The role and applications of extracellular vesicles in osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a widely observed condition characterized by the systemic deterioration of bone mass and microarchitecture,which increases patient susceptibility to fragile fractures.The intricate mechanisms governing bone homeostasis are substantially impacted by extracellular vesicles(EVs),which play crucial roles in both pathological and physiological contexts.EVs derived from various sources exert distinct effects on osteoporosis.Specifically,EVs released by osteoblasts,endothelial cells,myocytes,and mesenchymal stem cells contribute to bone formation due to their unique cargo of proteins,miRNAs,and cytokines.Conversely,EVs secreted by osteoclasts and immune cells promote bone resorption and inhibit bone formation.Furthermore,the use of EVs as therapeutic modalities or biomaterials for diagnosing and managing osteoporosis is promising.Here,we review the current understanding of the impact of EVs on bone homeostasis,including the classification and biogenesis of EVs and the intricate regulatory mechanisms of EVs in osteoporosis.Furthermore,we present an overview of the latest research progress on diagnosing and treating osteoporosis by using EVs.Finally,we discuss the challenges and prospects of translational research on the use of EVs in osteoporosis.

Impact of typical environments in China’s western mountainous areas on the durability of railway concrete:a review

Purpose–This study aims to analyze the impact mechanism of typical environments in China’s western mountainous areas on the durability of railway concrete and propose measures to improve durability.Design/methodology/approach–With the continuous promotion of infrastructure construction,the focus of China’s railway construction has gradually shifted to the western region.The four typical environments of large temperature differences,strong winds and dryness,high cold and low air pressure unique to the western mountainous areas of China have adverse effects on the durability of typical railway structure concrete(bridges,ballastless tracks and tunnels).This study identified the characteristics of four typical environments in the western mountainous areas of China through on-site research.The impact mechanism of the four typical environments on the durability of concrete in different structural parts of railways has been explored through theoretical analysis and experimental research;Finally,a strategy for improving the durability of railway concrete suitable for the western mountainous areas of China was proposed.Findings–The daily temperature difference in the western mountainous areas of China is more than twice that of the plain region,which will lead to significant temperature deformation and stress in the multi-layered structure of railway ballastless tracks.It will result in cracking.The wind speed in the western plateau region is about 2.5 to 3 times that of the plain region,and the average annual rainfall is only 1/5 of that in the plain region.The drying effect on the surface of casting concrete will significantly accelerate its cracking process,leading to serious durability problems.The environmental temperature in the western mountainous areas of China is generally low,and there are more freeze-thaw cycles,which will increase the risk of freeze-thaw damage to railway concrete.The environmental air pressure in the western plateau region is only 60%of that in the plain region.The moisture inside the concrete is more likely to diffuse into the surrounding environment under the pressure difference,resulting in greater water loss and shrinkage deformation of the concrete in the plateau region.The above four issues will collectively lead to the rapid deterioration of concrete durability in the western plateau region.The corresponding durability improvement suggestions from theoretical research,new technology development and standard system was proposed in this paper.Originality/value–The research can provide the mechanism of durability degradation of railway concrete in the western mountainous areas of China and corresponding improvement strategies.

Durability evaluation for existing railway engineering: a review

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the factors, evaluation techniques of the durability of existing railwayengineering.Design/methodology/approach – China has built a railway network of over 150,000 km. Ensuring thesafety of the existing railway engineering is of great significance for maintaining normal railway operationorder. However, railway engineering is a strip structure that crosses multiple complex environments. Andrailway engineering will withstand high-frequency impact loads from trains. The above factors have led todifferences in the deterioration characteristics and maintenance strategies of railway engineering compared toconventional concrete structures. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the key factors that affect thedurability of railway structures and propose technologies for durability evaluation.Findings – The factors that affect the durability and reliability of railway engineering are mainly divided intothree categories: material factors, environmental factors and load factors. Among them, material factors alsoinclude influencing factors, such as raw materials, mix proportions and so on. Environmental factors varydepending on the service environment of railway engineering, and the durability and deterioration of concretehave different failure mechanisms. Load factors include static load and train dynamic load. The on-site rapiddetection methods for five common diseases in railway engineering are also proposed in this paper. Thesemethods can quickly evaluate the durability of existing railway engineering concrete.Originality/value – The research can provide some new evaluation techniques and methods for thedurability of existing railway engineering.

Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies

The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog(HH)signaling pathway in various biological events.HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium.HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells.Importantly,it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence,malignant progression,poor prognosis and even increased mortality.Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer.A variety of drugs have been developed,including small molecule inhibitors,natural compounds,and long non-coding RNA(LncRNA),some of which are approved for clinical use.This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer.Furthermore,we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway.Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer,as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.

Exploring Frontier Technologies in Video-Based Person Re-Identification:A Survey on Deep Learning Approach

Video-based person re-identification(Re-ID),a subset of retrieval tasks,faces challenges like uncoordinated sample capturing,viewpoint variations,occlusions,cluttered backgrounds,and sequence uncertainties.Recent advancements in deep learning have significantly improved video-based person Re-ID,laying a solid foundation for further progress in the field.In order to enrich researchers’insights into the latest research findings and prospective developments,we offer an extensive overview and meticulous analysis of contemporary video-based person ReID methodologies,with a specific emphasis on network architecture design and loss function design.Firstly,we introduce methods based on network architecture design and loss function design from multiple perspectives,and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.Furthermore,we provide a synthesis of prevalent datasets and key evaluation metrics utilized within this field to assist researchers in assessing methodological efficacy and establishing benchmarks for performance evaluation.Lastly,through a critical evaluation of the experimental outcomes derived from various methodologies across four prominent public datasets,we identify promising research avenues and offer valuable insights to steer future exploration and innovation in this vibrant and evolving field of video-based person Re-ID.This comprehensive analysis aims to equip researchers with the necessary knowledge and strategic foresight to navigate the complexities of video-based person Re-ID,fostering continued progress and breakthroughs in this challenging yet promising research domain.

非鳞状免疫表型鼻咽癌23例临床病理学分析

目的探讨非鳞状免疫表型鼻咽癌(NSNPC)的病理分型及其临床病理特征。方法收集郑州大学第一附属医院2011至2019年经病理确诊为NSNPC的病例, 应用HE及免疫组织化学染色、原位杂交、透射电镜及聚合酶链反应(PCR)分析其病理学特点, 并收集临床随访资料。结果 (1)23例NSNPC中男性14例, 女性9例, 年龄范围16~76岁, 中位年龄46岁, 平均年龄为45岁。(2)形态学上均与经典鼻咽癌镜下形态相似。(3)免疫组织化学结果:NSNPC多表达低分子质量细胞角蛋白(CK8/18、CK8、CKL), 与经典鼻咽癌组比较, 差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);通路蛋白EGFR、PI3K、p-AKT、p-mTOR在NSNPC中低表达, 与经典鼻咽癌组比较, 差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);其他蛋白CK5/6、广谱细胞角蛋白(CKpan)、CK7、突触素、CD56、嗜铬粒素A(CgA)、SOX-10、AKT、mTOR、Notch、STAT3、p-STAT3与经典鼻咽癌组之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(4)病原学检测:EBER阳性率78.3%(18/23), HPV阳性率8.7%(2/23), 分别为HPV35及HPV38型。(5)基因改变:相较于经典鼻咽癌, 抑癌基因BLU在NSNPC组织中表达增强;抑癌基因RASSF1及Rbms3在NSNPC组织中表达减弱, 与经典鼻咽癌表达一致。(6)超微结构特征:5例中发现细胞之间有桥粒连接, 余18例未见明显桥粒连接。(7)分期及预后:NSNPC与经典鼻咽癌相比, NSNPC复发率低、临床分期较早(P<0.05), 预后较好, 而与年龄、性别、远处转移、死亡无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论 NSNPC在组织学形态、病原学及基因改变上均与经典鼻咽癌类似, NSNPC仍属于非角化鳞癌中的未分化型。NSNPC恶性程度较低, 预后较好。

Processing micrometer-sized particles in crumpled graphene network for freestanding membrane enabled by freeze casting

Graphene oxide(GO)is widely used in the construction and application of various 2 D membrane-based materials due to its unique colloidal structure.Herein,we demonstrate that micrometer-sized particles can make up freestanding membranes enabled by the extraordinary amphiphilic and polymer-like properties of graphene oxide through freeze casting.The 2 D macromolecule,GO could well wrap the particles for better uniformity and stability in either dispersion or membrane.Importantly,freeze casting plays an important role in avoiding the severe aggregation of micrometer-sized particles in the solventremoving process.After reduction,the membrane exhibits good electrical conductivity while maintaining its integral structure,which can be directly used as a freestanding binder-free electrode.This work provides a universal approach to fabricate freestanding membranes with various micrometersized materials for energy storage.