Effects of Xenia on Fruit and Seed in <i>Vernicia fordii</i>

Tung tree, Vernicia fordii, is a plant species producing industrial oil (tung oil). Although the cultivation of the tung tree produces great economic value, some important genetic and physiological traits in V. fordii have not been fully recognized. As one of them, the effect of pollen on the maternal plant (xenia) is unknown in V. fordii, which is an important part of the efficient cultivation system of many crops. This study performed hybridization with three important tung cultivars (Dami, Xiaomi and Putao) to evaluate the influence of pollen source on fruit and seed development. The results revealed that xenia is present in V. fordii, which influences fruit setting, fruit size, seed weight and oil content. Among the cultivars investigated, the hybridization combination with Putao as a female parent and Dami as male parent showed significant improvement of seed yield and oil content than self-pollination, which could be considered to apply in practice.

Meta-analysis of cognitive function in Chinese first-episode schizophrenia: MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) profile of impairment

Background Compromised neurocognition is a core feature of schizophrenia. With increasing studies researching cognitive function of Chinese patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) using MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), it is not clear about the level and pattern of cognitive impairment among this population. Aim To provide a meta-analysis systematically analysing studies of neurocognitive function using MCCB in Chinese patients with FES. Methods An independent literature search of both Chinese and English databases up to 13 March 2019 was conducted by two reviewers. Standardised mean difference (SMD) was calculated using the random effects model to evaluate the effect size. Results 56 studies (FES=3167, healthy controls (HC)=3017) were included and analysed. No study was rated as 'high quality' according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. Compared with HCs, Chinese patients with FES showed impairment with large effect size in overall cognition (SMD=-1.60,95% Cl -1.82 to -1.38,厂=67%) and all seven cognitive domains, with the SMD ranging from -0.87 to -1.41. In nine MCCB subtests, patients with FES showed significant difference in Symbol Coding (SMD=-1.90), Trail Making Test (TMT)(SMD=-1.36), Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (SMD=-1.33), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (SMD=-1.24), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test (SMD=-1.18), Mazes (SMD=-1.16), Category Fluency (SMD=-1.01), Spatial Span (SMD=-0.69) and Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (SMD=-0.38). Conclusions Our meta-analysis demonstrates that Chinese patients with FES show neurocognitive deficits across all seven MCCB cognitive domains and all nine subtests, particularly in two neurocognitive domains: speed of processing and attention/vigilance, with the least impairment shown in social cognition. Symbol Coding and TMT may be the most sensitive tests to detect cognitive deficit in Chinese patients with FES.

Prevalence and dynamic features of psychological issues among Chinese healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic:a systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has placed tremendous pressure on healthcare workers who are at the frontline in the battle against it,causing various forms of psychological distress.Aims To outline the prevalence and dynamic changing features of medical workers’psychological issues and to review the related national policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in China.Methods We systematically searched for studies on the psychological states of Chinese medical staff from 1 January 2020 to 8 May 2020.The aggregate prevalence of each psychological issue was calculated and plotted to observe the changes over time.Policies on psychological support for medical staff during the pandemic were reviewed to explore their link to the prevalence of psychological problems.Results In total,26 studies were included in this study.A total of 22062 medical workers were surveyed from 31 January to 27 February 2020.Medical staff exhibited a substantial prevalence of anxiety symptoms,depression symptoms,stress-related symptoms and sleep problems during the survey period,with aggregate prevalence rates of 27.0%,26.2%,42.1%and 34.5%,respectively.Cumulative meta-analyses revealed that the prevalence of psychological distress peaked at the beginning of the pandemic and subsequently exhibited a slow downward trend.Conclusion Chinese medical staff displayed significant psychological disturbance during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic,which was especially severe at the early stage.Implementing supportive policies may help alleviate ongoing psychological problems in healthcare workers.

A self-guidance biological hybrid drug delivery system driven by anaerobes to inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of colon cancer

Colorectal cancer is often accompanied by multiple organ metastasis.Anaerobic Bifidobacterium Infantis(BI)bacterial can selectively grow in hypoxic colorectal tumor microenvironment(TME),to own the natural advantage of preferentially colorectal tumor targeting.Herein,a self-guidance biological hybrid drug delivery system(BI-ES-Fe Alg/DOX)based on BI was constructed to inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of colon cancer.Results demonstrated that BI-ES-Fe Alg/DOX could overcome physical barriers to target and accumulate in colon tumor tissues.Then DOX was released to kill tumor cells along with the phase transition(solid to liquid)of Fe Alg hydrogel,due to Fe3+was reduced to Fe^(2+)by intracellular GSH.Meanwhile,BI-ES selectively colonized into tumors and expressed endostatin(ES)protein to down-regulate VEGF and b FGF expression,exerting anti-angiogenic effect.Moreover,Fe Alg catalyzed H_(2)O_(2)in the local tumor to generate cytotoxic·OH,further enhancing the antitumor effect.The pharmacodynamic result in AOM/DSS model proved that BI-ES-Fe Alg/DOX had the best therapeutic effect,with the final V/V0of 2.19±0.57,which was significantly lower than the other groups.Meanwhile,on CT-26tumor-bearing model,it also showed an outstanding anti-tumor effect with inhibition rate of 82.12%±3.08%.In addition,lung metastases decreased significantly in tumor metastasis model after BI-ES-Fe Alg/DOX treatment.

Effects of Different Preservation Methods on Vitamin C and Nitrate Content in Vegetables

This paper studied and compared the effects of three preservation methods( normal temperature 20℃,fresh-keeping box cold storage 4℃,and fresh-keeping box + fresh-keeping film cold storage 4℃) on six kinds of vegetables. The results showed that the content of vitamin C in the six vegetables was higher in cold storage than in normal temperature storage; the nitrate content was lower in cold storage than in normal temperature storage. In both the normal temperature storage and cold storage,the vitamin C in vegetables declined with the increase of the storage time,while the nitrate content increased with the increase of the storage time. Thus,cold storage has better fresh-keeping effect for vegetables. In cold storage conditions,the vitamin C content was higher in vegetables packaged by fresh-keeping box,and the nitrate content was lower,followed by the fresh-keeping film + fresh-keeping box cold storage. In conclusion,the best preservation method for vegetable is fresh-keeping box cold storage.

The difficulties of early detection for infectious disease outbreak in China:A qualitative investigation

Objective： To make intensified analysis upon the existing difficulties in early detection for the infectious diseases outbreak in China and put forward some effective measures to improve it. Methods： Field investigation and in-depth interview were applied in 23 interviewees from different-level CDC. Results：The study findings suggest that although the timeliness of outbreak detection has been improved since SARS epidemic in China, some problems still exist, such as： ① lacking syndrome surveillance; ② report quality of infectious disease should be improved; ③ difficulties of identifying the cases at lower social economic status; ④a definite financial compensation mechanism for the operation of web-based report system is absent; ⑤insufficient information exchange among different branches. Conclusion：Some effective measures must be taken including developing syndrome surveillance system; affording more education and txaining for related staff; increasing payout on surveillance and establishing an information exchange platform for early detection of disease outbreak.

人参抗血液和心血管系统衰老作用研究新进展

人参皂苷(Ginsenosides, GS)是人参的主要的抗衰老成分,衰老是体内外多因素共同作用于机体后的综合表现,GS在抗血液和心血管系统衰老中起到重要作用。Rg1可激活端粒酶并抑制端粒长度缩短而延缓造血干细胞衰老;GS明显降低血管平滑肌细胞(Vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs)增殖力并增加PPAR-γ表达,减少自由基产生,增加NO释放,对心血管系统起保护作用;人参提取物可减少负性细胞因子表达,延缓血管老化;人参三七川芎提取物通过下调NAD(P)H氧化酶p47phox表达而使ROS产生减少,延缓血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的内皮细胞衰老;人参皂甙Rbl和人参皂甙Re均可减少缺血再灌注(Ischemia reperfusion, IR)心肌细胞的凋亡;人参皂甙Rb1可能具有抑制缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡的作用,从而减轻心肌IR损伤;实验表明人参皂甙Rb1对老龄大鼠心肌收缩有抑制作用。本文综述了近期有关于GS抗血液及心血管系统衰老作用及其机制的研究进展,将为其临床防治血液及心血管系统衰老相关疾病提供理论依据。

Green Control Measures of Weeds in Wheat Fields in Hetao Irrigation Area along the Yellow River

This study was conducted to solve the problem of green weed control in wheat fields in Hetao irrigation area among the Yellow River.Based on the observation of the competition between wheat and weeds in areas where weeds occurred seriously in wheat fields in Hetao irrigation area among the Yellow River,we measured the effects of green weed control measures and wheat yield using different wheat varieties,planting densities,different organic fertilizers,different ploughing times,and different mulching methods.The results showed that the emergence of weeds in wheat fields dominated by Chenopodiaceae weeds,grain amaranth and barnyard grass was more than 10 d later than wheat.Weeds were mainly distributed between rows(holes),and the number of plants accounted for 66.6%(drill seeding)and 97.6%(hole seeding),respectively.And the growth of weeds in rows(holes)was weaker,and the fresh weight of individual plants was 39.3%-41.9%lower than that between rows(holes).The ecological weed inhibitory effect was significant in the early stage of wheat growth;and among the green weed control measures,except that different varieties and planting densities caused no significant difference in weed control effect,other measures had obvious weed control effects.Comprehensive comparison showed that the control effects of plant number in black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding,increasing ploughing times,and applying organic fertilizer free of weed seed pollution were 82.3%,71.7%,22.0%,and 8.6%,respectively;the fresh weight control effects of black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding,increasing ploughing times,and applying organic fertilizer free of weed seed pollution were 98.0%,97.1%,23.9%,and 9.6%,respectively;and the fresh weight control effects of black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding and increasing ploughing times increased wheat yield by 69.4%,56.4%and 21.1%,respectively.The technologies in this study can realize the purposes of mechanized green weed control in organic wheat production and low-cost,high-yield,large-scale production.

Optimization of Extraction Process and Anti-ultraviolet Activity of Polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris

Extraction process of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide(PS)was optimized with single factor experiment and orthogonal test.Then,the anti-UVB ability of the polysaccharide was investigated to develop anti-UV sun-screening agent through determining the cell viability after UVB irradiation.The results showed that the optimum were solid-liquid ratio at 1∶40(g/ml)at 80℃ for 4 h,and the extract ratio was 27.4%according to the verification test.The PS showed no cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells and pretreatment with the PS significantly decreased UVB-induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent relationship.It suggests that the PS has strong anti-UVB irradiation ability and has a good application prospect in developing sunscreen agent.

“Research and Practice of Students”Academic Achievement Evaluation Based on “Web Design” Course

In view of the drawbacks of students’academic achievement evaluation in the traditional“Web Design”course,this paper applies the theory of diversity and development to the evaluation of students’academic achievement in the course of“Web Design”,improving the traditional way in the evaluation concept,subject,mode and content,and initially constructing the evaluation scheme for students’academic achievement of“Web Design”course,which improves students’interest in learning and promotes students’development and professional development.

In situ autophagy regulation in synergy with phototherapy for breast cancer treatment

Autophagy is an important factor in reducing the efficacy of tumor phototherapy(including PTT and PDT).Accurate regulation of autophagy in tumor cells is a new strategy to improve the anti-tumor efficiency of PTT/PDT.This project intended to construct a tumor-activated autophagy regulator to efficiently block PTT/PDT-induced autophagy and realize synergistic sensitization to tumor phototherapy.To achieve this goal,we first synthesized TRANSFERRIN(Tf)biomimetic mineralized nano-tellurium(Tf-Te)as photosensitizer and then used disulfide bond reconstruction technology to induce Tf-Te self-assembly.The autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine(HCQ)and iron ions carried by Tf were simultaneously loaded to prepare a tumor-responsive drug reservoir Tf-Te/HCQ.After entering breast cancer cells through the“self-guidance system”,Tf-Te/HCQ can generate hyperpyrexia and ROS under NIR laser irradiation,to efficiently induce PTT/PDT effect.Meanwhile,the disulfide bond broke down in response to GSH,and the nanoparticles disintegrated to release Fe2+and HCQ at fixed points.They simultaneously induce lysosomal alkalinization and increased osmotic pressure,effectively inhibit autophagy,and synergistically enhance the therapeutic effect of phototherapy.In vivo anti-tumor results have proved that the tumor inhibition rate of Tf-Te/HCQ can be as high as 88.6%on 4T1 tumor-bearing mice.This multifunctional drug delivery system might provide a new alternative for more precise and effective tumor phototherapy.

Laser-assisted synthesis of PtPd alloy for efficient ethanol oxidation

The inefficiency of ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR)presents a significant obstacle in harnessing renewable biofuels with high energy density into electricity.Despite efforts,most Pt-based catalysts still suffer from drawbacks such as poor activity and susceptibility to CO poisoning,particularly in acidic conditions.Herein,we employed a physical laser-assisted approach to synthetize a PtPd alloy with a 1:1 atomic ratio.This alloy demonstrates remarkable performance in acidic EOR,boasting a high mass activity of 1.86 A·mgPt^(−1)and competitive resistance to poisoning.Combining in situ synchrotron radiation infrared spectroscopy with theoretical calculations,we reveal that the synergic interaction between Pt and Pd enhances both the adsorption of OH*intermediate and the dehydrogenation ability of ethanol.This work will prove the feasibility of synthesizing bimetallic alloys by a physical laser-assisted strategy and promote the development of advanced alloy electrocatalysts.

Oral nano-formulation improves pancreatic islets dysfunction via lymphatic transport for antidiabetic treatment

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)therapy is facing the challenges of long-term medication and gradual destruction of pancreatic isletβ-cells.Therefore,it is timely to develop oral prolonged action formulations to improve compliance,while restoringβ-cells survival and function.Herein,we designed a simple nanoparticle with enhanced oral absorption and pancreas accumulation property,which combined apical sodiumdependent bile acid transporter-mediated intestinal uptake and lymphatic transportation.In this system,taurocholic acid(TCA)modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA)was employed to achieve pancreas location,hydroxychloroquine(HCQ)was loaded to execute therapeutic efficacy,and 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(DLPC)was introduced as stabilizer together with synergist(PLGA-TCA/DLPC/HCQ).In vitro and in vivo results have proven that PLGA-TCA/DLPC/HCQ reversed the pancreatic islets damage and dysfunction,thus impeding hyperglycemia progression and restoring systemic glucose homeostasis via only once administration every day.In terms of mechanism PLGA-TCA/DLPC/HCQ ameliorated oxidative stress,remodeled the inflammatory pancreas microenvironment,and activated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway without obvious toxicity.This strategy not only provides an oral delivery platform for increasing absorption and pancreas targetability but also opens a new avenue for thorough T2DM treatment.

The“two-pronged”nanosystem to precisely improve lipid metabolism and inflammatory microenvironment for atherosclerotic plaque stabilization

The rupture of atherosclerosis(AS)vulnerable plaque is the major cause of fatal arterial thrombosis related diseases.The lipid dysbolism and pro-inflammatory microenvironment are considered two main driving factors for plaque rupture.Herein,a“two-pronged”nanosystem LCS-Se/Res was designed to efficiently stabilize AS plaques,by precisely regulating lipid metabolism and inflammatory microenvironment.LCS-Se/Res was constructed with the core of resveratrol(Res)loaded selenium(Se)nanoparticles(NPs),and the shell(LCS)of targeting peptide(LSIPPKA)modified chitosan(CS).This system was stable in blood circulation.When it arrived at the plaque site,LCS-Se/Res could actively recognize the highly expressed lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1(LOX-1)receptor and accumulate there.Thereafter,Res was released from LCS-Se nanocarriers in situ by responding to acidic plaque microenvironment.On the one hand,Res increased autophagy flux in damaged endothelial cells by activating cAMP-PKA-AMPK-SIRT1 signaling pathway to promote lipid degradation.Interestingly,LCS-Se also promoted cholesterol efflux to improve lipid metabolism.On the other hand,fixed-point separated Res and LCS-Se synergistically improved plaque inflammatory microenvironment by reversing macrophage phenotype(M1 to M2)and alleviating plaque oxidative stress.Pharmacodynamics result proved that the plaque vulnerability index(VI)decreased from 1.39±0.282 to 0.108±0.02 after LCS-Se/Res treatment.In short,this study provided a new therapeutic strategy for the atherosclerosis through the two-pronged approach.

轻量级Web3D地铁火灾逃生在线规划关键技术

基于移动互联网浏览器实现地铁站逃生模拟训练是一种高效率的火灾逃生训练方式.然而,由于地铁站规模庞大且火灾情景复杂,在线逃生路径规划仿真平台模型因数据规模大,其在基于有限网络带宽传输以及渲染能力较弱的浏览器上运行时,速度将非常缓慢甚至无法运行.为解决此问题,本文针对轻量级Web3D地铁火灾逃生路径在线规划平台实时在线关键技术进行了研究.首先,针对大规模地铁站BIM静态场景数据,通过语义和体素化成分检验的轻量化方法对其进行了轻量化处理.同时,针对大规模虚拟化身的在线渲染,基于数据拆分并灵活组合思想,通过对虚拟化身的几何体信息和虚拟化身的动画数据进行数据管理,实现了大规模虚拟化身在线渲染的轻量化处理,进而实现了轻量级人群可视化;其次,针对动态烟气数据,提出了基于烟气冗余消除和归一化的轻量化处理方法,并基于精灵纹理粒子系统构建了轻量级烟气场景,实现了轻量级烟气可视化;最后,基于上述一系列轻量化处理的Web3D地铁场景中的逃生路径规划问题研究,本文提出了基于虚拟足迹聚类的蚁群优化算法eAACO (evacuation based on adaptive ant colony optimization),该算法通过VR设备获取真实人群逃生路径,实现对路径数据筛选和聚类以形成骨干路径,并与蚁群算法(ACO,ant colony optimization)相结合,设计了逃生路径规划的最优方案.实验表明,上述关键技术的实现较好解决了大规模地铁站火灾逃生路径规划Web3D模拟平台的实时在线处理问题.

Potential and policy issues for sustainable development of wind power in China

This paper presents a macroscopic view on the prevailing policy and potential issues in respect of the sustainable wind power development in China.It starts by analyzing the characteristics of wind power resources and pin-pointing the relationship between the regulatory policies and various economic,taxation,legal and grid integration attributes relating to the wind power development.Then it follows by analyzing the status quo and capabilities of the wind power manufacturing industry in China including its operational efficiency and grid integration standards.The economic and environmental benefits are estimated by relating to the associated costing analysis in respect of the major contributing factors such as manufacturing,operational and financial factors.Results of the associated benefits analysis indicate that the use of the wind power generation helps to save a significant equivalent amount of standard coal consumption resulting to reduction of emission effectively.Finally,the potential of wind power development in China is shown to be affirmative and the sustainable energy policy is effectively implemented in China.

In situ triggering antitumor efficacy of alcoholabuse drug disulfiram through Cu-based metalorganic framework nanoparticles

Although approved as an alcohol-abuse drug,disulfiram(DSF)exhibited potential anticancer activity when chelated with copper(Cu).However,the low level of intrinsic Cu,toxicity originated from exogenous Cu supplementation,and poor stability of DSF in vivo severely limited its application in cancer treatment.Herein,we proposed an in situ DSF antitumor efficacy triggered system,taking advantages of Cu-based metal-organic framework(MOF).In detail,DSF was encapsulated into Cu-MOF nanoparticles(NPs)during its formation,and the obtained NPs were coated with hyaluronic acid to enhance the tumor targetability and biocompatibility.Notably,DSF loaded Cu-MOF NPs maintained stability and integrity without Cu;leakage in blood circulation,thus showing excellent biosafety.Once accumulating at tumor site,NPs were internalized into tumor cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and released DSF and Cu;simultaneously in the hyaluronidase-enriched and acidic intracellular tumor microenvironment.This profile lead to in situ chelation reaction between DSF and Cu;,generating toxic DSF/Cu complex against tumor cells.Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated the programmed degradation and recombination property of Cu-based MOF NPs,which facilitated the tumor-specific chemotherapeutic effects of DSF.This system provided a promising strategy for the application of DSF in tumor therapy.

Overexpression of Rice Sphingosine-1-Phoshpate Lyase Gene OsSPL1 in Transgenic Tobacco Reduces Salt and Oxidative Stress Tolerance

Sphingolipids, including sphingosine-l-phosphate （SIP）, have been shown to function as signaling mediators to regulate diverse aspects of plant growth, development, and stress response. In this study, we performed functional analysis of a rice （Oryza sativa） SlP lyase gene OsSPL1 in transgenic tobacco plants and explored its possible involvement in abiotic stress response. Overexpression of OsSPL1 in transgenic tobacco resulted in enhanced sensitivity to exogenous abscisic acid （ABA）, and decreased tolerance to salt and oxidative stress, when compared with the wild type. Furthermore, the expression levels of some selected stress-related genes in OsSPLl-overexpressing plants were reduced after application of salt or oxidative stress, indicating that the altered responsiveness of stress-related genes may be responsible for the reduced tolerance in OsSPLl.overexpressing tobacco plants under salt and oxidative stress. Our results suggest that rice OsSPL1 plays an important role in abiotic stress responses.

疼痛相关高频振荡信号:进展与展望

慢性疼痛不仅丧失了急性疼痛所具有的警示作用,还严重危害患者的身心健康,大幅增加家庭和社会的医疗成本.慢性疼痛的有效治疗依赖于对疼痛的准确评估.然而,临床诊断中仍缺乏疼痛的客观评估方法,大大增加了疼痛管理和镇痛效果评估的难度.最近一系列电生理研究发现,疼痛诱发的γ频带高频振荡信号和疼痛有密切关联,能在一定程度上表征疼痛强度,具体表现为:(1)在短时疼痛情境下,初级躯体感觉皮层γ振荡可特异性地编码疼痛的主观强度和疼痛敏感性的个体差异,并能反映心理因素对疼痛的调节作用.(2)在长时疼痛情境下,前额叶γ振荡与主观疼痛评分显著相关.(3)在慢性疼痛情境下,前额区域γ振荡能反映不同类型慢性疼痛患者的自发疼痛强度.然而,目前研究仍存在γ振荡信噪比低、与其他神经振荡关系不明、产生机制复杂以及与疼痛的因果证据不足等问题.未来研究有必要采用更加敏感和标准化的分析方法,整合跨物种研究、神经调节等技术,以系统、全面地阐明γ振荡在疼痛信息处理中的作用机制,进而促进疼痛评估标准的客观化,帮助改善疼痛管理现状.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Human Anthrax-China,2018-2021

Introduction:The epidemic of human anthrax is at a low level in China in recent years,but the reported incidence increased in 2021.In order to understand the current landscape of research and knowledge about anthrax in China,the epidemiological characteristics of anthrax in humans from 2018 to 2021 were analyzed and the prevention and control suggestions were proposed.Methods:Surveillance data of anthrax in humans and livestock,together with human outbreaks data during 2018-2021,were collected and analyzed by descriptive statistics methods.The number and proportion of outbreaks,cases and deaths by provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs),clinical types,and contributing factors were calculated.Results:A total of 1,244 cases of human anthrax and 53 outbreaks were reported from 2018 to 2021 in China.While the incidence of anthrax declined from 2018 to 2020,it increased in 2021.The regions of anthrax were mainly located in the west and the northeast PLADs of China,though cases were reported in some central and eastern PLADs in 2021.Young and middle-aged men involved in animal husbandry were found to be at a higher risk of anthrax.All the reported outbreaks were associated with the exposure of infected livestock.A total of 296 livestock anthrax cases were reported.Conclusions:The increased incidence and wider geographical distribution of human anthrax in 2021 were found to be the result of inadequate supervision of diseased animals as well as updated diagnostic criteria.As such,the monitoring of risk factors and emergency preparation procedures should be strengthened at the national level.In addition,it is also critical to strengthen health education for high-risk occupational groups and strengthen professional training for local clinicians.Finally,more measures should be carried out to strengthen anthrax surveillance in livestock husbandry.