The early life immune dynamics and cellular drivers at single-cell resolution in lamb forestomachs and abomasum

Background Four-chambered stomach including the forestomachs(rumen,reticulum,and omasum)and abomasum allows ruminants convert plant fiber into high-quality animal products.The early development of this four-chambered stomach is crucial for the health and well-being of young ruminants,especially the immune development.However,the dynamics of immune development are poorly understood.Results We investigated the early gene expression patterns across the four-chambered stomach in Hu sheep,at 5,10,15,and 25 days of age.We found that forestomachs share similar gene expression patterns,all four stomachs underwent widespread activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses from d 5 to 25,whereas the metabolic function were significantly downregulated with age.We constructed a cell landscape of the four-chambered stomach using single-cell sequencing.Integrating transcriptomic and single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that the immune-associated module hub genes were highly expressed in T cells,monocytes and macrophages,as well as the defense-associated module hub genes were highly expressed in endothelial cells in the four-stomach tissues.Moreover,the non-immune cells such as epithelial cells play key roles in immune maturation.Cell communication analysis predicted that in addition to immune cells,non-immune cells recruit immune cells through macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling in the forestomachs.Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the immune and defense responses of four stomachs are quickly developing with age in lamb's early life.We also identified the gene expression patterns and functional cells associated with immune development.Additionally,we identified some key receptors and signaling involved in immune regulation.These results help to understand the early life immune development at single-cell resolution,which has implications to develop nutritional manipulation and health management strategies based on specific targets including key receptors and signaling pathways.

Fecal microbiota dynamics and its relationship to diarrhea and health in dairy calves

Background:Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young calves,resulting in considerable economic loss for dairy farms.To determine if some gut microbes might have resistance to dysbiotic process with calf diarrhea by dictating the microbial co-occurrence patterns from birth to post-weaning,we examined the dynamic development of the gut microbiota and diarrhea status using two animal trials,with the first trial having 14 Holstein dairy calves whose fecal samples were collected 18 times over 78 d from birth to 15 d post-weaning and the second trial having 43 Holstein dairy calves whose fecal samples were collected daily from 8 to 18 days of age corresponding to the first diarrhea peak of trial 1.Results:Metataxonomic analysis of the fecal microbiota showed that the development of gut microbiota had three age periods with birth and weaning as the separatrices.Two diarrhea peaks were observed during the transition of the three age periods.Fusobacteriaceae was identified as a diarrhea-associated taxon both in the early stage and during weaning,and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 was another increased genus among diarrheic calves in the early stage.In the neonatal calves,Prevotella_2(ASV4 and ASV26),Prevotella_9(ASV43),and Alloprevotella(ASV14)were negatively associated with Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1(ASV48),the keystone taxa of the diarrhea-phase module.During weaning,unclassified Muribaculaceae(ASV28 and ASV44),UBA1819(ASV151),Barnesiella(ASV497),and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005(ASV254)were identified being associated with non-diarrheic status,and they aggregated in the non-diarrhea module of co-occurrence patterns wherein unclassified Muribaculaceae(ASV28)and Barnesiella(ASV497)had a direct negative relationship with the members of the diarrhea module.Conclusions:Taken together,our results suggest that the dynamic successions of calf gut microbiota and the interactions among some bacteria could influence calf diarrhea,and some species of Prevotella might be the core microbiota in both neonatal and weaning calves,while species of Muribaculaceae might be the core microbiota in weaning calves for preventing calf diarrhea.Some ASVs affiliated with Prevotella_2(ASV4 and ASV26),Prevotella_9(ASV43),Alloprevotella(AVS14),unclassified Muribaculaceae(ASV28 and ASV44),UBA1819(ASV151),Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005(ASV254),and Barnesiella(ASV497)might be proper probiotics for preventing calf diarrhea whereas Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1(ASV48)might be the biomarker for diarrhea risk in specific commercial farms.

原位修饰策略实现高倍率室温固态锂电池

固态锂电池由于其安全特性与良好的电化学性能而备受关注。但电极内锂离子传导通道不顺畅及电极-电解质界面接触阻抗大以及界面发生副反应等问题仍然阻碍着固态电池的实际应用。本工作在电极内部及电极与Li_(1.5)Al_(0.5)Ge_(1.5)(PO_(4))_(3)(LAGP)电解质之间原位聚合碳酸亚乙烯酯固态聚合物电解质(PVC-SPE),构建了正极内部的离子传导网络,改善了电解质-电极界面的接触,而且还有效阻止了锂负极与LAGP电解质之间的副反应。Li|LAGP|LiFePO_(4)固态电池具有良好的循环性能和倍率充放电性能,0.2C循环200次仍有98%的容量保持率,3C倍率放电容量是0.2C容量的72.4%。这种原位聚合制备高性能固态电池有希望成为解决界面问题与构建电极内离子传导网络的方法。

Netrin-1 signaling mediates NO-induced glial precursor migration and accumulation

Dear Editor, In the central nervous system, cell migration and accumulation occur widely to construct a complex neural network during mammalian development [1]. Previous studies reported that both the gaseous messenger molecule nitric oxide （NO） [2-4] and widely studied axon guidance/migration cues such as Netrins [5, 6] regulated the migratory behavior of cells in the nervous system.

Isolation and characterization of liver epithelial progenitor cells from normal adult rhesus monkeys （Macaca mulatta）

Dear Editor, Based on their ability to proliferate and the capacity to differentiate into specific cell types, hepatic progenitor/stem cells （HPCs） from adult human liver may have potential therapeutic effects on end-stage liver failure. In addition, adult HPCs have a reduced risk of teratoma for- mation and are not subject to the same ethical issues as fetal HPCs or embryonic stem cells . The HPCs from rhesus monkeys are relevant because they may serve as a valuable preclinical model for assessment of cell therapy in humans. To date, there are no reports of HPCs or liver epithelial progenitor cells （LEPCs） isolated from normal adult rhesus monkey although a few studies in other species were reported. We report here for the first time the successful isolation of rhesus monkey LEPCs （mLEPCs） from normal adult livers （n = 12）.

A Monophyletic Status of Axis Genus in Subfamily Cervinae Supported by the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Chinese Hog Deer(Axis porcinus)

Hog deer(Axis porcinus)is a small mammal and listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature.However,phylogenetic position of hog deer within Axis genus has remained controversial.In the present study,we first assembled complete mitochondrial genome of Chinese hog deer reared in Chengdu Zoo,Sichuan,by the second-generation sequencing technology.This newly assembled mitochondrial genome of hog deer is 16376 bp in length and consists of 13 protein-encoding genes,23 transfer RNA genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes.Phylogenetic analyses based on complete mitochondrial genome and cytochrome b gene sequences revealed that hog deer is closely clustered together and placed with sister taxon of spotted deer(A.Axis),which therefore supported monophyletic statue of Axis genus.Furthermore,considerable genetic differentiation,up to 139 mutations of complete mitochondrial genome was revealed between geographical populations of hog deer in France and Southeast Asia.However,only six variable sites(nucleotide diversity of 0.00007)and four haplotypes(haplotype diversity of 0.533)were totally detected among ten newly sequenced Chinese hog deer.The results provide a better understanding on the phylogeny of hog deer.

Silencing of long non-coding RNA CCHE1 inhibits the ovarian cancer SKOV3 cell invasion and migration and inactivates the p38-MAPK signaling pathway

Ovarian cancer(OC)is a major cause of cancer-related deaths among gynaecologicalmalignancies.Emerging studies suggest that the long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)may be the potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of the cancer.The current study was carried out to investigate the role of lncRNA CCHE1 silencing in OC cell invasion and migration.Expression of lncRNA CCHE1 in normal ovarian cell Hose and OC cell lines HO 8910,A2780 and SKOV3 was detected.LncRNA were transfected with siRNA,and then the proliferation of cells was detected by using MTT assay.Cell invasion and migration was measured by using Transwell assay and scratch test,respectively.The protein levels of E-cadherin,N-cadherin,ERK,p38-MAPK and the phosphorylation of ERK and p38-MAPK in cells after siRNA transfection were detected by using Western blot analysis.Consequently,lncRNA CCHE1 expression was highly expressed in OC cell lines,especially in SKOV3 cells.siRNA1,siRNA2 and siRNA3 all decreased.lncRNA CCHE1 expression in SKOV3 cells and siRNA2 showed the best silencing efficacy.Silencing of lncRNA CCHE1 decreased proliferation,invasion and migration,and reduced the protein levels of N-cadherin,ERK,p38-MAPK and the phosphorylation of ERK and p38-MAPK,while reducing the protein level of E-cadherin in SKOV3 cells.Collectively,our study proved that the silencing of lncRNA CCHE1 could inhibit SKOV3 cell invasion and migration via inactivating the p38-MAPK signaling pathway.

Effect of external electric field on crystalline structure and dielectric properties of Bi_(1.5)MgNb_(1.5)O_(7) thin films

Bismuth-based cubic pyrochlore materials have attractive dielectric properties,especially dielectric tunability.The Bi_(1.5)MgNb_(1.5)O_(7) ceramic samples were prepared by solid state reaction.The XRD results and SEM pictures prove the raw material are well mixed and co-fired and the BMN cubic pyrochlore is well crystallized,no second phase was found in the result.BMN thin film were fabricated by depositing BMN ceramic nanoparticles on the sapphire.The BMN thin film has a high dielectric tunability of 43%at a bias voltage of 1.5 MV/cm,with loss tangent lower than 0.009.A Raman study of BMN cubic pyrochlore reveals O′-A-O′and O-A-O bending modes contribute to 80%of dielectric permittivity,obstructing these modes such as applying external electric field can have apparent influence on dielectric constant.Berry Phase calculation results shows that A2O′tetrahedrons are more easy to distort under an external field.The A-site Mg have the highest displacement(0.765028 A),followed by A-site Bi cations(0.346317˚A).Compared to zero-bias thin film,˚the biased one with A-O and A-O′bonds being stretched and external coulomb force applied on cations and anions,the dielectric constant under bias field dramatically decreased.

Molecular Basis of Unique Branching Phenotypes in Salvia splendens and the Role of PSY

The branching system of higher plants plays a very important role in plant morphogenesis,and the number of branches can directly affect crop yield and the ornamental value of plants.It is a complicated development process involving complex molecular mechanisms.The‘Cailinghong’variety of Salvia splendens is characterized by its great branching ability with the ability to grow into a spherical form naturally,without pinching.To gain insight into the molecular events during the branching development of S.splendens,suppressive subtractive hybridization(SSH)technology was used to screen differentially expressed genes between the erect plant type(strain 35)and the spherical plant type(‘Cailinghong’).In total,96 and 116 unigenes were annotated.Four and eight unigenes up-regulated in‘Cailinghong’and strain 35,respectively,were associated with plant hormone anabolism and signal transduction,suggesting that they participate in the branching process.One of these genes,phytoene synthase(PSY),is a precursor of the new plant hormone group strigolactones.Using the PSY fragment(192 bp)as a template,the cDNA sequence of PSY in S.splendens was cloned and named SsPSY.A relative expression analysis and transgenic test results indicated that SsPSY plays an important role in lateral branch development in‘Cailinghong’.These results provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying branching in S.splendens.

One new species and two new records in the subgenus Stegana(sensu stricto)(Diptera:Drosophilidae)from China,with DNA barcoding information

One new and two known species of the subgenus Stegana(s.str.)from China are described or redescribed:S.(S.)helvipecta sp.nov.,S.(S.)furta(Linnaeus,1767)and S.(S.)taba Okada,1971.A total of 41 DNA sequences of partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI)gene of 18 species of this subgenus are newly obtained in this study.These sequences along with other available barcoding sequences for this subgenus are incorporated in a molecular analysis using the neighbor-joining(NJ)method in order to assess the efficacy of DNA barcoding for delimiting these species.Habitus and a key to all Chinese Stegana(s.str.)species are provided.

Eleven new species in the genus Amiota(Diptera:Drosophilidae)from Southwest China

Based on morphological and molecular evidences,eleven new species in the genus Amiota(Diptera:Drosophilidae)from Southwest China are described:Amiota gigantomelania sp.nov.,A.medidehiscentia sp.nov.,A.multiprocessa sp.nov.,A.nigripes sp.nov.,A.semiannulata sp.nov.,A.brevifoliacea sp.nov.,A.uncinata sp.nov.,A.bifoliacea sp.nov.,A.geisson sp.nov.,A.nulliseta sp.nov.and A.policladia sp.nov.The Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery(ABGD)method was employed to assess the limits of closely related species.In addition,A.dilatifemorata Cao&Chen,2008 from Sichuan and Yunnan is recognized as a junior synonym of A.atomia Máca&Lin,1993 from Taiwan.

Correlation Analysis and Principal Component Analysis of Eight Agronomic Traits of Autumn Broad Beans (Vicia faba L.)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to give play to the yield-increasing potential of new broad bean varieties. [Methods] The correlation analysis and principal component analysis of eight main agronomic traits of 15 autumn-sown broad bean varieties in 2017-2018 were carried out. [Results] There were extremely complicated correlations between the agronomic traits. Among the various agronomic traits, the number of pods per plant showed a significant negative correlation from the number of seeds per pod(P<0.05), and significant negative correlations with pod length and 100-grain weight(P<0.01). The number of seeds per pod was significantly positively correlated with pod length(P<0.01). The 100-grain weight of broad beans was significantly positively correlated with the pod length(P<0.01), and was significantly negatively correlated with the number of pods per plant(P<0.01). Three principal components were established by principal component analysis, and the contribution rate of the first principal component was the highest, which was 40.18%. The contribution rates of the second principal component and the third principal component to the total variance were 24.08% and 13.55%, respectively. The score equations of the principal components were derived. [Conclusions] This study provides a theoretical reference for the application and promotion of new varieties of autumn broad beans.

The Technical Innovation Mode of the Knowledge Enterprises and the Government Substitute——The Management Innovation of the Chinese Knowledge Enterprises

The Chinese economists believe that the government substitute has the positive external effect on the management of the knowledge enterprises. The mix innovation mode of the government substitute will improve the efficiency of the technical innovation mode of the knowledge enterprises. The knowledge enterprises of the developing country can use the mix innovation mode of the government substitute for reference.

A Foreword from the Editor-in-Chief

Cancer is a devastating disease that suffered so many lives and families throughout of the world,and is becoming an increasing burden to our society.Thanks to the advances in both basic cancer biology and clinical diagnostic/therapeutic treatments,cancer patients’mortality has been significantly decreased in the past decades.Specifically,recent breakthrough in cancer immunology and immunotherapy has shed a bright light for cancer patients to guide them to fight the cancer via harnessing their own immune system,as some patients even with advanced diseases showed long-term remission and durable responses after immunotherapy.Although this new cancer treatment can only benefit a subset of cancer patients,it clearly suggests to us that patient’s immune cells have the capability to fight against cancer.

Lensless opto-electronic neural network with quantum dot nonlinear activation

With the swift advancement of neural networks and their expanding applications in many fields, optical neural networks have gradually become a feasible alternative to electrical neural networks due to their parallelism, high speed, low latency, and power consumption. Nonetheless, optical nonlinearity is hard to realize in free-space optics, which restricts the potential of the architecture.

Sophisticated deep learning with on-chip optical diffractive tensor processing

Ever-growing deep-learning technologies are making revolutionary changes for modern life.However,conventional computing architectures are designed to process sequential and digital programs but are burdened with performing massive parallel and adaptive deep-learning applications.Photonic integrated circuits provide an efficient approach to mitigate bandwidth limitations and the power-wall brought on by its electronic counterparts,showing great potential in ultrafast and energy-free high-performance computation.Here,we propose an optical computing architecture enabled by on-chip diffraction to implement convolutional acceleration,termed“optical convolution unit”(OCU).We demonstrate that any real-valued convolution kernels can be exploited by the OCU with a prominent computational throughput boosting via the concept of structral reparameterization.With the OCU as the fundamental unit,we build an optical convolutional neural network(oCNN)to implement two popular deep learning tasks:classification and regression.For classification,Fashion Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology(Fashion-MNIST)and Canadian Institute for Advanced Research(CIFAR-4)data sets are tested with accuracies of 91.63%and 86.25%,respectively.For regression,we build an optical denoising convolutional neural network to handle Gaussian noise in gray-scale images with noise levelσ=10,15,and 20,resulting in clean images with an average peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)of 31.70,29.39,and 27.72 dB,respectively.The proposed OCU presents remarkable performance of low energy consumption and high information density due to its fully passive nature and compact footprint,providing a parallel while lightweight solution for future compute-in-memory architecture to handle high dimensional tensors in deep learning.

碳酸物种和氯离子对生物磷灰石磷酸钙成核的影响

磷灰石是骨骼和牙齿等生物硬组织的主要无机成分,对脊椎动物至关重要.生物系统的体液中普遍存在碳酸物种和Cl^(-)离子,了解这些阴离子对生物磷灰石成核过程的影响有助于解释生物矿化的控制作用.理论研究表明,Ca-O配位数在CaP成核和CaP与添加剂的界面相互作用中是一个重要描述符.CaP团簇最外层的Ca^(2+)离子能够通过静电作用吸引碳酸物种和Cl^(-)离子,从而促进CaP相的形成.在碳酸物种和Cl^(-)离子存在的情况下,钙磷石(DCPD)可以转化为羟基磷灰石(HA).平衡氧同位素分馏和振动光谱分析结果表明,Cl^(-)离子掺杂的B型HA是最有可能的生物磷灰石.上述结果可以指导阴离子掺杂的具有生物功能的磷灰石材料的合成.

Ka-band broadband filtering packaging antenna based on through-glass vias (TGVs)

This work presents a novel design of Ka-band(33 GHz)filtering packaging antenna(FPA)that features broadband and great filtering response,and is based on glass packaging material and through-glass via(TGV)technologies.Compared to traditional packaging materials(printed circuit board,low temperature co-fired ceramic,Si,etc.),TGVs are more suitable for miniaturization(millimeter-wave three-dimensional(3D)packaging devices)and have superior microwave performance.Glass substrate can realize 3D high-density interconnection through bonding technology,while the coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)matches that of silicon.Furthermore,the stacking of glass substrate enables high-density interconnections and is compatible with micro-electro-mechanical system technology.The proposed antenna radiation patch is composed of a patch antenna and a bandpass filter(BPF)whose reflection coefficients are almost complementary.The BPF unit has three pairs ofλg/4 slots(defect microstrip structure,DMS)and twoλg/2 U-shaped slots(defect ground structure,DGS).The proposed antenna achieves large bandwidth and high radiation efficiency,which may be related to the stacking of glass substrate and TGV feed.In addition,the introduction of four radiation nulls can effectively improve the suppression level in the stopband.To demonstrate the performance of the proposed design,a 33-GHz broadband filtering antenna is optimized,debugged,and measured.The antenna could achieve|S11|<-10 dB in 29.4‒36.4 GHz,and yield an impedance matching bandwidth up to 21.2%,with the stopband suppression level at higher than 16.5 dB.The measurement results of the proposed antenna are a realized gain of~6.5 dBi and radiation efficiency of~89%.

Enhanced ethane/ethylene separation based on metal regulation in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks

The acquisition of polymer-grade(≥99.95%)C_(2)H_(4) poses a challenge due to the presence of ethane(C_(2)H_(6))having similar physical and chemical properties.Consequently,the one-step purification of C_(2)H_(4) becomes a crucial and demanding process.In this study,we synthesized ZIF-78 with a GME configuration using different metal sources(Zn,Co).Both substances have been identified as ethane-selective adsorbents with excellent thermal stability.The Brunauer Emmett Teller(BET)surface area of ZIF-78-Co(748 m^(2)/g)surpasses that of ZIF-78-Zn(585 m^(2)/g),and the former exhibits a higher Q_(st) value for C_(2)H_(6),resulting in enhanced adsorption capacity for C_(2)H_(6)(50.61 cm^(3)/g)and selectivity for C_(2)H_(6)/C_(2)H_(4)(1.71)compared to ZIF-78-Zn(48.97 cm^(3)/g,1.46)at 298 K and 1 bar.Grand Canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC)calculations indicate that C_(2)H_(6) has a stronger interaction with the ZIF-78-Co framework.Breakthrough experiments for the C_(2)H_(6)/C_(2)H_(4)(50:50,V/V)mixture at 298 K and 1 bar demonstrate that ZIF-78-Co achieves separation in approximately 5 min/g,outperforming ZIF-78-Zn.And the separation time for ZIF-78-Co in the C_(2)H_(6)/C_(2)H_(4)(10:90,V/V)mixture is 9 min/g.Furthermore,ZIF-78-Co exhibits excellent structural stability,thermal stability,water stability,and acid-base stability.Therefore,it holds promising prospects for practical industrial separation.Additionally,we hope that our findings inspire further experimentation on alternative metal ethane adsorbents.

Fabrication and Excellent Properties of Polyvinylidene fluoride/Graphene Composite Films as Thermal Interface Materials

The growing concern about thermal conductivityand electromagnetic shielding inelectronic equipment has promoted the development of interfacial film materials.In this work,polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)/graphene composite films with different graphene contents were fabricated by high-energy ball milling,cold isostatic pressing,scraping and coating,successively.High-energy ball milling is beneficial to the dispersion of graphene powder,while cold isostatic pressing can greatly enhance thermal conductivity and mechanical strength by reducing the voids in the film and increasing the contact area of graphene sheets.The thermal conductivity,tensile strength and electromagnetic shielding properties of the films were carefully investigated and compared.It was demonstrated that the thermal conductivity increased from 0.19 Wm-1.K-1 for pure PVDF to 103.9 W-m-1.K-1 for the composite film with PVDF:graphene=1:3.Meanwhile the electromagnetic shielding efficiency can reach 36.55 dB.The prepared PVDF/graphene composite films exhibit outstanding overall performance and have the potential for practical applications.