肝豆补肾汤通过激活ERK信号通路减少Wilson病TX小鼠异常精子生成并促进生精细胞增殖

目的探究肝豆补肾汤(GDBSD)影响Wilson病(WD)模型TX雄性小鼠生殖障碍的机制。方法以15只正常雄性DL小鼠为对照组,将60只纯合雄性TX小鼠随机分为4组(n=15):WD模型组、青霉胺组、GDBSD组和GDBSD+U0126组(U0126为一种特异性MAPK/ERK激酶抑制剂),其中青霉胺组给予0.09 g/kg青霉胺药液灌胃;GDBSD组给予GDBSD药液灌胃,0.2 mL/(10 g·d);GDBSD+U0126组给予同样GDBSD灌胃另外每日下午同一时间腹腔注射U0126(20 mg/kg)。干预4周后检测各组睾丸组织铜含量;利用HE染色法观察小鼠睾丸与附睾的深层次病理结构及精子构造,通过电子显微镜技术探究睾丸中生精细胞与精子的超微结构特点;TUNEL法标记睾丸组织凋亡细胞;免疫印迹检测B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(Bcl-2)、细胞色素C(Cytc)、半胱天冬蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)、细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)和磷酸化激活的细胞外信号调节激酶(p-ERK)蛋白表达;免疫组化标记Brdu阳性细胞;精液质量检测精子密度、活力及畸形率。通过雌鼠的妊娠率和产仔数评估雄性TX小鼠的生育力水平。结果与WD模型组相比,青霉胺组、GDBSD组改善了小鼠的睾丸的组织和细胞病理学变化以及精子密度、活力程度和畸形率和生育力水平,并增加了睾丸JOHNSEN评分(P<0.05);Cytc、Caspase-3蛋白表达水平下调,Bcl-2表达上调(P<0.05),GDBSD+U0126组逆转了GDBSD治疗后Bcl-2表达的上调(P<0.05);ERK1/2信号通路研究结果显示,5组之间ERK1/2总蛋白表达水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,WD模型组p-ERK蛋白表达含量明显减少;与WD模型组相比,青霉胺组、GDBSD组p-ERK蛋白表达含量增加;GDBSD+U0126组p-ERK蛋白表达含量低于GDBSD组(P<0.05);在施用U0126后,生精细胞增殖减少,生精细胞凋亡数量增加(P<0.05)。结论GDBSD可以改善Wilson病模型TX小鼠异常精子发生和生育力下降,其机制可能通过激活ERK信号通路从而改善生精细胞的增殖和凋亡状况。

New roles of tumor-derived exosomes in tumor microenvironment

Throughout tumorigenesis, the co-evolution of tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment leads to the development of malignant phenotypes. Cellular communication within the tumor microenvironment(TME) plays a critical role in influencing various aspects of tumor progression, including invasion and metastasis. The release of exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle, by most cell types in the body, is an essential mediator of intercellular communication. A growing body of research indicates that tumor-derived exosomes(TDEs) significantly expedite tumor progression through multiple mechanisms, inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and macrophage polarization, enhancing angiogenesis, and aiding in the immune evasion of tumor cells. Herein, we describe the formation and characteristics of the TME, and summarize the contents of TDEs and their diverse functions in modulating tumor development. Furthermore, we explore potential applications of TDEs in tumor diagnosis and treatment.

Risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease(CKD)patients have been found to be at risk of concurrent cognitive dysfunction in previous studies,which has now become an important public health issue of widespread concern.AIM To investigate the risk factors for concurrent cognitive dysfunction in patients with CKD.METHODS This is a prospective cohort study conducted among patients with CKD between October 2021 and March 2023.A questionnaire was formulated by literature review and expert consultation and included questions about age,sex,education level,per capita monthly household income,marital status,living condition,payment method,and hypertension.RESULTS Logistic regression analysis showed that patients aged 60-79 years[odds ratio(OR)=1.561,P=0.015]and≥80 years(OR=1.760,P=0.013),participants with middle to high school education(OR=0.820,P=0.027),divorced or widowed individuals(OR=1.37,P=0.032),self-funded patients(OR=2.368,P=0.008),and patients with hypertension(OR=2.011,P=0.041)had a higher risk of cognitive impairment.The risk of cognitive impairment was lower for those with a college degree(OR=0.435,P=0.034)and married individuals.CONCLUSION The risk factors affecting cognitive dysfunction are age,60-79 years and≥80 years;education,primary school education or less;marital status,divorced or widowed;payment method,selffunded;hypertension;and CKD.

FedAdaSS: Federated Learning with Adaptive Parameter Server Selection Based on Elastic Cloud Resources

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence(AI)applications has raised significant concerns about user privacy,prompting the development of privacy-preserving machine learning(ML)paradigms such as federated learning(FL).FL enables the distributed training of ML models,keeping data on local devices and thus addressing the privacy concerns of users.However,challenges arise from the heterogeneous nature of mobile client devices,partial engagement of training,and non-independent identically distributed(non-IID)data distribution,leading to performance degradation and optimization objective bias in FL training.With the development of 5G/6G networks and the integration of cloud computing edge computing resources,globally distributed cloud computing resources can be effectively utilized to optimize the FL process.Through the specific parameters of the server through the selection mechanism,it does not increase the monetary cost and reduces the network latency overhead,but also balances the objectives of communication optimization and low engagement mitigation that cannot be achieved simultaneously in a single-server framework of existing works.In this paper,we propose the FedAdaSS algorithm,an adaptive parameter server selection mechanism designed to optimize the training efficiency in each round of FL training by selecting the most appropriate server as the parameter server.Our approach leverages the flexibility of cloud resource computing power,and allows organizers to strategically select servers for data broadcasting and aggregation,thus improving training performance while maintaining cost efficiency.The FedAdaSS algorithm estimates the utility of client systems and servers and incorporates an adaptive random reshuffling strategy that selects the optimal server in each round of the training process.Theoretical analysis confirms the convergence of FedAdaSS under strong convexity and L-smooth assumptions,and comparative experiments within the FLSim framework demonstrate a reduction in training round-to-accuracy by 12%–20%compared to the Federated Averaging(FedAvg)with random reshuffling method under unique server.Furthermore,FedAdaSS effectively mitigates performance loss caused by low client engagement,reducing the loss indicator by 50%.

流空间视域下城市内部物流联系及其网络结构——以深圳市为例

以深圳市为例,基于“流空间”视域研究城市内部物流网络,将货车GPS数据作为物流“流动数据”,结合社区发现模型,识别城市内部重要物流节点及其空间联系特征,并采用社会网络分析法刻画城市内部物流网络结构。结果表明:深圳市内部物流联系整体偏弱,呈现“西密东疏”的空间联系特征,具有显著极化发展态势,形成物流活动西进西出而物流设施居中分布的错位布局;物流联系“异质相吸”特征明显,不同类型节点的物流活动更趋向于朝特定区域流动;城市内部物流网络依赖于“机场-工业区-港口-物流园”廊道的联系纽带作用,形成以廊道为轴心线向周边扩散的物流廊道网络模式。由此,从重塑物流空间、调整规划编制、培育新增长级等方面提出促进城市内部物流协调高质量发展的建议,支撑打造城市物流发展的“深圳样本”,并助力其融入粤港澳大湾区的世界级物流枢纽建设。

Newly Detected Transmission of bla_(KPC-2) by Outer Membrane Vesicles in Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Objective The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CR-KP)is a global public health problem.It is mainly caused by the plasmid-carried carbapenemase gene.Outer membrane vesicles(OMVs)contain toxins and other factors involved in various biological processes,includingβ-lactamase and antibiotic-resistance genes.This study aimed to reveal the transmission mechanism of OMV-mediated drug resistance of Klebsiella(K.)pneumoniae.Methods We selected CR-KP producing K.pneumoniae carbapenemase-2(KPC-2)to study whether they can transfer resistance genes through OMVs.The OMVs of CR-KP were obtained by ultracentrifugation,and incubated with carbapenem-sensitive K.pneumoniae for 4 h.Finally,the carbapenem-sensitive K.pneumoniae was tested for the presence of bla_(KPC-2)resistance gene and its sensitivity to carbapenem antibiotics.Results The existence of OMVs was observed by the electron microscopy.The extracted OMVs had bla_(KPC-2)resistance gene.After incubation with OMVs,bla_(KPC-2)resistance gene was detected in sensitive K.pneumoniae,and it became resistant to imipenem and meropenem.Conclusion This study demonstrated that OMVs isolated from KPC-2-producing CR-KP could deliver bla_(KPC-2)to sensitive K.pneumoniae,allowing the bacteria to produce carbapenemase,which may provide a novel target for innovative therapies in combination with conventional antibiotics for treating carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

The biosafety level-2 macromolecular crystallography beamline(BL10U2)at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility

BL10U2 is an undulator-based macromolecular crystallography(MX)beamline located at the 3.5-GeV Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.BL10U2 is specifically designed for conducting routine and biosafety level-2(BSL-2)MX experiments utilizing high-flux tunable X-rays with energies from 7 to 18 keV,providing a beam spot size of 20μm(horizontal)×10μm(vertical)at the sample point.Certification by the Shanghai Pudong Municipal Health Commission confirmed the capability to perform BSL-2 MX experiments.The beamline is currently equipped with an Eiger X 16 M detector and two newly developed in-house high-precision diffractometers that can be switched to perform conventional or in situ crystal diffraction experiments.An automatic sample changer developed in-house allows fast sample exchange in less than 30 s,supporting high-throughput MX experimentation and rapid crystal screening.Data collection from both the diffractometer and detector was controlled by an in-house developed data collection software(Finback)with a user-friendly interface for convenient operation.This study presents a comprehensive overview of the facilities,experimental methods,and performance characteristics of the BL10U2 beamline.

BL02U1:the relocated macromolecular crystallography beamline at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility

Macromolecular crystallography beamline BL17U1 at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility has been relocated,upgraded,and given a new ID(BL02U1).It now delivers X-rays in the energy range of 6–16 keV,with a focused beam of 11.6μm×4.8μm and photon flux greater than 1012 phs/s.The high credibility and stability of the beam and good timing synchronization of the equipment significantly improve the experimental efficiency.Since June 2021,when it officially opened to users,over 4200 h of beamtime have been provided to over 200 research groups to collect data at the beamline.Its good performance and stable operation have led to the resolution of several structures based on data collected at the beamline.

Controllable growth of wafer-scale PdS and PdS_(2) nanofilms via chemical vapor deposition combined with an electron beam evaporation technique

Palladium(Pd)-based sulfides have triggered extensive interest due to their unique properties and potential applications in the fields of electronics and optoelectronics.However,the synthesis of large-scale uniform PdS and PdS_(2)nanofilms(NFs)remains an enormous challenge.In this work,2-inch wafer-scale PdS and PdS_(2) NFs with excellent stability can be controllably prepared via chemical vapor deposition combined with electron beam evaporation technique.The thickness of the pre-deposited Pd film and the sulfurization temperature are critical for the precise synthesis of PdS and PdS_(2) NFs.A corresponding growth mechanism has been proposed based on our experimental results and Gibbs free energy calculations.The electrical transport properties of PdS and PdS_(2) NFs were explored by conductive atomic force microscopy.Our findings have achieved the controllable growth of PdS and PdS_(2) NFs,which may provide a pathway to facilitate PdS and PdS_(2) based applications for next-generation high performance optoelectronic devices.

窄带谱成像放大内镜技术对早期食管癌及其癌前病变诊断的临床应用价值

目的探讨窄带谱成像放大内镜(NBI-ME)观察下食道病变上皮乳头内血管袢(IPCL)分型对早期食管癌(EEC)及癌前病变诊断的临床价值。方法回顾该院内镜诊治中心2013年7月-2016年12月发现的食管黏膜表面异常的102例(共132处病变)患者内镜表现和临床病理资料,分析IPCL分型对食道病变性质及浸润深度的预判作用。结果IPCL为A型的病变中95.0%(38/40)病理诊断为食管炎,IPCL为B型的病变中96.7%(89/92)病理诊断为EEC及癌前病变;NBI-ME观察后,术前活检病理与术后完整病理一致性尚可(Kappa=0.485>0.4,P<0.01);B1、B2、B3型IPCL预判食道病变浸润深度的准确率分别为68.0%(34/50)、73.3%(11/15)及100.0%(4/4)。结论NBI-ME观察下对食道病变的IPCL进行AB分型,有助于对食管病变性质及浸润深度的预判,同时结合病理结果及超声内镜(EUS)等技术,可实现对病变病情的综合评估,从而可以为患者制定最佳的治疗策略。

An in situ ATR-FTIR study of mixed collectors BHA/DDA adsorption in ilmenite-titanaugite flotation system

This paper researched the enhanced flotation separation performance of ilmenite and titanaugite using the mixed collector benzhydroxamic acid/dodecylamine(BHA/DDA).The interface assembly mechanism was mainly investigated through in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared(ATRFTIR)spectroscopy combined with the two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy(2D-COS)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).It has been found that BHA/DDA mixed collectors successfully separate ilmenite from titanaugite at a molar ratio of 8:1.Zeta potential experiments suggested that,in the presence of mixed collector system,the BHA-DDA complex adsorbed on the ilmenite surface via the chemically adsorbed BHA and the electrostatically adsorbed DDA,however,the complex adsorbed on the surface of titanaugite unstably.According to in situ ATR-FTIR combined with 2D-COS and XPS results,the interface assembly mechanism of BHA/DDA is summarized as:the function group of BHA molecules first binds to the metal sites on minerals to form bidentate ligand,then DDA co-adsorbed with BHA on the surface of minerals through hydrogen bonding.DDA may change the adsorption modes of some BHA on the ilmenite surface from four-membered ring to five-membered ring,while the modes on the titanaugite surface is true opposite.Finally,recommended adsorption configurations of the BHA/DDA complex on the two mineral surfaces are proposed.

Upgrade of macromolecular crystallography beamline BL17U1at SSRF

Beamline BL17 U1 at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility is an energy-tunable macromolecular crystallography beamline that has been in user operation since 2009. Growing demand from the user community for a small beam and related experimental methods have motivated upgrades of the devices in the endstation.Minibeam modes have already been developed for operation. A self-integrated diffractometer reduces the sphere of confusion of the rotatory axis to 1μm. The new diffractometer is equipped with an upgraded on-axis viewing system that can improve the resolving power. Additionally,the area detector was also upgraded to the newest generation of detectors, the EIGER X 16 M, which can collect data at 133 Hz. After these upgrades, the endstation became virtually new. This paper covers the upgrade of the endstation devices and gives the first data collection results.

Thermodynamic modeling and phase diagram prediction of salt lake brine systems.Ⅰ. Aqueous Mg^2+–Ca^2+–Cl^- binary and ternary systems

Salt lake brine is a complex salt-water system under natural environment.Although many models can express the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibrium of electrolyte aqueous solution,the multi-temperature characteristics and predictability are still the goals of model development.In this study,a comprehensive thermodynamic model system is re-established based on the eNRTL model and some improvements:(1) new expression of long-range electrostatic term with symmetrical reference state is proposed to handle the electrolyte solution covering entire concentration range;(2) the temperature dependence of the binary interaction parameters is formulated with a Gibbs Helmholtz expression containing three temperature coefficients,the liquid parameters,which associated with Gibbs energy,enthalpy,and heat capacity contribution;and(3) liquid parameters and solid species data are regressed from properties and solubility data at full temperature range.Together the activity coefficient model,property models and parameters of liquid and solid offer a comprehensive thermodynamic model system for the typical bittern of MgCl2-CaCl2-H2 O binary and ternary systems,and it shows excellent agreement with the literature data for the ternary and binary systems.The successful prediction of complete phase diagram of ternary system shows that the model has the ability to deal with high concentration and high non-idealitv system,and the ability to extrapolate the temperature.

A Chaos Sparrow Search Algorithm with Logarithmic Spiral and Adaptive Step for Engineering Problems

The sparrow search algorithm(SSA)is a newly proposed meta-heuristic optimization algorithm based on the sparrowforaging principle.Similar to other meta-heuristic algorithms,SSA has problems such as slowconvergence speed and difficulty in jumping out of the local optimum.In order to overcome these shortcomings,a chaotic sparrow search algorithm based on logarithmic spiral strategy and adaptive step strategy(CLSSA)is proposed in this paper.Firstly,in order to balance the exploration and exploitation ability of the algorithm,chaotic mapping is introduced to adjust the main parameters of SSA.Secondly,in order to improve the diversity of the population and enhance the search of the surrounding space,the logarithmic spiral strategy is introduced to improve the sparrow search mechanism.Finally,the adaptive step strategy is introduced to better control the process of algorithm exploitation and exploration.The best chaotic map is determined by different test functions,and the CLSSA with the best chaotic map is applied to solve 23 benchmark functions and 3 classical engineering problems.The simulation results show that the iterative map is the best chaotic map,and CLSSA is efficient and useful for engineering problems,which is better than all comparison algorithms.

Adsorption of octanohydroxamic acid at fluorite surface in presence of calcite species

The surface properties of fluorite are often affected by dissolved gangue species(e.g.,calcite)during the flotation process.Microflotation testing with and without the addition of calcite supernatant was conducted using octanohydroxamic acid(OHA)as the collector.The results revealed that dissolved calcite species significantly affected the flotation behavior of fluorite.Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed that the decrease in flotation recovery was linked to lower OHA adsorption.Solution chemistry analysis indicated that CaCO_(3) and Ca^(2+)from the calcite supernatant were the most favorably adsorbed species,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the surface adsorption of calcite species.Density functional theory simulations provided a detailed analysis of the multidentate adsorption configuration of OHA,which was the most favorable for adsorption on the fluorite surface.The adsorption energy calculation showed that the calcite dissolved species were more stably adsorbed on the fluorite surface than OHA.The pre-adsorption of calcite dissolved species hindered the adsorption of OHA due to electrostatic repulsion.

Thermodynamic modeling and phase diagram prediction of salt lake brine systemsⅡ.Aqueous Li^(+)-Na^(+)-K^(+)-SO_(4)^(2-) and its subsystems

It is still a challenging task to accurately and temperature-continuously express the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibrium behaviors of the salt-lake brine with multi-component,multitemperature and high concentration.The essential subsystem of sulfate type brine,aqueous Li^(+)-Na^(+)-K^(+)-SO_(4)^(2-) and its subsystems across a temperature range from 250 K to 643 K are investigated with the improved comprehensive thermodynamic model.Liquid parameters(Δg_(IJ),Δh_(IJ),and ΔC_(p,IJ))associated with the contributions of Gibbs energy,enthalpy,and heat capacity to the binary interaction parameters,i.e.the temperature coefficients of eNRTL parameters formulated with a Gibbs Helmholtz expression,are determined via multi-objective optimization method.The solid constantsΔ_(f)G_(k)°^((298.15))andΔ_(f)H_(k)°^((298.15))of11 solid species occurred in the quaternary system are rebuilt from multi-temperature solubilities.The modeling results show the accurate representation of(1)solution properties and binary phase diagram at temperature ranges from eutectic points to 643 K;(2)isothermal phase diagrams for Li_(2)SO_(4)-Na_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O,Li_(2)SO_(4)-K_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O and Na_(2)SO_(4)-K_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O ternary systems.The predicted results of complete structure and polythermal phase diagram of ternary systems and the isothermal phase diagrams of quaternary system excellently match with the experimental data.

Expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase is an independent prognostic marker in gastric cancer

AIM:To investigate the expression and prognostic role of pyruvate dehydrogenase(PDH) in gastric cancer(GC).METHODS:This study included 265 patients(194 male,71 female,mean age 59 years(range,29-81 years) with GC who underwent curative surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from January 2006 to May 2007.All patients were followed up for more than 5 years.Patient-derived paraffin embedded GC specimens were collected for tissue microarrays(TMAs).We examined PDH expression by immunohistochemistry in TMAs containing tumor tissue and matched nonneoplastic mucosa.Immunoreactivity was evaluated independently by two researchers.Overall survival(OS) rates were determined using the Kaplan-Meier estimator.Correlations with other clinicopathologic factors were evaluated by two-tailed χ2 tests or a two-tailed t-test.The Cox proportional-hazard model was used in univariate analysis and multivariate analysis to identify factors significantly correlated with prognosis.RESULTS:Immunohistochemistry showed that 35.47% of total cancer tissue specimens had cytoplasmic PDH staining.PDH expression was much higher in normal mucosa specimens(75.09%;P = 0.001).PDH expression was correlated with Lauren grade(70.77% in intestinal type vs 40.0% in diffuse type;P = 0.001),lymph node metastasis(65.43% with no metastasis vs 51.09% with metastasis;P = 0.033),lymphatic invasion(61.62% with no invasion vs 38.81% with invasion;P = 0.002),histologic subtypes(70.77% in intestinal type vs 40.0% in diffuse type;P = 0.001) and tumor-node-metastasis(TNM) stage(39% in poorly differentiated vs 65.91% in well differentiated and 67.11% in moderately differentiated;P = 0.001) in GC.PDH expression in cancer tissue was significantly associated with higher OS(P < 0.001).The multivariate analysis adjusted for age,Lauren classification,TNM stage,lymph node metastasis,histological type,tumor size,depth of invasion and lymphatic invasion showed that the PDH expression in GC was an independent prognostic factor for higher OS(HR = 0.608,95%CI:0.504-0.734,P < 0.001).CONCLUSION:Our study indicated that PDH expression is an independent prognostic factor in GC patients and that positive expression of PDH may be predictive of favorable outcomes.

LncRNA GACAT2 binds with protein PKM1/2 to regulate cell mitochondrial function and cementogenesis in an inflammatory environment

Periodontal ligament stem cells(PDLSCs) are a key cell type for restoring/regenerating lost/damaged periodontal tissues, including alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and root cementum, the latter of which is important for regaining tooth function. However,PDLSCs residing in an inflammatory environment generally exhibit compromised functions, as demonstrated by an impaired ability to differentiate into cementoblasts, which are responsible for regrowing the cementum. This study investigated the role of mitochondrial function and downstream long noncoding RNAs(lnc RNAs) in regulating inflammation-induced changes in the cementogenesis of PDLSCs. We found that the inflammatory cytokine-induced impairment of the cementogenesis of PDLSCs was closely correlated with their mitochondrial function, and lnc RNA microarray analysis and gain/loss-of-function studies identified GACAT2 as a regulator of the cellular events involved in inflammation-mediated mitochondrial function and cementogenesis.Subsequently, a comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins by mass spectrometry(Ch IRP-MS) and parallel reaction monitoring(PRM) assays revealed that GACAT2 could directly bind to pyruvate kinase M1/2(PKM1/2), a protein correlated with mitochondrial function. Further functional studies demonstrated that GACAT2 overexpression increased the cellular protein expression of PKM1/2, the PKM2 tetramer and phosphorylated PKM2, which led to enhanced pyruvate kinase(PK) activity and increased translocation of PKM2 into mitochondria. We then found that GACAT2 overexpression could reverse the damage to mitochondrial function and cementoblastic differentiation of PDLSCs induced by inflammation and that this effect could be abolished by PKM1/2 knockdown. Our data indicated that by binding to PKM1/2 proteins, the lnc RNA GACAT2 plays a critical role in regulating mitochondrial function and cementogenesis in an inflammatory environment.

Integrated system of comprehensive utilizing the concentrated brine of Yuncheng salt-lake basing on salt-forming diagram

The comprehensive utilization and environment-friendliness of processes for recovering fresh water or valuable salt from seawater, salt-lakes, or mineral deposits are of utmost importance for sustainable development.One primitive sustainable process for recovering salt from sodium-sulfate-type brine in Yuncheng salt lake had been considered one of the greatest inventions of ancient China, however, the replaced process of mass extraction of single Na_2SO_4 in recent years, has reduced a large amount of residual brine.In this research, relying on the salt-forming diagram in the non-equilibrium state, the technical secrets of ancient salt processes were uncovered, and a new comprehensive utilization system was proposed and tested experimentally.The new system includes a vacuum salt-making process and a normal pressure kieserite process, which can gradually eliminate the existed waste liquid and aid in the sustainable development of the Yuncheng salt-lake.The continuous experiment of salt-making process running stably in the double salt region without double salt formation, which proves the feasibility of salt-forming diagram applied in industrial process.Thus salt-forming diagram would be extremely valuable to industry process design and control, especially, the treatment of concentrated brine.

The Relation between Age Structure of Population and Resident Consumption Based on Endogenous Growth Theory

Within the framework of endogenous growth theory,the dynamic relation between age structure of population and resident consumption was studied,and explicit relation between resident consumption and dependency coefficient was obtained through Hamiltonian function method. Then,an empirical study was carried out based on panel data of 31 provinces of China in 2000-2013. The study gave following results: there is negative correlation between child dependency coefficient and resident consumption and there is positive correlation between elderly dependency coefficient and resident consumption; urbanization level weakens the negative effect of child dependency coefficient on resident consumption but it increases the positive effect of elderly dependency coefficient on resident consumption; social expenditure weakens the negative effect of child dependency coefficient on resident consumption,but it intensifies positive effect of elderly dependency coefficient on resident consumption. These results indicate that current population structure of China is favorable for growth of resident consumption demand,but in such aging population structure,economic development may lose demographic dividends.