Enhancing transboundary natural tourism resources governance:unveiling the spatial pattern and its influencing factors

Tourism resources that span provincial boundaries in China play a pivotal role in regional development,yet effective governance poses persistent challenges.This study addresses this issue by constructing a comprehensive database of transboundary natural tourism resources(TNTR)through amalgamation of diverse data sources.Utilizing the Getis-Ord Gi^(*),kernel density estimation,and geographical detectors,we scrutinize the spatial patterns of TNTR,focusing on both named and unnamed entities,while exploring the influencing factors.Our findings reveal 7883 identified TNTR in China,with mountain tourism resources emerging as the predominant type.Among provinces,Hunan boasts the highest count,while Shanghai exhibits the lowest.Southern China demonstrates a pronounced clustering trend in TNTR distribution,with the spatial arrangement of biological landscapes appearing more random compared to geological and water landscapes.Western China,characterized by intricate terrain,exhibits fewer TNTR,concurrently unveiling a significant presence of unnamed natural tourism resources.Crucially,administrative segmentation influences TNTR development,generating disparities in regional goals,developmental stages and intensities,and management approaches.In response to these variations,we advocate for strengthening the naming of the unnamed transboundary tourism resources,constructing a geographic database of TNTR for government and establishing a collaborative management mechanism based on TNTR database.Our research contributes to elucidating the intricate landscape of TNTR,offering insights for tailored governance strategies in the realm of cross-provincial tourism resource management.

Spatial Patterns of Irrigation Water Withdrawals in China and Implications for Water Saving

By considering numerical features, spatial variation, and spatial association, the spatial patterns of China's irrigation water withdrawals in 2001 and 2010 were explored at the regional, provincial, and prefectural scales. In addition, an overlay analysis was used to develop specific water-saving guidance for areas under different levels of water stress and with different degrees of irrigation water withdrawals. It was found that at the regional scale, irrigation water withdrawals were highest in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River region in both years, while at the provincial scale, the largest irrigation water withdrawals occurred in Xinjiang. During 2001–2010, the total of irrigation water withdrawals decreased; however, in the Northeast region, especially in Heilongjiang Province, it experienced a dramatic increase. The spatial variation was largest at the prefectural scale, with an apparent effect. The spatial association was globally negative at the provincial scale, and Xinjiang was the only significant high-low outlier. In contrast, the association displayed a significant positive relationship at the prefectural scale, and several clusters and outliers were detected. Finally, it was found that the water stress in the northern part of China worsened and water-saving irrigation techniques urgently need to be applied in the Northeast region, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain region, and Gansu-Xinjiang region. This study verified that a multi-scale and aspect analysis of the spatial patterns of irrigation water withdrawals were essential and provided water-saving advice for different areas.

The Spatial Differences and Influencing Factors of Tourism Resources in Ningxia,China

The analysis of the spatial distribution of tourism resources and the identification of its influencing factors are crucial for supporting the sustainable development of regional tourism.This study established a comprehensive database of tourism resources in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(Ningxia)through a combination of literature review and field research.It examined the quantitative,qualitative,and categorical characteristics of tourism resources in Ningxia,and determined the spatial patterns based on kernel density and spatial association analysis.This study also comprehensively evaluated the societal,economic,and environmental factors influencing the spatial distribution of tourism resources in the entire region by employing the geographical detector model to quantify the influence of each factor.The following results were obtained.(1)There were 29218 individual tourism resources in Ningxia,comprising eight main types,23 subtypes,and 105 fundamental types,and they exhibit a hierarchical pyramidal structure.(2)The tourism resources in Ningxia displayed characteristics of“widespread regional dispersion and limited regional agglomeration”.The spatial distribution of tourism resources was highly imbalanced,and most types of tourism resources exhibit strong positive spatial correlation.(3)The altitude,annual precipitation,population density,distance from urban centers,urbanization rate,and per capita GDP were identified as significant factors influencing the spatial distribution of tourism resources in Ningxia.Based on the results,we recommend that the government should formulate tourism development policies in Ningxia based on local conditions to effectively address the spatial imbalances,enhance the sustainability of tourism development,and continue to promote high-quality tourism development in Ningxia.

Spatio-temporal pattern and influencing factors of border tourism efficiency in China

In recent years,tourism has emerged as a significant driver of economic development in China’s border regions.The study utilizes various methods,such as the super-efficiency SBM model,spatial variability,cold and hot spot analysis,and Geo-Detector approach,to measure and describe the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of land border tourism efficiency and its influencing factors.The findings reveal that the Dai autonomous prefecture of Xishuangbanna has the highest border tourism efficiency of 1.6207,while Ngari prefecture has the lowest tourism efficiency with a value of only 0.0365 at the prefecture level during the period 2010-2019.The southwest and northwest regions of China are high-and low-level agglomeration areas respectively,indicating varying levels of border tourism development.Additionally,the study identifies an upward trend in China’s border tourism efficiency from 2010-2019.The southwest region emerges as a hotspot and the most active region,while the northwest and northeast regions are considered cold spots with ample room for improvement.Furthermore,the density of transportation facilities,national vulnerability,cultural proximity,the number of border ports,and market opportunity are crucial factors influencing the spatial and temporal pattern of border tourism efficiency in China.

中国陆地边境旅游发展区域差异及其影响因素

边境旅游是中国陆地边境地区的支柱产业和国际合作的重要内容。依据文献资料和实地考察,分析中国陆地边境旅游资源单体的数量、类型和质量,并结合陆地边境地级行政区接待入境旅游人数和国际旅游外汇收入两个指标,从空间差异性和空间自相关两个方面刻画中国陆地边境旅游发展格局,探讨中国陆地边境旅游业发展的影响因素并提出相关建议。研究范围共涉及3 341个陆地边境旅游资源单体,其中优良级旅游资源约占34.36%,建筑与设施是旅游资源单体数量最多的类型。西南地区和东北地区分别是中国陆地边境旅游资源"高高集聚"和"低低集聚"地区。在2006—2015年间,边境旅游经济发展最快的是新疆西北部和黑龙江东部边境地区;边境旅游经济发展的热点地区主要集中在东北边境地区,冷点地区主要集中在新疆东部、西南部以及西藏西南部边境地区。地形条件、文化多样性、区位条件、国际地缘政治关系以及旅游设施水平是影响边境旅游业发展的重要因素。建议政府因地制宜地制定边境旅游发展政策,加强不同类型旅游资源之间的组合开发和区域旅游合作,完善旅游设施,积极探索开发与保护兼顾的发展模式。

中国土地利用空间格局刻画方法研究

土地利用空间格局研究是土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)理论和实践的基础,对土地利用空间格局进行有效刻画有利于国土资源空间优化,提升土地利用规划和管理水平。由于土地利用空间格局的研究范畴尚不明晰,目前土地利用空间格局的研究对形状、斑块分布和结构等方面关注较少,缺乏对不同土地利用类型间相互关系的研究;同时,格局指标繁多且存在较大的相关性,如何建立指标与土地利用空间格局的对应关系值得进一步研究。本文在深刻理解土地利用空间格局内涵的基础上,将面积、形状和斑块分布总结为土地利用几何特征,将结构和多样性总结为土地利用类型特征,建立了土地利用空间格局刻画指标体系,利用模糊C均值聚类分析,明确了指标与空间格局间的对应关系。结果表明,中国土地利用几何特征可以划分为简单大斑块型、复杂大斑块型、复杂小斑块型、简单小斑块型和散布型五种,不同的几何特征反映了不同土地利用类型的面积、形状和斑块分布的特点,体现了区域土地利用类型的组合关系。2010年中国土地利用共存在61种不同的结构,但主要的结构类型仅有14种,结构特征具有明显的空间聚集性,体现了不同土地利用类型的空间分异性。中国土地利用多样性以3~5类为主,占比达66.69%,其特征总体上呈现"东北、东南高,西北低"的态势。该研究丰富了土地利用空间格局研究的理论体系,填补了中国土地利用整体空间格局刻画的空白。

Urban expansion in China and its effect on cultivated land before and after initiating"Reform and Open Policy"

Urbanization in China has expanded at an unprecedented speed since the declaration of "Reform and Open Policy"and presented many challenges. Unbalanced regional development, appearance of super megacities and concomitant problems,and conflicts between urbanization and cultivated land protection are three critical problems that Chinese urbanization has to face. To develop new plans for foreseeable future urbanization in China, it is critical to understand the evolving history of cities across China. This study maps urban expansion of 60 typical Chinese cities based on large amount of remote sensing data and the labor-intensive image interpretation method, in order to understand the history of urban expansion from the 1970 s to 2013.Results showed that area of cities expanded 5.23 times compared to their area in the 1970 s. Urban expansion in China accelerated three times(1988–1996, 1999–2006, and 2009–2011) and decelerated three times(1997–1998, 2007–2008, and 2012–2013) over the 40 years. The urban area of South China expanded most significantly 9.42 times, while the urban area in Northeast China expanded only 2.37 times. The disparity among different administrative ranks of cities was even greater than(3.81 times) the differences among different regions. Super megacities have been continuously expanding at a fast rate(8.60-fold), and have not shown obvious signs of slowing down. The proportion of cultivated land among the land sources for urban expansion decreased to a small extent in the 1990 s, but cultivated land continues to be the major land source for urban expansion. Effective future urbanization needs controlling the expansion scale of large cities and reasonably developing medium and small cities, as well as balancing regional development.

1980—2020年粤港澳大湾区城镇用地空间格局类型演变及其驱动力多维探测

深入研究1978年改革开放以来粤港澳大湾区城镇用地空间格局类型,探索土地城镇化多维和交互驱动机制,对推进粤港澳大湾区建设,打造世界级城市群具有重要意义。本文基于模糊聚类,从规模、形态和分布3个维度划分和定义粤港澳大湾区城镇用地空间格局类型,利用地理探测器测度城镇用地空间格局多维变化驱动力及其交互作用。结果表明:①粤港澳大湾区城镇用地空间格局类型包括分形/复杂大面积型、分形小面积型、复杂小面积型、简单小面积型和散布型5种类型,城镇用地规模和形状复杂性具有一定的正相关性,2010年后用地规模趋于稳定,形态的规则性和紧凑性得到优化,分布集中。②人口、GDP、地方财政收入、固定资产投资额和路网密度等社会经济因素对城镇用地面积和形态变化影响显著,核心城市对城市群发展的牵引作用在2000年后得以显现。2010—2020年各影响因子对城镇用地面积、分布和类型变化的作用差异有所减弱,但社会经济因素对形状特征的影响力上升。③城镇用地面积特征变化的影响力交互作用最为多样,表现有非线性增强、协同增强、单因子减弱和非线性减弱4种类型;对形状、分布和空间格局类型变化的影响力交互作用主要表现为协同增强和非线性增强。核心城市牵引力、路网密度、河网密度与多数因子交互产生“1+1>2”的效果,反映出城市群核心区位、交通优势对城镇用地扩展的强烈推动作用。