Impact of high glucose on metastasis of colon cancer cells

AIM:To investigate the possible mechanism of how glucose promotes invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cells.METHODS:CT-26 rat colorectal cancer cells were cultured in different concentrations of glucose environments(10,20,and 30 mmol/L).Wound healing assay and transwell chamber invasion assay were utilized to test the migration and invasion,respectively.In order to understand the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)in the process,STAT3 inhibitors,including Stattic(an STAT3 specific inhibitor)and small interfering RNA targeting STAT3,were used to block STAT3 function to evaluate their impact on CT-26 cell motion.To verify whether STAT3 and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9)protein expression is associated with glucose-induced cell movement,Western blot was used to compare the differences in the expression of MMP-9 and STAT3 in cells incubated with and without STAT3 inhibitors in high glucose condition.RESULTS:In both wound healing and invasion assays,the migration and invasion of CT-26 cells increased gradually with the increase in glucose concentration.However,the glucose-induced migration and invasion were obviously inhibited by STAT3 inhibitors(P<0.05).Similarly,in Western blot assessment,both MMP-9and STAT3 expression increased under a high glucose environment and the highest expression was achieved when 30 mmol/L glucose was used.However,in cells treated with 30 mmol/L mannitol,either MMP-9 or STAT3expression did not increase(P>0.05).When STAT3inhibitors were added in the 30 m M glucose group,not only STAT3 but also MMP-9 expression decreased significantly(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Our study provides evidence that glucose can promote both migration and invasion of CT-26 cells,and that the STAT3-induced MMP-9 signal pathway is involved in this process.

Chinese nomogram to predict probability of positive initia prostate biopsy： a study in Taiwan region

Several nomograms for prostate cancer detection have recently been developed. Because the incidence of prostate cancer is lower in Chinese men, nomograms based on other populations cannot be directly applied to Chinese men. We, therefore, developed a model for predicting the probability of a positive initial prostate biopsy using clinical and laboratory data from a Chinese male population. Data were collected from 893 Chinese male referrals, 697 in the derivation set and 196 in the external validation set, who underwent initial prostate biopsies as individual screening. We analyzed age, prostate volume, total prostate-specific antigen （PSA）, PSA density （PSAD）, digital rectal examinations （DRE） and transrectal ultrasound （TRUS） echogenicity. Logistic regression analysis estimated odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals and Pvalues. Independent predictors of a positive biopsy result included advanced age, small prostate volume, elevated total PSA, abnormal digital rectal examination, and hyperechoic or hypoechoic TRUS echogenicity. We developed a predictive nomogram for an initial positive biopsy using these variables. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for the model was 88.8%, which was greater than that of the prediction based on total PSA alone （area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve 74.7%）. If externally validated, the predictive probability was 0.827 and the accuracy rate was 78.1%, respectively. Incorporating clinical and laboratory data into a prebiopsy nomogram improved the prediction of prostate cancer compared with predictions based solely on the individual factors.

Long-term quality-of-care score for predicting the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease(CVD)is the leading cause of death globally,and diabetes mellitus(DM)is a well-established risk factor.Among the risk factors for CVD,DM is a major modifiable factor.In the fatal CVD outcomes,acute myocardial infarction(AMI)is the most common cause of death.AIM To develop a long-term quality-of-care score for predicting the occurrence of AMI among patients with type 2 DM on the basis of the hypothesis that good quality of care can reduce the risk of AMI in patients with DM.METHODS Using Taiwan’s Longitudinal Cohort of Diabetes Patients Database and the medical charts of a medical center,we identified incident patients diagnosed with type 2 DM from 1999 to 2003 and followed them until 2011.We constructed a summary quality-of-care score(with values ranging from 0 to 8)with process indicators(frequencies of HbA1c and lipid profile testing and urine,foot and retinal examinations),intermediate outcome indicators(low-density lipoprotein,blood pressure and HbA1c),and co-morbidity of hypertension.The associations between the score and the incidence of AMI were evaluated using Cox regression models.RESULTS A total of 7351 patients who had sufficient information to calculate the score were enrolled.In comparison with participants who had scores≤1,those with scores between 2 and 4 had a lower risk of developing AMI[adjusted hazard ratio(AHR)=0.71;95% confidence interval(95%CI):0.55-0.90],and those with scores≥5 had an even lower risk(AHR=0.37;95%CI:0.21-0.66).CONCLUSION Good quality of care can reduce the risk of AMI in patients with type 2 DM.The quality-of-care score developed in this study had a significant association with the risk of AMI and thus can be applied to guiding the care for these patients.

Reduced risk of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using Chinese herbal medicine:A nested case-control study

BACKGROUND Dementia is a prevalent condition in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients.While Chinese herbal medicine(CHM)is often employed as complementary therapy for glycemic control,its effect in controlling likelihood of dementia has not yet been fully elucidated.AIM To compare the risk of dementia between T2DM patients with and without CHM treatment.METHODS We undertook a nested case-control study and obtained data on patients 20-70 years of age who received medical care for T2DM between 2001 and 2010 from the National Health Insurance Research database in Taiwan.Cases,defined as those with dementia that occurred at least one year after the diagnosis of T2DM,were randomly matched to controls without dementia from the study cohort at a 1:1 ratio.We applied conditional logistic regression to explore the associations between CHM treatment and dementia.RESULTS A total of 11699 dementia cases were matched to 11699 non-dementia controls.We found that adding CHM to conventional care was related to a lower risk of dementia[adjusted odds ratio(OR)=0.51],and high-intensity CHM treatment was associated with an adjusted OR of 0.22.CONCLUSION This study shows that the cumulative CHM exposure was inversely associated with dementia risk in an exposureresponse manner,implying that CHM treatment may be embraced as a disease management approach for diabetic patients to prevent dementia.