Regression Method for Rail Fastener Tightness Based on Center-Line Projection Distance Feature and Neural Network

In the railway system,fasteners have the functions of damping,maintaining the track distance,and adjusting the track level.Therefore,routine maintenance and inspection of fasteners are important to ensure the safe operation of track lines.Currently,assessment methods for fastener tightness include manual observation,acoustic wave detection,and image detection.There are limitations such as low accuracy and efficiency,easy interference and misjudgment,and a lack of accurate,stable,and fast detection methods.Aiming at the small deformation characteristics and large elastic change of fasteners from full loosening to full tightening,this study proposes high-precision surface-structured light technology for fastener detection and fastener deformation feature extraction based on the center-line projection distance and a fastener tightness regression method based on neural networks.First,the method uses a 3D camera to obtain a fastener point cloud and then segments the elastic rod area based on the iterative closest point algorithm registration.Principal component analysis is used to calculate the normal vector of the segmented elastic rod surface and extract the point on the centerline of the elastic rod.The point is projected onto the upper surface of the bolt to calculate the projection distance.Subsequently,the mapping relationship between the projection distance sequence and fastener tightness is established,and the influence of each parameter on the fastener tightness prediction is analyzed.Finally,by setting up a fastener detection scene in the track experimental base,collecting data,and completing the algorithm verification,the results showed that the deviation between the fastener tightness regression value obtained after the algorithm processing and the actual measured value RMSE was 0.2196 mm,which significantly improved the effect compared with other tightness detection methods,and realized an effective fastener tightness regression.

Selenium–nitrogen-co-doped carbon dots increase rice seedling growth and salt resistance

Soil salinity seriously affects the utilization of farmland and threatens the crop production.Here,a selenium-nitrogen-co-doped carbon dots was developed,which increased rice seedling growth and alleviated its inhibition by salt stress by foliar spraying.The treatment activated Ca^(2+)and jasmonic acid signaling pathways and increased iron homeostasis,antioxidant defense,and cell wall development of rice seedlings.It could be used to increase crop resistance to environmental stress.

Design of Thermo-Optic Variable Optical Attenuator Based on Quartz Substrate

In this paper, we designed a thermo-optic variable optical attenuator (VOA) based on quartz substrate, which consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and a thin film heater above the phase-modulation arm. The transmission properties of the waveguide and attenuation characteristics of the device have been simulated by beam propagation method (BPM), and the simulated results illustrated that the designed VOA had good performance.

Protective effects and time course of Huangqi on early-stage free radical injury following brain trauma in rats

BACKGROUND： Huangqi （Astragalus mongholicus）, a Chinese herb, has already been included in the ＂Chinese Pharmacopoeia＂ for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Secondary injury following brain injury is associated with free radical production, and Huangqi possesses the ability to ameliorate free radical-mediated injury. OBJECTIVE： This study was designed to observe the correlation between anti-free-radical properties of Huangqi and early histological changes of brain tissues following traumatic brain injury. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This study, a randomized, controlled, animal experiment, was performed from May 2006 to June 2007 at the Experimental Center of Science and Technology, School of Basic Science, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China. MATERIALS： Healthy, adult, Sprague Dawley rats of either gender were included. Huangqi injection was purchased from Heilongjiang Provincial Zhenbaodao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China （National License Medical Number： Z23020781）. Na^＋-K^＋-adenosine triphosphatase （ATPase）, Ca^2＋-ATPase, and Mg^2＋-ATPase, as well as kits to measure superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity and malondialdehyde （MDA） content, were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Reagent Company, China. METHODS： Seventy-two rats were randomly divided into three groups, with 24 rats in each group： （1） sham-operated group： rats were only exposed, but not injured; （2） model group： brain focal laceration rat models were established by free-falling. These groups were intraperitoneally injected with saline, once every 10 hours; （3） Huangqi group： rats were intraperitoneally injected with 4 mL/kg Huangqi （2 g/mL）, once every 10 hours, following brain focal laceration by free-falling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Ultrastructural changes in brain tissue were observed under an electron microscope 24 hours after injury. The water content of brain tissue was measured using the dry-wet weight method. In addition, the activity of ATPase and SOD, as well as MDA content, was analyzed using biochemical indicators at 4, 24, and 48 hours after injury. RESULTS： All 72 rats were included in the final analysis. At 4, 24, and 48 hours after injury, ATPase activity was significantly reduced in the model and Huangqi groups than in the sham-operated group （P 〈 0.05）, and this was reduction was time-dependent. At four hours after injury, no significant difference in ATPase activity was detected between the Huangqi group and the model group （P 〉 0.05）. At 24 and 48 hours after injury, ATPase activity in the Huangqi group gradually decreased, but remained significantly greater than that in the model group （P 〈 0.05）. At four hours after injury, when compared with the sham-operated group, the MDA content in the model group significantly increased and remained at a high level, while SOD activity significantly decreased （P 〈 0.05）. In the Huangqi group, MDA content and SOD activity did not change at four hours after injury. However, MDA content significantly decreased, and SOD activity significantly increased, at 24 and 48 hours after injury, compared with the model group （P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, at 24 and 48 hours after injury, the water content of brain tissue was significantly lower in the Huangqi group than in the model group （P 〈 0.05）. Ultrastructural examination of cerebral cortical neurons revealed severe damage in the model group, compared to the sham-operated group, while only mild injury was observed in the Huangqi group. CONCLUSION： The protective effects of Huangqi against traumatic brain injury correlates with decreasing MDA content and increasing SOD activity.

Attitudes toward income inequality:perspectives from farmers living in a poverty-stricken rural area of China

The attitude of the least advantaged people to income inequality is important in regard to social stability,which is also a major concern of the government and researchers in China.This paper aimed to investigate the perceptions and attitudes of the least advantaged people toward income inequality in China.An empirical analysis was conducted on farmers' attitudes to income inequality based on a questionnaire survey of 308 farmers in four villages in Yingshan,Hubei Province.Our results show that the respondents consider the income inequality as severe,and ability,hard work,and individual choices are the major determinant factors of income.It is shown that farmers in less developed areas are more likely to accept income inequality,and they ascribe this to their own failure rather than to social injustice.However,it is not the case that people living in poverty-stricken areas are satisfied with antipoverty policies;and these policies are expected to be further improved to increase the income of the poor.

Effects of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on Rat Gingivitis Induced by LPS

[Objectives] To evaluate the effects of Huanglian Jiedu Decoration( HLJD) on the treatment of rat gingivitis with excess internal heat through injecting lipopolysaccharide( LPS) in tooth-supporting tissues. [Methods]Gingival inflammation was established by LPS injection. Male SD rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: normal control group( no treatment group),solvent control group,model group( LPS injection),HLJD low dose group( 0. 25 g/kg),HLJD medium dose group( 0. 50 g/kg),HLJD high dose group( 1. 00 g/kg),and metronidazole and fenbufen capsule( MFC) group. Water intake and urine volume were observed through metabolic cage feeding; gingival tissue protein expressions were detected by LC-ESI-MS/MS method; oxidative stress-related molecules such as total superoxide dismutase( T-SOD) and hydrogen peroxidase catalase( CAT) were detected by the biochemical kit combined with a microplate reader; expressions of TSC related with energy metabolism-related signaling pathway were detected by western blotting. [Results]When rat gingivitis was injected by LPS,both water intake and urine volume were decreased,the levels of T-SOD and CAT were decreased,and the expressions of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C,triosephosphate isomerase 1 and TSC2 were increased. Huanglian Jiedu Decoration can increase water intake and urine volume,increase the levels of T-SOD and CAT,reduce the expressions of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C and triosephosphate isomerase 1,and inhibit the expression of energy metabolism-related pathway molecule TSC2. [Conclusions] Huanglian Jiedu Decoration can treat rat gingivitis through inhibiting energy metabolism and oxidative stress such as TSC signal pathway and glycolysis related molecules.

2019–2021年我国南方稻区白叶枯病菌的毒力与遗传多样性调查研究

种植抗病品种一直是防控水稻白叶枯病(bacterial blight,BB)最有效的措施。近年来,白叶枯病在我国多地呈现“老病新发”态势。为查明近期白叶枯病成灾的原因,2019–2021年间,在南方8省(海南、云南、广西、广东、福建、湖南、浙江和江苏)病害重发生田块采集叶片,分离获得野生白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo)。通过对主效毒性因子基因型tale(transcription activator-like effectors)进行Southern杂交检测,将新分离的97株Xoo菌株划分为10个基因型,其中基因型V是优势种群代表。选取各基因型的代表菌株,剪叶接种携带主要抗病基因(R gene)的水稻(Oryza sativa)品种,毒力测试结果显示,Xa3和Xa4等传统抗病基因对田间大部分菌株已经丧失抗性,Xa7和Xa23等优异抗病基因对白叶枯病仍具有广谱抗性。研究结果表明,近期“老病新发”的主要原因可能是水稻新品种选育过程中忽视了优异抗白叶枯病基因资源的引入,挖掘与利用优异抗病基因资源仍是防控白叶枯病最理想的途径。

Spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial community composition and factors influencing the surface water and sediments of urban rivers

The temporal and spatial characteristics of urban river bacterial communities help us understand the feedback mechanism of bacteria to changes in the aquatic environment.The Fuhe River plays an important role in determining the water ecological environment of Baiyangdian Lake.16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to study the microbial distribution characteristics in the Fuhe River in different seasons.The results showed that some environmental factors of the surface water(ammonia nitrogen(NH_(3)^(-)N),total nitrogen(TN),and total phosphorus(TP))were different on the spatial and temporal scales.Moreover,there were no seasonal differences in the contents of TN,TP,total organic carbon(TOC),or heavy metals in the sediments.The distributions of Cyanobacteria,Actinomycetes and Firmicutes in the water and Actinomycetes and Planctomycetes in the sediments differed significantly among seasons(P<0.05).There were significant spatial differences in bacteria in the surface water,with the highest abundance of Proteobacteria recorded in the river along with the highest nutrient concentration,while the abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the upstream than the downstream.Microbial communities in the water weremost sensitive to temperature(T)and the TP concentration(P<0.01).Moreover,differences in the bacterial community were better explained by the content of heavy metals in the sediments than by the chemical characteristics.A PICRUStmetabolic inference analysis showed that the effect of high summer temperatures on the enzyme action led to an increase in the abundances of the metabolic-related genes of the river microorganisms.

Bifunctional SiC/Si_(3)N_(4) aerogel for highly efficient electromagnetic wave absorption and thermal insulation

SiC ceramics are attractive electromagnetic(EM)absorption materials for the application in harsh environment because of their low density,good dielectric tunable performance,and chemical stability.However,the performance of current SiC-based materials to absorb EM wave is generally unsatisfactory due to poor impedance matching.Herein,we report ultralight SiC/Si3N4 composite aerogels(~15 mg·cm^(−3))consisting of numerous interweaving SiC nanowires and Si3N4 nanoribbons.Aerogels were prepared via siloxane pyrolysis and chemical vapor reaction through the template method.The optimal aerogel exhibits excellent EM wave absorption properties with a strong reflection loss(RL,−48.6 dB)and a wide effective absorption band(EAB,7.4 GHz)at a thickness of 2 mm,attributed to good impedance matching and multi attenuation mechanisms of waves within the unique network structure.In addition,the aerogel exhibits high thermal stability in air until 1000℃and excellent thermal insulation performance(0.030 W·m^(−1)·K^(−1)).These superior performances make the SiC/Si_(3)N_(4) composite aerogel promising to become a new generation of absorption material served under extreme conditions.

Decomplexation of Cu-1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid by a three-dimensional electrolysis system with activated biochar as particle electrodes

The feasibility of decomplexation removal of typical contaminants in electroplating wastewater,complexed Cu(Ⅱ)with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid(Cu-HEDP),was first performed by a three-dimensional electrode reactor with activated biochar as particle electrodes.For the case of 50 mg/L Cu-HEDP,Cu(Ⅱ)removal(90.7%)and PO_(4)^(3−)conversion(34.9%)were achieved under the conditions of electric current 40 mA,initial pH 7,acid-treated almond shell biochar(AASB)addition 20 g/L,and reaction time 180 min,with second-order rate constants of 1.10×10^(−3) and 1.94×10^(−5) min^(−1) respectively.The growing chelating effect between Cu(II)and HEDP and the comprehensive actions of adsorptive accumulation,direct and indirect oxidation given by particle electrodes accounted for the enhanced removal of Cu-HEDP,even though the mineralization of HEDP was mainly dependent on anode oxidation.The performance attenuation of AASB particle electrodes was ascribed to the excessive consumption of oxygen-containing functionalities during the reaction,especially acidic carboxylic groups and quinones on particle electrodes,which decreased from 446.74 to 291.48μmol/g,and 377.55 to 247.71μmol/g,respectively.Based on the determination of adsorption behavior and indirect electrochemical oxidation mediated by in situ electrogenerated H_(2)O_(2) and reactive oxygen species(e.g.,•OH),a possible removal mechanism of Cu-HEDP by three-dimensional electrolysis was further proposed.

Resilient Si_(3)N_(4)@SiO_(2)nanowire aerogels for high-temperature electromagnetic wave transparency and thermal insulation

With the development of aerospace technology,the Mach number of aircraft continues to increase,which puts forward higher performance requirements for high-temperature wave-transparent materials.Silicon nitrides have excellent mechanical properties,high-temperature stability,and oxidation resistance,but their brittleness and high dielectric constant impede their practical applications.Herein,by employing a template-assisted precursor pyrolysis method,we prepared a class of Si_(3)N_(4)@SiO_(2)nanowire aerogels(Si_(3)N_(4)@SiO_(2)NWAGs)that are assembled by Si_(3)N_(4)@SiO_(2)nanowires with diameters ranging from 386 to 631 nm.Si_(3)N_(4)@SiO_(2)NWAGs have low density of 12–31 mg∙cm^(−3),specific surface area of 4.13 m^(2)∙g^(−1),and average pore size of 68.9μm.Mechanical properties characterization shows that the aerogels exhibit reversible compressibility from 60%compressive strain and good fatigue resistance even when being compressed 100 times at set strain of 20%.The aerogels also show good thermal insulation performance(0.032 W·m^(−1)∙K^(−1) at room temperature),ablation resistance(butane blow torch),and high-temperature stability(maximum service temperature in air over 1200℃).The dielectric constant and loss of the aerogels are 1.02–1.06 and 4.3×10^(−5)–1.4×10^(−3) at room temperature,respectively.The combination of good mechanical,thermal,and dielectric properties makes Si_(3)N_(4)@SiO_(2)NWAGs promising ultralight wave-transparent and thermally insulating materials for applications at high temperatures.

A novel multistage anoxic/aerobic process with sludge regeneration zone (R-MAO) for advanced nitrogen removal from domestic sewage

To achieve advanced nitrogen removal from actual municipal sewage,a novel multistage anoxic/aerobic process with sludge regeneration zone(R-MAO)was developed.The reactor was used to treat actual domestic sewage and the nitrogen removal capacity of the sludge regeneration zone(R zone)was investigated during the long-term operation.The best performance was obtained at the R zone’s Oxidation-Reduction Potential(ORP)of-50±30 mV and hydraulic residence times(HRT)of 1.2 hr.The average effluent COD,TN,NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(−)-N of the R-MAO process were 18.0±2.3,7.5±0.6,1.0±0.5 and 4.6±0.4 mg/L,respectively,with the corresponding removal efficiency of COD,TN and NH_(4)^(+)-N were 92.9%±1.0%,84.1%±1.5% and 97.5%±1.1%.Compared to the sole MAO system,the TN removal efficiency of the R-MAO increased by 10.1%.Besides,under the optimal conditions,the contribution of the R zone in the R-MAO that removal COD,TN,NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(−)-N were 0.36,0.15,0.032 and 0.82 g/day.High-throughput sequencing results showed that uncultured_bacterium_f_Burkholderiaceae(5.20%),OLB8(1.04%)and Ottowia(1.03%)played an important role in denitrification in the R zone.This study provided effective guidance for the design and operation of the R-MAO process in domestic sewage treatment.

High-entropy ceramics:Present status,challenges,and a look forward

High-entropy ceramics (HECs) are solid solutions of inorganic compounds with one or more Wyckoff sites shared by equal or near-equal atomic ratios of multi-principal elements.Although in the infant stage,the emerging of this new family of materials has brought new opportunities for material design and property tailoring.Distinct from metals,the diversity in crystal structure and electronic structure of ceramics provides huge space for properties tuning through band structure engineering and phonon engineering.Aside from strengthening,hardening,and low thermal conductivity that have already been found in high-entropy alloys,new properties like colossal dielectric constant,super ionic conductivity,severe anisotropic thermal expansion coefficient,strong electromagnetic wave absorption,etc.,have been discovered in HECs.As a response to the rapid development in this nascent field,this article gives a comprehensive review on the structure features,theoretical methods for stability and property prediction,processing routes,novel properties,and prospective applications of HECs.The challenges on processing,characterization,and property predictions are also emphasized.Finally,future directions for new material exploration,novel processing,fundamental understanding,in-depth characterization,and database assessments are given.

Real-time pricing method for smart grids based on complementarity problem

Considering a demand response(DR)based social welfare maximization model,a complementarity problem based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tuker condition is described,which is a non-dual method for determining real-time price for smart grids.The Lagrange multiplier in the dual method,which is used to determine the basic electricity price,is applied in the model.The proposed method computes the optimal electricity consumption,price and production.According to the electricity price,users can arrange their electricity equipment reasonably to reduce the consumption pressure at peak time.The model aims to encourage users to actively participate in the DR and realize peak cutting and valley filling.In addition,the model considers different utility functions representing three types of users.Finally,a Jacobian smoothing version of Newton method is used to solve the model.Statistical simulations of the model validate the rationality and feasibility of the proposed method.

Fabrication,microstructure,and properties of SiC/Al4SiC4 multiphase ceramics via an in-situ formed liquid phase sintering

The SiC/Al4SiC4 composites with the improved mechanical properties and thermal conductivity were fabricated by the in-situ reaction of polycarbosilane(PCS)and Al powders using spark plasma sintering.The addition of 5 wt%yttrium(Y)sintering additive was useful to obtain fully dense samples after sintering at a relatively low temperature of 1650℃,due to the formation of a liquid phase during sintering.The average particle size of the in-situ formed SiC was^300 nm.The fracture toughness(4.9 MPa·m1/2),Vickers hardness(16.3 GPa),and thermal conductivity(15.8 W/(m·K))of the SiC/Al4SiC4 composite sintered at 1650℃were significantly higher than the hardness(13.2 GPa),fracture toughness(2.16 MPa·m1/2),and thermal conductivity(7.8 W/(m·K))of the monolithic Al4SiC4 ceramics.The improved mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were attributed to the high density,fine grain size,as well as the optimized grain boundary structure of the SiC/Al4SiC4 composites.

Horizontal and vertical gene transfer drive sediment antibiotic resistome in an urban lagoon system

Rapid urbanization has resulted in pervasive occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)in urban aquatic ecosystems.However,limited information is available concerning the ARG profiles and the forces responsible for their assembly in urban landscape lagoon systems.Here,we employed high-throughput quantitative PCR(HT-q PCR)to characterize the spatial variations of ARGs in surface and core sediments of Yundang Lagoon,China.The results indicated that the average richness and absolute abundance of ARGs were 11 and 53 times higher in the lagoon sediments as compared to pristine reference Tibetan lake sediments,highlighting the role of anthropogenic activities in ARG pollution.Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that various anaerobic prokaryotic genera belonging to Alpha-,Deltaproteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Euryarchaeota,Firmicutes and Synergistetes were the potential hosts of ARGs.The partial least squares-path modeling(PLS-PM)analysis revealed positive and negative indirect effects of physicochemical factors and heavy metals on the lagoon ARG profiles,via biotic factors,respectively.The horizontal(mediated by mobile genetic elements)and vertical(mediated by prokaryotic communities)gene transfer may directly contribute the most to drive the abundance and composition of ARGs,respectively.Furthermore,the neutral community model demonstrated that the assembly of sediment ARG communities was jointly governed by deterministic and stochastic processes.Overall,this study provides novel insights into the diversity and distribution of ARGs in the benthic habitat of urban lagoon systems and underlying mechanisms for the spread and proliferation of ARGs.

4 × 20 GHz silica-based AWG hybrid integrated receiver optical sub-assemblies

Both the 4 × 20 GHz coarse wavelength division multiplexing and LAN-WDM receiver optical sub-assemblies（ROSAs） were developed. The ROSA package was hybrid integrated with a planar lightwave circuit arrayed waveguide grating（AWG） with 2% refractive index difference and a four-channel top-illuminated positive-intrinsicnegative photodetector（PD） array. The output waveguides of the AWG were designed in a multimode structure to provide flat-top optical spectra, and their end facet was angle-polished to form a total internal reflection interface to realize vertical coupling with a PD array. The maximum responsivity of ROSA was about 0.4 A/W, and its 3 dB bandwidth of frequency response was up to 20 GHz for each transmission lane. The hybrid integrated ROSA would be a cost-effective and easy-assembling solution for 100 Gb E data center interconnections.

Comparing the adsorption behaviors of Cd, Cu and Pb from water onto Fe-Mn binary oxide, MnO2 and FeOOH

The adsorption potential of FMBO, FeOOH, MnO2 for the removal of Cd^2＋, Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ in aqueous systems was investigated in this study. Comparing to FMBO and FeOOH, MnO2 offered a much higher removal capacity towards the three metal ions. The maximal adsorption capacity of MnO2 for Cd^2＋, Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ were 1.23, 2.25 and 2.60 mmol· g^-1, respectively. And that for FMBO were 0.37, 1.13, and 1.18mmol·g^-1 and for FeOOH were 0.11, 0.86 and 0.48 mmol·g^-1, respectively. The adsorption behaviors of the three metal ions on the three adsorbents were all significantly affected by pH values and heavy metal removal efficiency increased with pH increased. The Langmuir and Freundlieh adsorption models were used to describe the adsorption equilibrium of the three metal ions onto the three adsorbents. Results showed that the adsorption equilibrium data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm and this indicated that adsorption of metal ions occurred on the three metal oxides adsorbents limited to the formation of a monolayer. More negative charged of MnOa surface than that of FMBO and FeOOH could be ascribed by lower pHiep of MnO2 than that of FMBO and FeOOH and this could contribute to more binding sites on MnO2 surface than that of FMBO and FeOOH. The higher metal ions uptake by MnO2 than FMBO and FeOOH could be well explained by the surface charge mechanism.

Porosity and Oxide Layer Dependence of Thermal Shock Behavior of Porous Silicon Nitride Ceramics

A water-quenching technique has been adopted to evaluate thermal shock fracture and fatigue behaviors of porous Si3N4 ceramics in an air atmosphere. The high-porosity Si3N4 ceramics exhibit a higher strength retention and a better resistance to thermal shock fatigue because of its role of the pores as crack arresters.A dense and coherent surface oxide layer leads to a significant benefit in residual strength during thermal fatigue, however, an increased fatigue number to 30 th cycle cannot cause a further influence although a thicker oxide layer presents, which is attributed to holes defect and disappearance of part intergranular phase.

Coupled model constructed to simulate the landslide dam flood discharge:a case study of Baige landslide dam,Jinsha River

Landslide dam,always triggered by the strong earthquake and heavy rain,is a common natural disaster around the world.In this study,a coupled model was built by combining DB-IWHR model and the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to simulate the landslide dam flood discharge.We mapped the maximum Baige landslide dam flood inundated area based on Gaofen-1 imagery,and then simulated the process of Baige landslide dam flood discharge using this coupled model.It was proved that,with 80.05%F values,the coupled model was suitable to simulate the process of landslide dam flood discharge.Lastly,multiple scenarios were simulated respectively by setting varying width and depth of spillway.The results of scenarios 1-4 indicated that spillway width presented low sensibility to the peak flow in spillway and the time of its arrival,and similarly to the water depth at river cross-section and the inundated area.Water depth at river cross-section and the inundated area decreased as spillway width increased.Even if spillway width varied at 10 m interval,the average variation of water depth was less than 1.82 m and the variation of inundated area was less than 2.85%.However,the results of scenarios 5-8 indicated that spillway depth was sensitive to the peak flow in spillway and its arrival time,and also to water depth at river cross-section and the inundated area.Water depth at river cross-section and the inundated area increased first and then started to drop with spillway depth kept decreasing.When spillway depth varied at only 2 m interval,the average variation of water depth at river cross-section basically exceeded 2 m and the variation of inundated area was more than 2.85%.