Illegal Logging and Related Trade: Who Combat It as Legal Subjects?

Issue on illegal logging and related trade is a hot topic for the international community. It has brought the negative effects to the sustainable development on global society, economy and ecology, which is also one of the main objectives of international cooperation to combat with. At present, subjects of international law play a decisive role in combating illegal logging and related trade. The subjects of international law generally refer to states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and part of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), which can have an independent international legal personality, enjoy rights and assume obligations of international law. As a responsible big country of the international community and state member of intergovernmental organizations and international treaties of forest resources protection, China ought to fully perform the obligations of international law. In face of illegal logging and related trade around the world, China should rationally tackle with it, resolutely crack down on it, and finally choose the sustainable development strategy based on rule of law.

Change of Mineral Elements and Amino Acids in <i>Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis</i>Leaves under Cd Treatment

The objective of this paper is to research the effects of CdCl2 treatment on mineral elements and amino acids in leaves of Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis. The seedlings of Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis with 6 leaf were cultured in 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solutions of different CdCl2 treatments (0, 0.5, 5 and 10 mg·L-1), respectively. The mineral elements and amino acids of the leaves in Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis were measured in the day 30. Compared with the control (0 mg·L-1 CdCl2), the treatments significantly decreased the contents of Mg, Fe and Zn in the tested leaves and obviously increased the contents of Cd in the experimental leaves. As to Ca and Mn, low concentration Cd treatment (0.5 mg·L-1 CdCl2) promoted their absorption, however, high concentration Cd treatments (5 and 10 mg·L-1 CdCl2) inhibited their absorption. The metabolism pathway and content of amino acids in the Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis leaves under Cd treatment were modified, the content of amino acids in the glycolate pathway became larger than that in control, the content of amino acids in the pyruvic acid synthesis pathway and tyrosine and phenylalanine became smaller than that in control, the content of other amino acids also had made a certain degree change. The results provided the important basis for safety production and quality evaluation of leaves in Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis.

Estimating the opportunity costs of avoiding oil palm-based deforestation in Indonesia:Implications for REDD

Reducing emissions due to deforestation is considered a low-cost option for mitigating climate change.However,the recent literature suggests higher opportunity costs because of specific deforestation drivers,which render reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation(REDD+)for mitigating climate change an uncertain,less attractive,and controversial option.Indonesia is one of the largest greenhouse gas emitters.Since 1989,53.80%of its oil palm expansion has come from forestlands,which has generated a significant amount of carbon emissions.This study uses official data and results from the relevant literature to estimate the costs of oil palm-based deforestation under various scenario assumptions,including different output prices,yields,time horizons,and discount rates.We also calculate the additional cost to preserve a 1-ha forest.We demonstrate that the average opportunity cost from avoiding oil palm-based deforestation is 24.42 USD/tCO_(2)eq in Indonesia,approximately 1.3 times the 2011 EUA carbon price.Additional sums of around 5,466.90–11,042.96 USD/ha should be provided to landowners for the deforestation avoidance caused by oil palm expansion.Special attention should be given to the extensive oil palm expansion in Indonesia and the resulting high opportunity costs for achieving the REDD+​target.

A novel SiC high-k superjunction power MOSFET integrated Schottky barrier diode with improved forward and reverse performance

A new SiC superjunction power MOSFET device using high-k insulator and p-type pillar with an integrated Schottky barrier diode(Hk-SJ-SBD MOSFET)is proposed,and has been compared with the SiC high-k MOSFET(Hk MOSFET),SiC superjuction MOSFET(SJ MOSFET)and the conventional SiC MOSFET in this article.In the proposed SiC Hk-SJ-SBD MOSFET,under the combined action of the p-type region and the Hk dielectric layer in the drift region,the concentration of the N-drift region and the current spreading layer can be increased to achieve an ultra-low specific on-resistance(Ron,sp).The integrated Schottky barrier diode(SBD)also greatly improves the reverse recovery performance of the device.TCAD simulation results indicate that the Ron,sp of the proposed SiC Hk-SJ-SBD MOSFET is 0.67 mΩ·cm^(2)with a 2240 V breakdown voltage(BV),which is more than 72.4%,23%,5.6%lower than that of the conventional SiC MOSFET,Hk SiC MOSFET and SJ SiC MOSFET with the 1950,2220,and 2220V BV,respectively.The reverse recovery time and reverse recovery charge of the proposed MOSFET is 16 ns and18 nC,which are greatly reduced by more than 74%and 94%in comparison with those of all the conventional SiC MOSFET,Hk SiC MOSFET and SJ SiC MOSFET,due to the integrated SBD in the proposed MOSFET.And the trade-off relationship between the Ron,sp and the BV is also significantly improved compared with that of the conventional MOSFET,Hk MOSFET and SJ MOSFET as well as the MOSFETs in other previous literature,respectively.In addition,compared with conventional SJ SiC MOSFET,the proposed SiC MOSFET has better immunity to charge imbalance,which may bring great application prospects.

Effect of Acid Treatment on Root Architecture in Seedlings of <i>Malus hupehensis</i>var. <i>pingyiensis</i>

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of acid treatment on root morphology and architecture in seedlings of Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis. The rootstock seedlings were cultured in 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solutions of different pH (pH 4, pH 4.5, pH 5 and pH 6), respectively. The parameters of root architecture were measured in the day 4, 8 and 12 with the professional WinRHIZO 2007. Compared with the control (pH 6), the treatments significantly decreased the fractal dimension, length, diameter, surface area and volume of roots in day 8 and 12, and they kept decreasing followed the increase of the acidity and treatment time. The growth of lateral roots was more susceptible to acid treatment than taproots. In addition, the acid treatment mainly inhibited the growth of rootlets, significantly decreased the proportion of rootlets that changed the composition of roots, and then simplified the space structure of roots.

Advancing the Multilateral Regional Cooperation in Economy and Trade with the Scheme Reform of Zero Tariffs

China＇s tariff arrangement in the transition period after ＂entry to WTO＂ influences the process of the multilateral trade system in the world. Establishing the free trade area and customs union according to WTO/GATS 1994 article 24, or according to authorizing the clause （Enabling Clause ） to sign the regional trade agreement between developing countries or signed the protocol of economic integration taking promoting and serving the liberalization of trade as purpose according to WTO/GATS article 5, include the regional trade agreement in the multilateral trade system frame to standardize, supervise and coordinate to China, reduce trade protectionism and improve the multilateral trade system＇s influence in the world greatly. Drawing lessons from CEPA and China the system of the manoeuvre ahead of time of overall ＂entry to WTO＂ of ASEAN Free Trade Area and arrange, accelerate multilateral regional cooperation in economy and trade, zero tariff scheme reform favors route choice.

Effects of Lignin on Root Activity and Soil Nutrients of <i>Malus hupehensis</i>. var. <i>pingyiensis</i>under the Use of Organic Fertilizer

One-year Malus hupehensis. var. pingyiensis seedlings potted in soil mixed with 10% or 40% organic fertilizer were treated with two concentrations of lignin (1.5 and 2.5 g·kg-1), and detected the effects of lignin on root activity and soil nutrients in rhizosphere soil of Malus hupehensis. var. pingyiensis. (1) Lignin improved root activity of Malus hupehensis. var. pingyiensis, increased soil available nitrogen contents and soil organic matter contents. (2) Under 10% organic fertilizer, lignin improved soil available P and K contents. The root activity in Malus hupehensis. var. pingyiensis was the largest in 2.5 g·kg-1?lignin treatment. (3) Under 40% organic fertilizer, compared with the CK2 (the treatment of soil with organic fertilizer content 40%), lignin decreased the content of rhizosphere soil available K. 1.5 g·kg-1 lignin treatment had obviously increased the content of soil available P. The root activity was the largest in 2.5 g·kg-1 lignin treatment, while the content of rhizosphere soil available K lowered 8.5% compared with that of CK2 in the same treatment. Lignin changed the soil nutrients, 2.5 g·kg-1 lignin significantly improved root activity of Malus hupehensis. var. pingyiensis. The results provided a theoretical basis for the regulation of root activity and soil nutrients in Malus hupehensis. var. pingyiensis.

Research on the Development Trend of Electronic Communication Technology Based on Intelligent Network

With the rapid development of electronic communication technology,various new technical elements are constantly added to it,bringing many changes to people’s lives and work.The traditional data diversion mode can no longer truly meet the needs of actual work,and the electronic communication mode plays a huge role and occupies an important position in the communication market.Regarding how to develop and apply intelligent electronic communication technology more perfectly,there will be an overview of the specific principle of intelligent electronic communication technology,from the multi-faceted impact of electronic communication technology on human society.The article put forward the future development trend of electronic communication technology based on intelligent networks,emphasized expanding the scale of technology coverage,improved the comprehensive quality of technical products,optimized the structure of the communication industry,and formed a perfect industrial chain,so as to improve the intelligent level of electronic communication technology.

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous(3DOM) structure promoted the activity and H_(2)O poisoning resistance of Ce Mn/3DOM-TiO_(2) catalyst in NH_(3)-SCR

NH_(3)-SCR is an effective mean of NOxremoval in the non-electric industry, however, the high activation temperature and poor H_(2)O resistance of SCR catalysts posed a barrier to its application. In this work, a series of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous(3DOM) catalysts were synthesized via a colloidal crystal template(CCT) method, and various characterizations were carried out to explore the physicochemical property of catalysts. The experiment results reveal that Ce_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)/3DOM-TiO_(2) catalyst presents the excellent low-temperature catalytic activity of nearly 100% at 100℃. Furthermore, the enhanced H_(2)O resistance is achieved, certified by the unaffected NO remove at 150℃ in the participation of 15 vol% H_(2)O. The characterizations results exhibit that the improved dispersion of the active component and enhanced redox ability are conducive to the low-temperature catalytic activity. N_(2) adsorption and desorption experiments indicate that catalyst with 3DOM support possesses a larger pore diameter and specific surface area, which may weaken the condensation of H_(2)O in the microporosity of catalysts and improved the H_(2)O resistance of the catalyst. In situ DRIFTS results manifest that Ce_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)/3DOM-TiO_(2) catalyst could not only absorb more NH_(3) and generate more surface-active sites, but inhibit the competitive adsorption between H_(2)O and SCR reactants.

Expert consensus on organizing the multidisciplinary team(MDT) diagnosis and treatment of hepato-pancreato-biliary diseases in China

Multidisciplinary team(MDT) discussion has been well established in some European countries and widely carried out in various clinical professional fields(Festen et al.,2021;Fleissig et al.,2006).Many studies have reported the benefits of MDT,including improving survival and quality of cancer care(Munro et al.,2015;Nixon et al.,2021;Tsai et al.,2020).