A log-based method for fine-scale evaluation of lithofacies and its applications to the Gulong shale in the Songliao Basin,Northeast China

The Gulong shale demonstrates high clay content and pronounced thin laminations,with limited vertical variability in log curves,complicating lithofacies classification.To comprehend the distribution and compositional features of lithofacies in the Gulong shale for optimal sweet spot selection and reservoir stimulation,this study introduced a lithofacies classification scheme and a log-based lithofacies evaluation method.Specifically,theΔlgR method was utilized for accurately determining the total organic carbon(TOC)content;a multi-mineral model based on element-to-mineral content conversion coefficients was developed to enhance mineral composition prediction accuracy,and the microresistivity curve variations derived from formation micro-image(FMI)log were used to compute lamination density,offering insights into sedimentary structures.Using this method,integrating TOC content,sedimentary structures,and mineral compositions,the Qingshankou Formation is classified into four lithofacies and 12 sublithofacies,displaying 90.6%accuracy compared to core description outcomes.The classification results reveal that the northern portion of the study area exhibits more prevalent fissile felsic shales,siltstone interlayers,shell limestones,and dolomites.Vertically,the upper section primarily exhibits organic-rich felsic shale and siltstone interlayers,the middle part is characterized by moderate organic quartz-feldspathic shale and siltstone/carbonate interlayers,and the lower section predominantly features organic-rich fissile felsic/clayey felsic shales.Analyzing various sublithofacies in relation to seven petrophysical parameters,oil test production,and fracturing operation conditions indicates that the organic-rich felsic shales in the upper section and the organic-rich/clayey felsic shales in the lower section possess superior physical properties and oil content,contributing to smoother fracturing operation and enhanced production,thus emerging as dominant sublithofacies.Conversely,thin interlayers such as siltstones and limestones,while producing oil,demonstrate higher brittleness and pose great fracturing operation challenges.The methodology and insights in this study will provide a valuable guide for sweet spot identification and horizontal well-based exploitation of the Gulong shale.

Obtaining accurate measurements of the sea surface height from a GPS buoy

A dedicated GPS buoy is designed for calibration and validation(Cal/Val)of satellite altimeters since 2014.In order to evaluate the accuracy of the sea surface height(SSH)measured by the GPS buoy,twelve campaigns have been done within China sea area between 2014 and 2021.In six of these campaigns,two static Global Navigation Satellite System stations were installed at distances of<1 km and 19 km from the buoy to assess how the baseline length influenced the derived SSH from the buoy solutions.The GPS buoy data was processed using the GAMIT/GLOBK software+TRACK module and CSRS-PPP tool to achieve the SSH.The SSH was compared with conventionally tide gauge(TG)data to evaluate the accuracy of the buoy with the standard deviation of the height element.The results showed that the difference in the standard deviation of the SSH from the buoy and the TG was less than 16 mm.The SSHs processed with different ephemeris(Ultra-Rapid,Rapid,Final)were not significantly different.When the baseline length was 19 km,the SSH solution of the GPS buoy performed well,with standard bias of less than 26 mm between the heights measured by the buoy and TG,meaning that the buoy could be used for Cal/Val of altimeters.The bias between the Canadian Spatial Reference System-precise point positioning tool and the TRACK varied a lot,and some of them were over 130 mm.This deemed too high to be useful for Cal/Val of satellite altimeters.Moreover,the GPS buoy solutions processed by GAMIT/GLOBK software+TRACK module were used for in-orbit Cal/Val of HY-2B/C satellites in ten campaigns.The SSH and significant wave height of the altimeters showed good agreements with the GPS buoy solutions.

Identification of petroleum acids in Liaohe super-heavy oil

In this study, petroleum acids were extracted from the super-heavy oil of Liaohe oilfield, North-east China, by using acetic acid, and their structural components and properties were investigated by using FT-IR and MS. Moreover, the trace metal contents in the super-heavy oil sample before and after acetic acid treatment were also measured in this work. The results showed that naphthenic acids were the main component of petroleum acids in Liaohe super-heavy oil, and the content of naphthenic acids with double rings was higher than that of other naphthenic acids. It can be concluded that petroleum acids in Liaohe super-heavy oil mainly consist of naphthenic acids, with a carbon number of around 11–69 and containing one to six naphthenic rings and/or one to two aromatic rings, and mainly exists in form of metal salts of petroleum acid. The molecular weight of petroleum acids is in the range of 190–1000.

Preliminary calibration results of the HY-2B altimeter’s SSH at China’s Wanshan calibration site

Satellite altimeter needs to be calibrated to evaluate the accuracy of sea surface height data.The dedicated altimeter calibration field needs to establish a special calibration strategy and needs to evaluate its calibration ability.This paper describes absolute calibration of HY-2 B altimeter SSH using the GPS calibration method at the newly Wanshan calibration site,located in the Wanshan Islands,China.There are two HY-2 B altimeter passes across the Wanshan calibration site.Pass No.362 is descending and the ground track passes the east of Dan’gan Island.Pass No.375 is ascending and crosses the Zhiwan Island.The GPS data processing strategy of Wanshan calibration site was established and the accuracy of GPS calibration method of Wanshan calibration site was evaluated.Meanwhile,the processing strategies of the HY-2 B altimeter for the Wanshan calibration site were established,and a dedicated geoid model data were used to benefit the calibration accuracy.The time-averaged HY-2 B altimeter bias was approximately 2.12 cm with a standard deviation of 2.08 cm.The performance of the HY-2 B correction microwave radiometer was also evaluated in terms of the wet troposphere path delay and showed a mean difference-0.2 cm with a 1.4 cm standard deviation with respect to the in situ GPS radiosonde.

Using machine learning algorithms to estimate stand volume growth of Larix and Quercus forests based on national-scale Forest Inventory data in China

Estimating the volume growth of forest ecosystems accurately is important for understanding carbon sequestration and achieving carbon neutrality goals.However,the key environmental factors affecting volume growth differ across various scales and plant functional types.This study was,therefore,conducted to estimate the volume growth of Larix and Quercus forests based on national-scale forestry inventory data in China and its influencing factors using random forest algorithms.The results showed that the model performances of volume growth in natural forests(R^(2)=0.65 for Larix and 0.66 for Quercus,respectively)were better than those in planted forests(R^(2)=0.44 for Larix and 0.40 for Quercus,respectively).In both natural and planted forests,the stand age showed a strong relative importance for volume growth(8.6%–66.2%),while the edaphic and climatic variables had a limited relative importance(<6.0%).The relationship between stand age and volume growth was unimodal in natural forests and linear increase in planted Quercus forests.And the specific locations(i.e.,altitude and aspect)of sampling plots exhibited high relative importance for volume growth in planted forests(4.1%–18.2%).Altitude positively affected volume growth in planted Larix forests but controlled volume growth negatively in planted Quercus forests.Similarly,the effects of other environmental factors on volume growth also differed in both stand origins(planted versus natural)and plant functional types(Larix versus Quercus).These results highlighted that the stand age was the most important predictor for volume growth and there were diverse effects of environmental factors on volume growth among stand origins and plant functional types.Our findings will provide a good framework for site-specific recommendations regarding the management practices necessary to maintain the volume growth in China's forest ecosystems.

The tomato 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase gene SlF3HL is critical for chilling stress tolerance

Low temperature is a major stress that severely affects plant development,growth,distribution,and productivity.Here,we examined the function of a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase-encoding gene,SlF3HL,in chilling stress responses in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum cv.Alisa Craig[AC]).Knockdown(KD)of SlF3HL(through RNA interference)in tomato led to increased sensitivity to chilling stress as indicated by elevated levels of electrolyte leakage,malondialdehyde(MDA)and reactive oxygen species(ROS).In addition,the KD plants had decreased levels of proline and decreased activities of peroxisome and superoxide dismutase.The expression of four cold-responsive genes was substantially reduced in the KD plants.Furthermore,seedling growth was significantly greater in AC or SlF3HLoverexpression plants than in the KD plants under either normal growth conditions with methyl jasmonate(MeJA)or chilling stress conditions.SlF3HL appears to positively regulate JA accumulation and the expression of JA biosynthetic and signaling genes under chilling stress.Together,these results suggest that SlF3HL is a positive regulator of chilling stress tolerance and functions in the chilling stress tolerance pathways,possibly by regulating JA biosynthesis,JA signaling,and ROS levels.

A preliminary report on adjuvant analgesic efficacy of HANS in opioid tolerant patients with cancer pain

Objective： To observe the adjuvant analgesic efficacy of Han＇s Acupoint Nerve Stimulator （HANS） in opioid tolerant patients with cancer pain. Methods： A prospective non-controlled study was conducted. Opioid tolerant patients with cancer pain were enrolled and treated with both routinely analgesics and adjuvant HANS （2/100 Hz for 30 min/d, 5 d on and 2 d off for two weeks）. Cancer pain, quality of life （QOL）, anxiety and depression were assessed before enrollment and on d 8 and d 15 with the BPI-C, EORTC QLQ-C30, and self-rating anxiety scale （SAS）/ self-rating depression scale （SDS）, respectively; the therapeutic frequency of breakthrough pain （BP） and daily opioid dose were also recorded. Results： Totally 47 patients meeting the inclusion criteria participated in this study; 43 patients completed the two-week treatment and assessment. The mean scores of patient＇s ＂worst＂ and ＂least＂ pain intensity assessed with BPI-C decreased significantly on d 8 and d 15; the therapeutic frequency of BP also significantly decreased; but the average daily dose of opioids did not change significantly. For the nine symptoms in EORTC QLQ-C30 assessment, the mean scores of pain, fatigue, constipation and insomnia were significantly lower on d 8 and d 15 compared with baseline; the mean scores of the overall health status, nausea/vomiting and the incidence rates of both anxiety and depression also decreased significantly on d 15. Conclusions： To opioid tolerant patients with cancer pain, adjuvant treatment with HANS could improve pain release and patients＇ QOL by decreasing the severity of pain, fatigue, constipation, insomnia and other concomitant symptoms; it could also decrease the incidence rates of anxiety and depression.

Measurement of the sea surface using a GPS towing-body in Wanshan area

Wanshan area has been chosen to be the specified field to calibrate and validate(Cal/Val)the HY-2 altimeter and its follow-on satellites.In March 2018,an experiment has been conducted to determine the sea surface height(SSH)under the HY-2 A ground track(Pass No.203).A GPS towing-body(GPS-TB)was designed to measure the SSH covering an area of about 6 km×28 km wide centered on the HY-2 A altimeter satellite ground track.Three GPS reference stations,one tide gauge and a GPS buoy were placed in the research area,in order to process and resolve the kinematic solution and check the precision of the GPS-TB respectively.All the GPS data were calculated by the GAMIT/GLOBK software and TRACK module.The sea surface was determined by the GPS-TB solution and the tide gauge placed on Zhiwan Island.Then the sea surface of this area was interpolated by Arc GIS10.2 with ordinary Kriging method.The results showed that the precision of the GPS-TB is about 1.10 cm compared with the tide gauge placed nearby,which has an equivalent precision with the GPS buoy.The interpolated sea surface has a bias of–1.5–4.0 cm with standard deviation of 0.2–2.4 cm compared with the checking line.The gradient of the measured sea surface is about 1.62 cm/km along the HY-2 orbit which shows a good agreement compared with the CLS11 mean sea surface(MSS).In the Cal/Val of satellites,the sea surface between the tide gauge/GPS buoy and the footprint of altimeter can be improved by this work.

Preliminary calibration results for Jason-3 and Sentinel-3 altimeters in the Wanshan Islands

We present preliminary calibration results for Jason-3 and Sentinel-3A altimeters that we set up in the Wanshan Islands in Guandong Province,China.Two campaigns were carried out in 2018,from March 8 to April 16 and from November 3 to December 11,2018.Three GPS reference stations and tide gauges were established on the islands of Zhiwan,Dangan,and Wailingding during the campaigns.The in-situ sea surface height(SSH)of the altimeter footprint was determined using the tide gauge.The tidal and geoid connection between the tide gauge locations and the altimeter footprints were computed with the NAO.99Jb tidal prediction system and the EGM 2008 geoid,respectively.The data of the tide gauges were defi ned using the GPS buoy and GPS reference stations during the campaigns.The results show that the waveform of the altimeters was slightly contaminated by the small islands.The bias associated with Jason-3 and Sentinel-3A amounted to approximately+20.7±49.7 mm and+30.1±39.4 mm,respectively,which agreed well with the results from other in-situ calibration fi elds.This indicates that the Wanshan area was very suitable as an in-situ calibration/validation fi eld.The wet zenith delay(WZD)determined from the Microwave Radiometer(MWR)and the GPS measurements diff ered from each other for the Jason-3 and Sentinel-3A by−6.6±7.4 mm and 0±6.8 mm,respectively.

Analysis of cancer pain in hospitals in Beijing,China

Objective:This study aimed to survey the characteristics and treatments of cancer pain in Beijing hospitals,China.Methods:At 20:00 on December 22,2009,there conducted a questionnaire survey in 2238 patients with malignant tumors of 26 hospitals in Beijing,and the survey results were statistically analyzed.Results:The 531 cases in 2238 patients had pained and 121 cases (22.79%) had outbreak pain with one week.At 20:00 on December 22,2009,199 cases (38%) in the above-mentioned 531 pain patients suffered the moderate to severe pain (pain scores ≥ 4).The number of pain (pain scores ≥ 4) patients in the consecutive three days from December 20 to December 22 were 150.Conclusion:In the 531 cancer pain patients of the surveyed hospitals,38% of the patients were not satisfied with the pain control.Doctors believed that the main reason for pain not controlled was the non-standard treatment,but patients considered to be afraid of addiction.

Evaluation of Nasal Functions While Wearing N95 Respirator and Surgical Facemask

There is a lack of reported studies on how the long duration wearing of N95 respirators or surgical facemasks will affect the upper airway functions. Considering the frequency of mask wearing especially in hospitals and during an outbreak of influenza, it is essential to have such data documented. Therefore, the current study is to establish the effect of long duration wearing of N95 and surgical facemasks on upper airway functions. 47 staffs of National University Hospital Singapore in 2013 were recruited. Each of the volunteers wore both N95 respirator and surgical facemask for 3 hours on two different days. During the period of mask wearing, relative airflow rates were recorded. Smell function test was carried out before and after mask wearing. The results show that no significant change of smell test score was found after removal of both the two types of masks. With N95 respirator, more air was breathed into the upper airways compared to surgical facemask.

Effects of V₂O₅Addition on Microwave Dielectric Properties of Li₂ZnTi₃O₈Ceramics for LTCC Applications

The sintering temperature of Li2ZnTi3O8 ceramics is still high for LTCC-based applications. In this work, V2O5 was doped as the sintering aid. The sintered density, phase composition, grain size, as well as microwave dielectric properties of Li2ZnTi3O8 ceramics with the addition of V2O5 were investigated. Based on our research, V2O5 doping effectively promoted the densification of Li2ZnTi3O8 ceramics at about 900°C, without affecting the main crystal phase of the ceramics. Li2ZnTi3O8 ceramics with 0.5 wt% V2O5 doping (sintered at 900°C) exhibited the best microwave dielectric properties (Qf =?22,400 GHz at about 6 GHz, εr = 25.5, and τf = -10.8 ppm/°C). The V2O5-doped Li2ZnTi3O8 ceramics were well cofired with Ag inner paste without cracks and diffusion, indicating its significant potential for LTCC applications.

Breeding exceptionally fragrant soybeans for soy milk with strong aroma

Soybean(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)is a major source of vegetable protein and oil in human diet and animal nutrition.Soybean seeds have been extensively used in various food products and snacks.Taste quality,particularly the aroma,affects cooking and eating,and ultimately influences consumer preference.Soy milk is particularly popular in China and has been gaining popularity in many other countries in the world.

Knockout of miR396 genes increases seed size and yield in soybean

Yield improvement has long been an important task for soybean breeding in the world in order to meet the increasing demand for food and animal feed.mi R396 genes have been shown to negatively regulate grain size in rice,but whether mi R396 family members may function in a similar manner in soybean is unknown.Here,we generated eight soybean mutants harboring different combinations of homozygous mutations in the six soybean mi R396genes through genome editing with clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease(Cas)12SF01 in the elite soybean cultivar Zhonghuang 302(ZH302).Four triple mutants(mir396aci,mir396acd,mir396adf,and mir396cdf),two quadruple mutants(mir396-abcd and mir396acfi),and two quintuple mutants(mir396abcdf and mir396bcdfi)were characterized.We found that plants of all the mir396 mutants produced larger seeds compared to ZH302 plants.Field tests showed that mir396adf and mir396cdf plants have significantly increased yield in growth zones with relatively high latitude which are suited for ZH302 and moderately increased yield in lower latitude.In contrast,mir396abcdf and mir396bcdfiplants have increased plant height and decreased yield in growth zones with relatively high latitude due to lodging issues,but they are suited for low latitude growth zones with increased yield without lodging problems.Taken together,our study demonstrated that loss-of-function of mi R396 genes leads to significantly enlarged seed size and increased yield in soybean,providing valuable germplasms for breeding high-yield soybean.

Highly electro-conductive B_(4)C-TiB_(2) composites with threedimensional interconnected intergranular TiB_(2) network

To achieve lightweight B_(4)C-based composite ceramics with high electrical conductivities and hardness,B_(4)C-TiB_(2) ceramics were fabricated by reactive spark plasma sintering(SPS)using B_(4)C,TiC,and amorphous B as raw materials.During the sintering process,fine B_(4)C-TiB_(2) composite particles are firstly in situ synthesized by the reaction between TiC and B.Then,large raw B_(4)C particles tend to grow at the cost of small B_(4)C particles.Finally,small TiB_(2) grains surround large B_(4)C grains to create a three-dimensional interconnected intergranular TiB_(2) network,which is beneficial for an electro-conductive network and greatly improves the conductivity of the ceramics.The effect of the B_(4)C particle size on the mechanical and electrical properties of the ceramics was investigated.When the particle size of initial B_(4)C powders is 10.29µm,the obtained B_(4)C-15 vol%TiB_(2) composite ceramics exhibit an electrical conductivity as high as 2.79×10^(4) S/m and a density as low as 2.782 g/cm^(3),together with excellent mechanical properties including flexural strength,Vickers hardness(HV),and fracture toughness(KIC)of 676 MPa,28.89 GPa,and 5.28 MPa·m^(1/2),respectively.

Vibration analysis and topology optimization of the header of full-feeding rice combine harvester

The header frame of full-feeding rice combine harvester was characterized by severe vibration due to the excitation force generated by the movement of each working part.In order to solve the problem,the parametric model of the header frame was established,and the accuracy of the finite element model was verified by comparison of the results of the free modal analysis and free vibration modal test based on Eigensystem Realization Algorithm(ERA).Then the constrained modal frequencies were calculated and compared with the external excitation source frequencies,the results showed that the first and eighth order modal natural frequencies were coupled with the excitation frequencies of the threshing cylinder and the engine respectively,which were apt to resonate.To avoid resonance and achieve lightweight design,topology optimization,and finite element analysis were carried out.The optimization results showed that the strength and rigidity meet the requirements and the weight was 14.17%lower than before.The first and eighth order modal natural frequencies were far away from the excitation frequencies range of the threshing cylinder and engine,and the frequencies were far away from the range of each excitation frequency,which effectively avoided the occurrence of resonance.Field experiments showed that the peak value of the vibration acceleration in the three directions of the 8 measuring points of the optimized header frame was significantly reduced,which effectively reduced the vibration of the header frame during harvest.This study provides a method for obtaining the vibration characteristics of key components of agricultural machinery and provides a reference for the weight and vibration reduction of header frames of rice,wheat,rape,and other crop combine harvesters.

含钛高炉渣的碳化产物对水泥砂浆强度及电阻率的影响

以攀枝花钢铁公司生产的高钛型高炉渣的碳化产物(碳化渣)取代标准砂为集料制备了水泥砂浆。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对高钛型碳化渣进行了成分、物相和形貌表征;测试了不同碳化渣含量下水泥砂浆的抗压强度和电阻率,探讨了不同碳化渣取代量对水泥砂浆电阻率的影响机制。研究结果表明,含有碳化渣的水泥砂浆的强度满足建筑水泥砂浆的要求;在潮湿状态下,碳化渣的引入无法降低28 d龄期水泥砂浆的电阻率;在干燥状态下,当碳化渣的取代量达到60%以上时,水泥砂浆的电阻率可低于标准水泥砂浆,且最低可下降87.5%。高钛型碳化渣可作为导电集料的候选材料用于制备面向建筑加热采暖用的水泥基复合导电材料。

Carbon sequestration of Chinese forests from 2010 to 2060:spatiotemporal dynamics and its regulatory strategies

Forestation is important for sequestering atmospheric carbon,and it is a cost-effective and nature-based solution(NBS)for mitigating global climate change.Here,under the assumption of forestation in the potential plantable lands,we used the forest carbon sequestration(FCS)model and field survey involving 3365 forest plots to assess the carbon sequestration rate(CSR)of Chinese existing and new forestation forests from 2010 to 2060 under three forestation and three climate scenarios.Without considering the influence of extreme events and human disturbance,the estimated average CSR in Chinese forests was 0.358±0.016 Pg C a^(-1),with partitioning to biomass(0.211±0.016 Pg C a^(-1))and soil(0.147±0.005 Pg C a^(-1)),respectively.The existing forests account for approximately 93.5%of the CSR,which will peak near 2035,and decreasing trend was present overall after 2035.After 2035,effective tending management is required to maintain the high CSR level,such as selective cutting,thinning,and approximate disturbance.However,new forestation from 2015 in the potential plantable lands would play a minimal role in additional CSR increases.In China,the CSR is generally higher in the Northeast,Southwest,and Central-South,and lower in the Northwest.Considering the potential losses through deforestation and logging,it is realistically estimated that CSR in Chinese forests would remain in the range of 0.161–0.358 Pg C a^(-1) from 2010 to 2060.Overall,forests have the potential to offset 14.1%of the national anthropogenic carbon emissions in China over the period of 2010–2060,significantly contributing to the carbon neutrality target of 2060 with the implementation of effective management strategies for existing forests and expansion of forestation.

A Bi-Functional Xyloglucan Galactosyltransferase Is an Indispensable Salt Stress Tolerance Determinant in Arabidopsis

Salinity is an abiotic stress that substantially limits crop production worldwide. To identify salt stress tolerance determinants, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants that are hypersensitive to salt stress and designated these mutants as short root in salt medium （rsa）. One of these mutants, rsa3-1, is hypersensitive to NaCI and LiCI but not to CsCI or to general osmotic stress. Reactive oxygen species （ROS） over-accumulate in rsa3-1 plants under salt stress. Gene expression profiling with Affymetrix microarray analysis revealed that RSA3 controls expression of many genes including genes encoding proteins for ROS detoxification under salt stress. Map-based cloning showed that RSA3 encodes a xyloglucan galactosyltransferase, which is allelic to a gene previously named MUR3/KAM1. The RSA3/ MUR3/KAMl-encoded xylogluscan galactosyltransferase regulates actin microfilament organization （and thereby con- tributes to endomembrane distribution） and is also involved in cell wall biosynthesis. In rsa3-1, actin cannot assemble and form bundles as it does in the wild-type but instead aggregates in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, addition of phal- Ioidin, which prevents actin depolymerization, can rescue salt hypersensitivity of rsa3-1. Together, these results sug- gest that RSA3/MUR3/KAM1 along with other cell wall-associated proteins plays a critical role in salt stress tolerance by maintaining the proper organization of actin microfilaments in order to minimize damage caused by excessive ROS.

Innovations and stepwise evolution of CBFs/DREB1s and their regulatory networks in angiosperms

The C-repeat binding factors/dehydrationresponsive element binding protein 1 s(CBFs/DREB1 s)have been identified as major regulators of cold acclimation in many angiosperm plants.However,their origin and evolutionary process associated to cold responsiveness are still lacking.By integrating multi-omics data of genomes,transcriptomes,and CBFs/DREB1 s genome-wide binding profiles,we unveil the origin and evolution of CBFs/DREB1 s and their regulatory network.Gene collinearity and phylogeny analyses show that CBF/DREB1 is an innovation evolved from tandem duplication-derived DREBⅢgene.A subsequent event of e-whole genome duplication led to two CBF/DREB1 archetypes(CladesⅠandⅡ)in ancient angiosperms.In contrast to cold-insensitivity of Clade I and their parent DREBⅢgenes,CladeⅡevolved a further innovation in cold-sensitive response and was stepwise expanded in eudicots and monocots by independent duplications.In geological time,the duplication events were mainly enriched around the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K-Pg)boundary and/or in the Late Cenozoic Ice Age,when the global average temperature significantly decreased.Consequently,the duplicated CBF/DREB1 genes contributed to the rewiring of CBFs/DREB1 s-regulatory network for cold tolerance.Altogether,our results highlight an origin and convergent evolution of CBFs/DREB1 s and their regulatory network probably for angiosperms adaptation to global cooling.