The formulation and device collectively constitute an inhalation drug product.Development of inhaled drugs must consider the compatibility between formulation and device in order to achieve the intended pharmaceutical...The formulation and device collectively constitute an inhalation drug product.Development of inhaled drugs must consider the compatibility between formulation and device in order to achieve the intended pharmaceutical performance and usability of the product to improve patient compliance with treatment instruction.From the points of formulation,device and patient use,this article summarizes the inhalation drugs,including pressurized metered dose inhaler(pMDI),dry powder inhaler(DPI),and nebulizer that are currently available in the US and UK markets.It also discusses the practical considerations for the development of inhalers and provides an update on the corresponding regulations of the FDA(U.S.Food and Drug Administration)and the EMA(European Medicines Agency).展开更多
Microcosmic experiments were performed under a simulated marine environment to investigate the natural attenuation of C9 aromatics using nine components(propylbenzene,isopropylbenzene,2-ethyltoluene,3-ethyltoluene,4-e...Microcosmic experiments were performed under a simulated marine environment to investigate the natural attenuation of C9 aromatics using nine components(propylbenzene,isopropylbenzene,2-ethyltoluene,3-ethyltoluene,4-ethyltoluene,1,2,3-trimethylbenzene,1,2,4-trimethylbenzene,1,3,5-trimethylbenzene,and indene).This research aims to assess the contribution of biodegradation and abiotic activity to total attenuation of C9 aromatics and ascertain the changes in the comprehensive toxicity of seawater in the natural environment.The process of natural attenuation indicates the agreement with pseudo-first-order kinetics for all nine components in microcosmic experiments.The half-lives of the nine main compounds in C9 aromatics ranged between 0.34 day and 0.44 day under optimal conditions.The experiments showed that the natural attenuation of nine aromatic hydrocarbonsmainly occurred via abiotic processes.Seawater samples significantly inhibited the luminescence of P.phosphoreum(the luminescence inhibition ratio reached 100%)at the beginning of the experiment.In addition,the toxicity declined slowly and continued for 25 days.The attenuation kinetics and changes in toxicity could be applied to explore the natural attenuation of C9 aromatics in the marine environment.展开更多
文摘The formulation and device collectively constitute an inhalation drug product.Development of inhaled drugs must consider the compatibility between formulation and device in order to achieve the intended pharmaceutical performance and usability of the product to improve patient compliance with treatment instruction.From the points of formulation,device and patient use,this article summarizes the inhalation drugs,including pressurized metered dose inhaler(pMDI),dry powder inhaler(DPI),and nebulizer that are currently available in the US and UK markets.It also discusses the practical considerations for the development of inhalers and provides an update on the corresponding regulations of the FDA(U.S.Food and Drug Administration)and the EMA(European Medicines Agency).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42077335).
文摘Microcosmic experiments were performed under a simulated marine environment to investigate the natural attenuation of C9 aromatics using nine components(propylbenzene,isopropylbenzene,2-ethyltoluene,3-ethyltoluene,4-ethyltoluene,1,2,3-trimethylbenzene,1,2,4-trimethylbenzene,1,3,5-trimethylbenzene,and indene).This research aims to assess the contribution of biodegradation and abiotic activity to total attenuation of C9 aromatics and ascertain the changes in the comprehensive toxicity of seawater in the natural environment.The process of natural attenuation indicates the agreement with pseudo-first-order kinetics for all nine components in microcosmic experiments.The half-lives of the nine main compounds in C9 aromatics ranged between 0.34 day and 0.44 day under optimal conditions.The experiments showed that the natural attenuation of nine aromatic hydrocarbonsmainly occurred via abiotic processes.Seawater samples significantly inhibited the luminescence of P.phosphoreum(the luminescence inhibition ratio reached 100%)at the beginning of the experiment.In addition,the toxicity declined slowly and continued for 25 days.The attenuation kinetics and changes in toxicity could be applied to explore the natural attenuation of C9 aromatics in the marine environment.
