Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology Breast Cancer(CSCO BC)Guidelines in 2024:International Contributions from China

The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology Breast Cancer(CSCO BC)guidelines have been widely implemented in China since the first release in 2017.The Guideline Working Committee has also published multiple versions in English,Arabic,and other languages to facilitate communications with international experts.

Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology Breast Cancer(CSCO BC)guidelines in 2022:stratification and classification

In April 2017,the first edition Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology Breast Cancer(CSCO BC)guidelines were released.These guidelines were based on medical evidence,as well as the accessibility and cost effectiveness of various anticancer drugs in China.The CSCO BC guidelines include regimens with a high level of evidence,good product accessibility and high consistent consensus among Chinese experts as level I recommendations.Regimens with a high level of evidence but poor product accessibility or expert consensus are included as level II recommendations.

Key Technologies and Applications of the Design and Manufacturing of Non-Circular TBMs

With the rapid development of the exploitation of underground space, more and more large- or super- large-diameter tunnel-boring machines （TBMs） are being employed to construct underground space projects. At present, because conventional circular TBMs cannot completely meet the requirements of underground space exploitation regarding the cross-section and space-utilization ratio, non-circular TBMs. which are the tunneling equipment for an ideal cross-section, have become the new market growth point. This paper first presents the technical features and development status of non-circular TBMs. Next, in reference to typical projects and technological innovation, this paper investigates key techniques including shield design optimization, multi-cutterhead excavation, special-shaped segment erection, and soil conditioning in loess strata for a rectangular pipe-jacking machine and a horseshoe-shaped TBM, in order to provide a set of feasible solutions for the design, manufacture, and construction of non-circular TBMs. Relevant engineering practice shows that non-circular TBMs with customized design and manufacture have great advantages in terms of construction schedule, settlement control, and space utilization.

Neuronal-like differentiation of single versus multiple treatments with human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced by basic fibroblast growth factor

BACKGROUND： Cultures from multiple portions of umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to undergo more rapid proliferation and attachment than single portions. OBJECTIVE： To observe growth of basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF）-induced cultures of human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells （AMSCs） and differentiation into neuronal-like cells. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Comparative observation. The study was performed at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Basic Medical School of Zhengzhou University from January to May 2008. METHODS： Amnia from full-term, uterine-incision delivery were donated by 12 healthy women. AMSCs were obtained by cell separation and culture techniques, and were passaged and induced by bFGF. From the third passage, a total of 1 mLAMSCs, at a density of 1.0 × 10^4/mL, was separately harvested from six samples, which served as group A. A total of 1 mL AMSCs, at a density of 1.0 × 10^4/mL, was harvested separately from the remaining six samples, which served a group B. A total of 0.5 mL from the six samples of group A and 0.5 mL from the six samples of grot, B were combined to form group C. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Differences in cell quantity among the three groups were compare by cell quantification and 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） analysis. Expression of a glial cell marker, neuron-specific enolase, and nestin was detected in the three groups by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS： Cell quantification and MTT analysis of live cells, as well as AMSC absorbance, were significantly greater in group C compared with groups A and B at 18 days of culture （P 〈 0.05）, anc no significant difference was observed between groups A and B. Glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron-specific enolase, and nestin were expressed in all groups following bFGF induction. CONCLUSION： Mixed AMSC cultures promoted proliferation, and bFGF-induced AMSCs differentiated into neuronal-like cells.

Effectiveness of second-line anti-HER2 treatment in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients previously treated with trastuzumab:A real-world study

Objective:Several studies have demonstrated different benefits for patients whose disease progressed despite previous trastuzumab treatment.Due to limited real-world data,we evaluate the effectiveness of anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)therapy(lapatinib or trastuzumab)plus chemotherapy or chemotherapy alone in patients who were previously treated with trastuzumab-containing regimens and investigate factors associated with effectiveness.And we further show the effectiveness of the two anti-HER2 therapy groups.Methods:A total of 342 HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer(MBC)patients whose disease progressed during prior anti-HER2(trastuzumab)and standard chemotherapy therapy from Department of Breast Oncology,the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital,from August 2010 to December 2016 were included.Seventy-eight patients received standard chemotherapy only,148 patients continued to receive trastuzumab and switched to other chemotherapy drugs,and 116 patients received tyrosine-kinase inhibitors(TKIs;lapatinib)and chemotherapy.The main outcome measures were progression-free survival(PFS),overall response rate(ORR),and clinical benefit rate(CBR).Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify patient characteristics associated with the greatest clinical benefit.Results:After a median follow-up of 26.2(range,2.0-56.0)months,PFS significantly improved with anti-HER2 therapy compared with chemotherapy alone:median 6.0 months with lapatinib[95%confidence interval(95%CI),4.53-7.47],4.5 months with trastuzumab(95%CI,3.99-5.01)vs.3.0 months with chemotherapy alone(95%CI,2.42-3.58);stratified hazard ratio(HR)=0.70,95%CI,0.60-0.81;P<0.0001.The ORR values were 33.6%,25.0%and 12.8%,respectively,the CBR values were 60.3%,48.6%and 26.9%,respectively.The effectiveness of lapatinib group and trastuzumab group were further analyzed.In multivariate analysis,lapatinib group was associated with a longer PFS,after controlling other potential confounders(HR=0.68,95%CI,0.52-0.90;P=0.006).Conclusions:The combination of TKIs and chemotherapy was effective in this cohort previously treated with trastuzumab treatment.Therefore,TKIs combined with chemotherapy is an option for Chinese HER2-positive MBC patients previously treated with trastuzumab treatment.

Harnessing male germline epigenomics for the genetic improvement in cattle

Sperm is essential for successful artificial insemination in dairy cattle,and its quality can be influenced by both epi-genetic modification and epigenetic inheritance.The bovine germline differentiation is characterized by epigenetic reprogramming,while intergenerational and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance can influence the offspring’s development through the transmission of epigenetic features to the offspring via the germline.Therefore,the selec-tion of bulls with superior sperm quality for the production and fertility traits requires a better understanding of the epigenetic mechanism and more accurate identifications of epigenetic biomarkers.We have comprehensively reviewed the current progress in the studies of bovine sperm epigenome in terms of both resources and biological discovery in order to provide perspectives on how to harness this valuable information for genetic improvement in the cattle breeding industry.

HER-2阳性乳腺癌分层治疗新策略

人表皮生长因子受体-2(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,HER-2)阳性乳腺癌恶性程度高,预后不良,抗HER-2靶向药物的出现改变了HER-2阳性乳腺癌患者的预后。然而,靶向药物的疗效会受不同治疗阶段的影响,早期阶段治疗策略会影响晚期阶段的治疗选择。既往根据治疗线数来决定用药方案,无法体现靶向药物的分层治疗理念。目前,根据患者既往用药情况,基于循证医学证据,结合指南与临床经验,现已形成抗HER-2靶向治疗的分层治疗模式。本文将就HER-2阳性乳腺癌不同阶段靶向治疗的分层策略进行综述。

A High-Temperature Superconducting Wideband Bandpass Filter at the L Band for Radio Astronomy

In order to ensure the normal operation of radio astronomy observations,an extremely sensitive receiver system needs to be equipped in front of the large radio telescope.An 8-pole wideband high-temperature superconducting(HTS)filter using a Coplanar Spiral Resonator Structure with a passband of 1160~1670 MHz is developed to suppress strong radio interference.The filter is fabricated on a 36 mm×14 mm YBCO HTS film,which is deposited on a 0.5 mm thick MgO substrate.The minimum insertion loss measured in the liquid nitrogen temperature region is 0.03 dB,and the first parasitic passband appears at 2600 MHz.The measured results are in good agreement with the simulations.The filter can be used in radio telescope receivers for the observation of neutral hydrogen and pulsars,as well as in high-sensitivity satellite navigation instruments.

Genome editing of PAR2 through targeted delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 system for alleviating acute lung inflammation via ERK/NLRP3/IL-1β and NO/iNOS signalling

Excessive and uncontrollable inflammatory responses in alveoli can dramatically exacerbate pulmonary disease progressions through vigorous cytokine releases,immune cell infiltration and protease-driven tissue damages.It is an urgent need to explore potential drug strategies for mitigating lung inflammation.Protease-activated receptor 2(PAR2)as a vital molecular target principally participates in various inflammatory diseases via intracellular signal transduction.However,it has been rarely reported about the role of PAR2 in lung inflammation.This study applied CRISPR-Cas9 system encoding Cas9 and sg RNA(p Cas9-PAR2)for PAR2 knockout and fabricated an anionic human serum albuminbased nanoparticles to deliver p Cas9-PAR2 with superior inflammation-targeting efficiency and stability(TAP/p Cas9-PAR2).TAP/p Cas9-PAR2 robustly facilitated p Cas9-PAR2 to enter and transfect inflammatory cells,eliciting precise gene editing of PAR2 in vitro and in vivo.Importantly,PAR2 deficiency by TAP/p Cas9-PAR2 effectively and safely promoted macrophage polarization,suppressed proinflammatory cytokine releases and alleviated acute lung inflammation,uncovering a novel value of PAR2.It also revealed that PAR2-mediated pulmonary inflammation prevented by TAP/p Cas9-PAR2was mainly dependent on ERK-mediated NLRP3/IL-1β and NO/i NOS signalling.Therefore,this work indicated PAR2 as a novel target for lung inflammation and provided a potential nanodrug strategy for PAR2 deficiency in treating inflammatory diseases.

From tunnel boring machine to tunnel boring robot: perspectives on intelligent shield machine and its smart operation

Advances in intelligent shield machines reflect an evolving trend from traditional tunnel boring machines(TBMs)to tunnel boring robots(TBRs).This shift aims to address the challenges encountered by the conventional shield machine industry arising from construction environment and manual operations.This study presents a systematic review of intelligent shield machine technology,with a particular emphasis on its smart operation.Firstly,the definition,meaning,contents,and development modes of intelligent shield machines are proposed.The development status of the intelligent shield machine and its smart operation are then presented.After analyzing the operation process of the shield machine,an autonomous operation framework considering both stand-alone and fleet levels is proposed.Challenges and recommendations are given for achieving autonomous operation.This study offers insights into the essence and developmental framework of intelligent shield machines to propel the advancement of this technology.

DISPOSING THE LEFTOVERS UNDER THE CONSIGNMENT CONTRACT WITH REVENUE SHARING:RETAILER VS SUPPLIER

This paper studies the consignment contract with revenue sharing where the retailer offers two revenue share schemes between himself and his supplier from the viewpoint of inventory ownership: One is that the retailer takes charge of the unsold items,the other one is that the retailer returns the unsold items to the supplier at the end of the selling period,and the supplier disposes those overstockings.In each contract,the retailer deducts a percentage from the selling price for each sold item and transfers the balance to the supplier.The supplier solves a two-stage problem:She first chooses contract,then decides retail price and delivery quantity according to the terms of the contract chosen.With an iso-price-elastic demand model,the authors derive the retailer and suppliers’ optimal decisions for both schemes.In addition,the authors characterize how they are affected by disposing cost.The authors compare the decisions between the two schemes for disposing cost turn out to be holding cost or salvage value,respectively.The authors use numerical examples to show the supplier’s first-stage optimal decision depends critically on demand price elasticity,the disposing cost and the retailer’s share for channel cost.

Efficacy and clinical outcome of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy as first-line treatment in patients with hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer

Background:Endocrine therapy(ET)and ET-based regimens are the preferred first-line treatment options for hormone receptor(HR)-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer(HR+/HER2-MBC),while chemotherapy(CT)is commonly used in clinical practice.The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and clinical outcome of ET and CT as first-line treatment in Chinese patients with HR+/HER2-MBC.Methods:Patients diagnosed with HR+/HER2-MBC between January 1st,1996 and September 30th,2018 were screened from the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology Breast Cancer database.The initial and maintenance first-line treatment,progression-free survival(PFS),and overall survival(OS)were analyzed.Results:Among the 1877 included patients,1215(64.7%)received CT and 662(35.3%)received ET as initial first-line treatment.There were no statistically significant differences in PFS and OS between patients receiving ET and CT as initial first-line treatment in the total population(PFS:12.0 vs.11.0 months,P=0.22;OS:54.0 vs.49.0 months,P=0.09)and propensity score matched population.For patients without disease progression after at least 3 months of initial therapy,maintenance ET following initial CT(CT-ET cohort,n=449)and continuous schedule of ET(ET cohort,n=527)had longer PFS than continuous schedule of CT(CT cohort,n=406)in the total population(CT-ET cohort vs.CT cohort:17.0 vs.8.5 months;P<0.01;ET cohort vs.CT cohort:14.0 vs.8.5 months;P<0.01)and propensity score matched population.OS in the three cohorts yielded the same results as PFS.Conclusions:ET was associated with similar clinical outcome to CT as initial first-line treatment.For patients without disease progression after initial CT,switching to maintenance ET showed superiority in clinical outcome over continuous schedule of CT.

The Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder array: System functions and basic performance analysis

The Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder is a radio interferometer array designed to test techniques for 21 cm intensity mapping in the post-reionization Universe,with the ultimate aim of mapping the large scale structure and measuring cosmological parameters such as the dark energy equation of state.Each of its three parallel cylinder reflectors is oriented in the north-south direction,and the array has a large field of view.As the Earth rotates,the northern sky is observed by drift scanning.The array is located in Hongliuxia,a radio-quiet site in Xinjiang,and saw its first light in September 2016.In this first data analysis paper for the Tianlai cylinder array,we discuss the sub-system qualification tests,and present basic system performance obtained from preliminary analysis of the commissioning observations during 2016-2018.We show typical interferometric visibility data,from which we derive the actual beam profile in the east-west direction and the frequency band-pass response.We describe also the calibration process to determine the complex gains for the array elements,either using bright astronomical point sources,or an artificial on site calibrator source,and discuss the instrument response stability,crucial for transit interferometry.Based on this analysis,we find a system temperature of about 90 K,and we also estimate the sensitivity of the array.

OUTSOURCING DECISION AND ORDER POLICY WITH FORECAST UPDATING UNDER CAPACITY RESERVATION CONTRACT

This paper investigates an optimal decision problem in a single-period, two-stage supply chain with capacity reservation contract. At the beginning of the planning horizon, the retailer, who faces stochastic demand, reserves future capacity according to his forecasting of the demand. The supplier then constructs capacity. At the beginning of the selling season, the retailer updates the demand forecasting and places an order. When the retailer＇s demand is greater than the supplier＇s capacity, the supplier can meet the retailer＇s demand by outsourcing. We analyze the optimal decision of each player in both centralized and decentralized systems. Furthermore, under the case in which demand follows a uniform distribution, we obtain the closed-form optimal strategies of each player for both centralized and decentralized systems and conduct numerical studies to reveal additional conclusions. The numerical studies show that the optimal reservation capacity for the retailer and the optimal constructing capacity for the supplier in the decentralized system are both less than the optimal constructing capacity in the centralized system. Furthermore, we also find that the profit loss due to decentralization always exists and increases in indeterminacy.

Survey on Changes in the Willingness to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine Among Patients with Breast Cancer in the Postpandemic Era

This study aimed to investigate the status of and changes in the vaccination willingness of patients with breast cancer to increase the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccination rate among these patients.The first survey included patients fromthe FifthMedical Center of the PLA GeneralHospitalwho participated in the Society of ClinicalOncology Breast Cancer CommitteeNCP-02 study conducted from September 16 to December 31,2021.The second survey was conducted from December 9 to December 26,2022,for those who had not received vaccines previously.In total,266 patients completed two questionnaires.A total of 143 patients(53.8%)changed their willingness to receive the vaccination.Among them,45,who were initially unwilling to be vaccinated,changed their stance to become hesitant and 15 changed to become willing.Among those with hesitant attitudes toward vaccines,45 changed their stance to become willing,and 28 changed to become unwilling;10 patients with willing attitudes toward vaccines changed to become hesitant.Those who received surgery(odds ratio(OR),4.24;95%confidence interval(CI),1.45–12.42;P=0.01)andwho lived with older adults or children(OR,2.03;95%CI,1.13–3.62;P=0.02)were more likely to change their attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines.This finding suggested that patients with breast cancer were cautious about receiving the COVID-19 vaccine.Multiple methods should be used to promote vaccination and reduce vaccine hesitancy.

An R2R3-type myeloblastosis transcription factor MYB103 is involved in phosphorus remobilization

The members of myeloblastosis transcription factor(MYB TF)family are involved in the regulation of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants.However,the role of MYB TF in phosphorus remobilization remains largely unexplored.In the present study,we show that an R2R3 type MYB transcription factor,MYB103,is involved in phosphorus(P)remobilization.MYB103 was remarkably induced by P deficiency in cabbage(Brassica oleracea var.capitata L.).As cabbage lacks the proper mutant for elucidating the mechanism of MYB103 in P deficiency,another member of the crucifer family,Arabidopsis thaliana was chosen for further study.The transcript of its homologue AtMYB103 was also elevated in response to P deficiency in A.thaliana,while disruption of AtMYB103(myb103)exhibited increased sensitivity to P deficiency,accompanied with decreased tissue biomass and soluble P concentration.Furthermore,AtMYB103 was involved in the P reutilization from cell wall,as less P was released from the cell wall in myb103 than in wildtype,coinciding with the reduction of ethylene production.Taken together,our results uncover an important role of MYB103 in the P remobilization,presumably through ethylene signaling.

A graph-based pan-genome of Brassica oleracea provides new insights into its domestication and morphotype diversification

The domestication of Brassica oleracea has resulted in diverse morphological types with distinct patterns of organ development.Here we report a graph-based pan-genome of B.oleracea constructed from high-quality genome assemblies of different morphotypes.The pan-genome harbors over 200 structural variant hotspot regions enriched in auxin-andflowering-related genes.Population genomic analyses revealed that early domestication of B.oleracea focused on leaf or stem development.Geneflows resulting from agricultural practices and variety improvement were detected among different morphotypes.Selective-sweep and pan-genome analyses identified an auxin-responsive small auxin up-regulated RNA gene and a CLAV-ATA3/ESR-RELATED family gene as crucial players in leaf–stem differentiation during the early stage of B.oleracea domestication and the BoKAN1 gene as instrumental in shaping the leafy heads of cabbage and Brussels sprouts.Our pan-genome and functional analyses further revealed that variations in the BoFLC2 gene play key roles in the divergence of vernalization andflowering characteristics among different morphotypes,and variations in thefirst intron of BoFLC3 are involved infine-tuning theflowering process in cauliflower.This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the pan-genome of B.oleracea and sheds light on the domestication and differential organ development of this globally important crop species.

压电效应调控硅碳复合材料锂离子输运行为研究

硅碳合金(Si/C)因其超高的比容量和合适的工作电压,更容易满足未来新能源汽车和储能设备对于电池高能量密度的要求.但其实际应用却受制于导电性差、反应动力学缓慢和体积效应明显(最高可达300%)等缺点.本文巧妙地利用硅负极在充放电循环中的“体积膨胀”特性构建了一种“序构”材料.通过在Si/C复合材料表面引入“主动参与、主动作为”的功能化压电修饰层钛酸铋钠(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3),BNT),利用合金化反应产生的机械应力诱导压电材料产生局域电场,实现机械能转化为电能,来获得一定的功能性,更加有效地促进界面锂离子输运能力,同时缓解合金化反应引起的体积膨胀,从而维持良好的界面接触.协同效果驱动下的Si/C@CNTs@BNT复合电极材料在0.2 A g^(-1)电流密度下,循环200圈之后,依然可以保持911.2 m Ah g^(-1)的可逆比容量,容量保持率为90.74%.

滇中高原亚热带半湿润常绿阔叶林植物群落多样性特征

森林动态监测样地是研究群落构建和物种多样性维持机制的重要平台。半湿润常绿阔叶林是滇中高原的地带性植被类型。但由于人类活动的长期影响,半湿润常绿阔叶林天然群落当前仅呈片断化状态,零星分布于偏远山地。参照美国史密森热带研究院热带森林研究中心的样地建设标准,我们分别在云南省曲靖珠江源(ZJY)、楚雄雕翎山(DLS)和大理鸡足山(JZS)建立了面积为10 ha (500 m×200 m)、8.24 ha (1个260 m×240 m的小样地和2个100 m×100 m的小样地)和20.16 ha (720 m×280 m)的3个森林动态监测样地。本文以这3个样地的植物群落为研究对象,运用背包式激光雷达、激光测距仪等获取相关基础数据,并对各样地的植物群落进行物种鉴定、区系分析、群落分类及群落结构分析。结果表明:(1) 3个样地共发现维管植物619种,隶属于120科355属,其中珠江源样地70科120属157种,雕翎山样地92科224属319种,鸡足山样地100科255属353种;(2)DBH≥1 cm的木本植物存活个体共有103,951株,其中珠江源样地24,932株、雕翎山样地25,222株、鸡足山样地53,797株,活个体密度分别为2,493.2株/ha、3,060.9株/ha、2,689.9株/ha;(3)样地群内所有维管植物在属和种水平上的温带区系成分合计占比分别为51.3%和24.7%,中国特有种的比例为33.0%;(4)样地群内的植物群落可分为8个群系,分别为元江栲(Castanopsis orthacantha)群系、高山栲(C.delavayi)群系、白穗石栎(Lithocarpus craibianus)群系、滇石栎(L.dealbatus)群系、云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)群系、黄毛青冈(Cyclobalanopsis delavayi)群系、光叶石栎(L.mairei)群系和灰背栎(Quercus senescens)群系;雕翎山样地群系类型最多、珠江源样地最少;(5)鸡足山样地和雕翎山样地乔木树种的径级结构呈倒“J”型,珠江源样地呈单峰型;鸡足山样地在80–100年以前经历过一次局部性的严重干扰,雕翎山样地在50–80年前后经历过一次普遍性的轻中度干扰迹象,珠江源样地在37年前曾经历过一次覆盖性的火干扰,样地间森林群系类型和径级结构的差异主要取决于群落演替程度和地形差异。

OPTIMAL DECISIONS WHEN BALANCING EXPECTED PROFIT AND CONDITIONAL VALUE-AT-RISK IN NEWSVENDOR MODELS

This paper investigates a risk-averse inventory model by balancing the expected profit and conditional value-at-risk （CVaR） in a newsvendor model setting. We find out that： i） The optimal order quantity is increasing in the shortage cost for both the CVaR only criterion and the tradeoff objective, ii） For the case of zero shortage cost, the optimal order quantity to the CVaR criterion or tradeoff objective is increasing in the selling price, respectively. However, it may not be monotonic in the selling price when incorporating a substantial shortage cost. Moreover, it may be larger or less than the risk-neutral solution, iii） Under the tradeoff objective function, although the optimal order quantity for the model without shortage cost is increasing in the weight put on the expected profit, this property may not be true in general for the model with a substantial shortage cost. Some numerical examples are conducted to verify our results and observations.