI观测的后端设备和正式申请的观测时间,我们开展了SETI后端共时巡天观测和系外行星目标观测.与加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的在家地外文明搜寻(SETI@home)和突破聆听(Breakthrough Listen)团队合作,我们发展了SETI目标观测多波束匹配模式以及使地外文明(extraterrestrial intelligence,ETI)信号鉴别过程更加科学完备的偏振和频率漂移判据,实施了观测和数据处理来筛选ETI候选目标.本文主要介绍国际上的SETI观测历史,尤其是FAST进行SETI的研究现状和最新进展以及未来展望.

A review of friction stir joining of SiCp/Al composites

SiCp/Al composites have excellent comprehensive properties and have been widely used in aerospace,automotive industry and other fields.Due to the huge difference in performance between SiC particles and matrix alloys,traditional fusion welding methods are difficult to meet the join requirements of SiCp/Al composites.Friction stir joining(friction stir welding),as a solid phase joining process,has been proved to be a new technology with fine prospect in joining SiCp/Al composites compared with fusion welding process.Although some progress has been made in recent years,there are still full of challenges.In this paper,the research status of friction stir joining of SiCp/Al composites in recent years is expatiated,including the weldability of SiCp/Al composites,the macrostructure and the microstructure of joints,mechanical properties of joints,and tool wear and monitoring.Furthermore,the existing challenges of friction stir joining of SiCp/Al composites are summarized and the future development directions are prospected.

The nodulation and nyctinastic leaf movement is orchestrated by clock gene LHY in Medicago truncatula

As sessile organisms,plants perceive,respond,and adapt to the environmental changes for optimal growth and survival.The plant growth and fitness are enhanced by circadian clocks through coordination of numerous biological events.In legume species,nitrogen-fixing root nodules were developed as the plant organs specialized for symbiotic transfer of ni-trogen between microsymbiont and host.Here,we report that the endogenous circadian rhythm in nodules is regulated by MtLHY in legume species Medicago truncatula.Loss of function of MtLHY leads to a reduction in the number of nodules formed,resulting in a diminished ability to assimilate nitrogen.The operation of the 24-h rhythm in shoot is further influenced by the availability of nitrogen produced by the nodules,leading to the irregulated nyctinastic leaf movement and reduced biomass in mtlhy mutants.These data shed new light on the roles of MtLHY in the orchestration of circadian oscillator in nodules and shoots,which provides a mechanistic link between nodulation,nitrogen assimilation,and clock function.

From genes to networks: The genetic control of leaf development

Substantial diversity exists for both the size andshape of the leaf,the main photosynthetic organofflowering plants.The two major forms of leaf aresimple leaves,in which the leaf blade is undivided,and compound leaves,which comprise severalleaflets.Leaves form at the shoot apical meristemfrom a group of undifferentiated cells,whichfirstestablish polarity,then grow and differentiate.Each of these processes is controlled by a com-bination of transcriptional regulators,microRNAsand phytohormones.The present review docu-ments recent advances in our understanding ofhow these various factors modulate the develop-ment of both simple leaves(focusing mainly on themodel plantArabidopsis thaliana)and compoundleaves(focusing mainly on the model legumespeciesMedicago truncatula).

Pulsar candidate selection using ensemble networks for FAST drift-scan survey

The Commensal Radio Astronomy Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope(FAST) Survey(CRAFTS) utilizes the novel drift-scan commensal survey mode of FAST and can generate billions of pulsar candidate signals. The human experts are not likely to thoroughly examine these signals, and various machine sorting methods are used to aid the classification of the FAST candidates. In this study, we propose a new ensemble classification system for pulsar candidates. This system denotes the further development of the pulsar image-based classification system(PICS), which was used in the Arecibo Telescope pulsar survey, and has been retrained and customized for the FAST drift-scan survey. In this study, we designed a residual network model comprising 15 layers to replace the convolutional neural networks(CNNs) in PICS. The results of this study demonstrate that the new model can sort >96% of real pulsars to belong the top 1% of all candidates and classify >1.6 million candidates per day using a dual-GPU and 24-core computer. This increased speed and efficiency can help to facilitate real-time or quasi-real-time processing of the pulsar-search data stream obtained from CRAFTS. In addition, we have published the labeled FAST data used in this study online, which can aid in the development of new deep learning techniques for performing pulsar searches.

Regulation of autophagic flux by CHIP

Autophagy is a major degradation system which processes substrates through the steps of auto- phagosome formation, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and substrate degradation. Aberrant autophagic flux is present in many pathological conditions including neurodegeneration and tumors. CHIP/STUB1, an E3 ligase, plays an important role in neurodegeneration. In this study, we identified the regulation of autophagic flux by CHIP （carboxy-terminus of HscT0-interacting protein）. Knockdown of CHIP induced autophagosome formation through increasing the PTEN protein level and decreasing the AKT/mTOR activity as well as decreasing phosphorylation of ULK1 on Ser757. However, degradation of the autophagic substrate p62 was disturbed by knockdown of CHIP, suggesting an abnormality of autophagic flux. Furthermore, knockdown of CHIP increased the susceptibility of cells to autophagic cell death induced by bafilomycin AI. Thus, our data suggest that CHIP plays roles in the regulation of autophagic flux.

Modeling of the resilient supply chain system from a perspective of production design changes

Building an effective resilient supply chain system (RSCS) is critical and necessary to reduce the risk of supply chain disruptions in unexpected scenarios such as COVID-19 pandemic and trade wars. To overcome the impact of insufficient raw material supply on the supply chain in mass disruption scenarios, this study proposes a novel RSCS considering product design changes (PDC). An RSCS domain model is first developed from the perspective of PDC based on a general conceptual framework, i.e., function-context-behavior-principle-state-structure (FCBPSS), which can portray complex systems under unpredictable situations. Specifically, the interaction among the structure, state and behavior of the infrastructure system and substance system is captured, and then a quantitative analysis of the change impact process is presented to evaluate the resilience of both the product and supply chain. Next, a case study is conducted to demonstrate the PDC strategy and to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the RSCS domain model. The results show that the restructured RSCS based on the proposed strategy and model can remedy the huge losses caused by the unavailability of raw materials.

Gefitinib facilitates PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy by enhancing mitochondrial recruitment of OPTN

Gefitinib,a well-known epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the targeted therapy of lung cancer,induces autophagy in association with drug resistance.However,it remains unclear whether gefitinib treatment can affect the selective form of autophagy(i.e.,mitophagy)and be beneficial for the treatment of human diseases with decreased autophagy,such as neurodegenerative diseases.Here,we show that gefitinib treatment promotes PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in both nonneuronal and neuronal cells,and this effect is independent of EGFR.Moreover,we found that gefitinib treatment increases the recruitment of the autophagy receptor optineurin(OPTN)to damaged mitochondria,which is a downstream signaling event in PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.In addition,gefitinib treatment significantly alleviated neuronal damage in TBK1-deficient neurons,resulting in impeded mitophagy.In conclusion,our study suggests that gefitinib promotes PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy via OPTN and may be beneficial for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with defective mitophagy.

PUE值测算标准实践间题探讨

当前,政府已在数据中心建设项目审批、运行管理、差别电价等方面将PUE值作为刚性指标。PUE值成为数据中心企业重大利益关切。表面看来,PUE值似乎很简单。然而实践中,政府、厂商、用户三方谈到PUE值常常存在很大差距,让人困惑。在依标测算PUE值过程中,笔者意识到站在不同立场。