Different El Niño Flavors and Associated Atmospheric Teleconnections as Simulated in a Hybrid Coupled Model

A previously developed hybrid coupled model(HCM)is composed of an intermediate tropical Pacific Ocean model and a global atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM),denoted as HCMAGCM.In this study,different El Niño flavors,namely the Eastern-Pacific(EP)and Central-Pacific(CP)types,and the associated global atmospheric teleconnections are examined in a 1000-yr control simulation of the HCMAGCM.The HCMAGCM indicates profoundly different characteristics among EP and CP El Niño events in terms of related oceanic and atmospheric variables in the tropical Pacific,including the amplitude and spatial patterns of sea surface temperature(SST),zonal wind stress,and precipitation anomalies.An SST budget analysis indicates that the thermocline feedback and zonal advective feedback dominantly contribute to the growth of EP and CP El Niño events,respectively.Corresponding to the shifts in the tropical rainfall and deep convection during EP and CP El Niño events,the model also reproduces the differences in the extratropical atmospheric responses during the boreal winter.In particular,the EP El Niño tends to be dominant in exciting a poleward wave train pattern to the Northern Hemisphere,while the CP El Niño tends to preferably produce a wave train similar to the Pacific North American(PNA)pattern.As a result,different climatic impacts exist in North American regions,with a warm-north and cold-south pattern during an EP El Niño and a warm-northeast and cold-southwest pattern during a CP El Niño,respectively.This modeling result highlights the importance of internal natural processes within the tropical Pacific as they relate to the genesis of ENSO diversity because the active ocean–atmosphere coupling is allowed only in the tropical Pacific within the framework of the HCMAGCM.

Computational fluid dynamics simulation of a novel bioreactor forsophorolipid production

This paper describes three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulations of gas–liquid flow in a novel laboratory-scale bioreactor contained dual ventilation-pipe and double sieve-plate bioreactor(DVDSB)used for sophorolipid(SL) production. To evaluate the role of hydrodynamics in reactor design, the comparisons between conventional fed-batch fermenter and DVDSB on the hydrodynamic behavior are predicted by the CFD methods. Important hydrodynamic parameters of the gas–liquid two-phase system such as the liquid phase velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy and volume-averaged overall and time-averaged local gas holdups were simulated and analyzed in detail. The numerical results were also validated by experimental measurements of overall gas holdups. The yield of sophorolipids was significantly improved to 484 g·L^(-1)with a 320 h fermentation period in the new reactor.

Optimal design of heat exchanger header for coal gasification in supercritical water through CFD simulations

Heat exchangers play an important role in supercritical water coal gasification systems for heating feed and cooling products. However, serious deposition and plugging problems always exist in heat exchangers. CFD modeling was used to simulate the transport characteristics of solid particles in supercdtical water through the shell and tube of heat exchangers to alleviate the problems. In this paper, we discuss seven types of exchangers CA, B, C D, E, F and G）, which vary in inlet nozzle configuration, header height, inlet pipe diameter and tube pass distribution. In the modeling, the possibility of deposition in the header was evaluated by accumulated mass of particles; we used the velocity contour of supercritical water （SCW） to evaluate the uniformity of the velocity dis- tribution among the tube passes. Simulation results indicated that the optimum heat exchanger had structure F, which had a rectangular configuration of tube pass distractions, a bottom inlet, a 200-mm header height and a 10-ram inlet pipe diameter.

Mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling induced feedback to the ocean in the western coast of South America

The feedback induced by mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling to the ocean in the western coast of South America was studied using the Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS).To represent the feedback,an empirical mesoscale wind stress perturbation model was constructed from satellite observations,and was incorporated into the ocean model.Comparing two experiments with and without the mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling,it was found that SST in the mesoscale coupling experiment was reduced in the western coast of South America,with the maximum values of 0.5℃in the Peru Sea and 0.7℃in the Chile Sea.A mixed layer heat budget analysis indicates that horizontal advection is the main term that explains the reduction in SST.Specifically,the feedback induced by mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling to the ocean can enhance vertical velocity in the nearshore area through the Ekman pumping,which brings subsurface cold water to the sea surface.These results indicate that the feedback due to the mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling to the ocean has the potential for reducing the warm SST bias often seen in the large-scale climate model simulations in this region.

不同设备评估配戴夜戴型角膜塑形镜后泪膜质量的变化

目的:采用2种不同干眼检查设备评估患者配戴夜戴型角膜塑形镜后泪膜质量的变化。方法:前瞻性临床研究。选取2016年1月至2017年10月于中国医科大学附属第四医院眼科就诊并验配角膜塑形镜的患者共计118例,选取右眼数据用于统计。年龄8~18(11.8±2.5)岁。应用Keratograph5M眼表综合分析仪观察患者在戴镜前及戴镜后1、3、6个月的泪河高度(TMH)、非侵入首次泪膜破裂时间[NIBUT(f)]和平均泪膜破裂时间[NIBUT(av)];同时应用DR-1型干眼仪测量患者戴镜后不同时间点泪膜脂质层光干涉图像。采用重复测量方差分析和Pearson相关分析进行数据统计。结果:TMH:戴镜后1、3、6个月与戴镜前比较差异均无统计学意义。NIBUT(f)和NIBUT(av):戴镜后1个月的泪膜破裂时间和戴镜前比较明显缩短(均P<0.001),之后各时间点和戴镜前比较差异无统计学意义。泪膜脂质层分级:配戴角膜塑形镜后1个月较戴镜前有明显下降(P<0.001),之后各时间点与戴镜前比较差异无统计学意义。泪膜脂质层分级与泪膜破裂时间[NIBUT(f)、NIBUT(av)]之间具有相关性(r=-0.145,P=0.011;r=-0.147,P=0.019)。结论:青少年患者配戴角膜塑形镜后泪液的分泌量未受影响,但在早期降低了泪膜稳定性,随时间延长可逐渐恢复。Keratograph5M眼表综合分析仪和DR-1型干眼仪可从不同层面上辅助干眼疾病的诊断。

因病致贫人群的患病状况调查

目的对山东省因病致贫人群的患病状况进行调查,为精准扶贫提供基础数据和决策依据。方法采用现况调查的研究方法,依据“五步筛查法”对山东省因病致贫人口的一般人口学特征、患病情况进行描述。利用卡方检验和非条件多因素Logistic回归进行统计学分析。结果截止到2017年底,山东省因病致贫总人口共计102 731人,核实患病的因病致贫人口为42 446人,因病致贫总人口的患病率为41.32%。男性、汉族、受教育程度低和年龄增长均为因病致贫人口患病的风险因素(P<0.001)。因病致贫人口患病率前10位的疾病分别为高血压(10.28%)、脑血管病(7.70%)、冠心病(4.51%)、重性精神疾病(4.14%)、糖尿病(3.33%)、慢性阻塞性肺气肿(2.05%)、髋膝关节病(1.44%)、类风湿关节炎(1.05%)、重型老年慢性支气管炎(0.71%)及老年性白内障(0.59%),其患病人数占总患病人数的86.70%。结论老年人群为山东省因病致贫的主体对象,患病率前10位的疾病为主要致贫疾病。

Development Strategy and Countermeasures of China's CBM Industry under the Goal of “Carbon Peak and Neutrality”

China’s coalbed methane(CBM) industry is in an extremely important “climbing period” and “strategic opportunity period”,which can be generally characterized by “three low and one small”:low degree of exploration and development,low adaptability of main technology,low return on investment and small development scale.Under the “carbon peak and neutrality” background,the development status of CBM industry is systematically combed.The resources,technology,management problems and reasons are analyzed.Strategies and countermeasures to accelerate the industrial development are put forward according to the factors such as efficient development of resources,major technical breakthrough,talent team training,policy formulation and implementation,return on investment and so on.The existing problems are as follows:(a) The overall occurrence conditions in China are complicated and the development is difficult compared with the other countries.(b) The research precision accuracy of CBM resource conditions is not enough.(c) The adaptability of technology is poor.(d) The management mode is not suitable.In view of these problems,this paper puts forward the “two steps” development strategy and the technical and management countermeasures of “five in one”.The corresponding “five in one” technology and management countermeasures are the formulation and implementation of relevant safeguard measures in accordance with the principle of collaborative innovation in five aspects:resources,technology,talents,policies and investment.Through the above measures,the dream and grand blueprint of CBM industry shall be realized.