Patent-based technological developments and surfactants application of lithium-ion batteries fire-extinguishing agent

While newer,more efficient Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and extinguishing agents have been developed to reduce the occurrence of thermal runaway accidents,there is still a scarcity of research focused on the application of surfactants in different LIBs extinguishing agents,particularly in terms of patented technologies.The aim of this review paper is to provide an overview of the technological progress of LIBs and LIBs extinguishing agents in terms of patents in Korea,Japan,Europe,the United States,China,etc.The initial part of this review paper is sort out LIBs technology development in different regions.In addition,to compare LIBs extinguishing agent progress and challenges of liquid,solid,combination of multiple,and microencapsulated.The subsequent section of this review focuses on an in-depth analysis dedicated to the efficiency and challenges faced by the surfactants corresponding design principles of LIBs extinguishing agents,such as nonionic and anionic surfactants.A total of 451,760 LIBs-related patent and 20 LIBs-fire-extinguishing agent-related patent were included in the analyses.The extinguishing effect,cooling performance,and anti-recombustion on different agents have been highlighted.After a comprehensive comparison of these agents,this review suggests that temperature-sensitive hydrogel extinguishing agent is ideal for the effective control of LIBs fire.The progress and challenges of surfactants have been extensively examined,focusing on key factors such as surface activity,thermal stability,foaming properties,environmental friendliness,and electrical conductivity.Moreover,it is crucial to emphasize that the selection of a suitable surfactant must align with the extinguishing strategy of the extinguishing agent for optimal firefighting effectiveness.

Automation in road distress detection,diagnosis and treatment

Road transportation plays a crucial role in society and daily life,as the functioning and durability of roads can significantly impact a nation's economic development.In the whole life cycle of the road,the emergence of disease is unavoidable,so it is necessary to adopt relevant technical means to deal with the disease.This study comprehensively reviews the advancements in computer vision,artificial intelligence,and mobile robotics in the road domain and examines their progress and applications in road detection,diagnosis,and treatment,especially asphalt roads.Specifically,it analyzes the research progress in detecting and diagnosing surface and internal road distress and related techniques and algorithms are compared.In addition,also introduces various road gover-nance technologies,including automated repairs,intelligent construction,and path planning for crack sealing.Despite their proven effectiveness in detecting road distress,analyzing diagnoses,and planning maintenance,these technologies still confront challenges in data collection,parameter optimization,model portability,system accuracy,robustness,and real-time performance.Consequently,the integration of multidisciplinary technologies is imperative to enable the development of an integrated approach that includes road detection,diagnosis,and treatment.This paper addresses the challenges of precise defect detection,condition assessment,and unmanned construction.At the same time,the efficiency of labor liberation and road maintenance is achieved,and the automation level of the road engineering industry is improved.

Banana-shaped electron acceptors with an electron-rich core fragment and 3D packing capability

The emergence of Y6-type nonfullerene acceptors has greatly enhanced the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of organic solar cells(OSCs).However,which structural feature is responsible for the excellent photovoltaic performance is still under debate.In this study,two Y6-like acceptors BDOTP-1 and BDOTP-2 were designed.Different from previous Y6-type acceptors featuring an A–D–Aʹ–D–A structure,BDOTP-1,and BDOTP-2 have no electron-deficient Aʹfragment in the core unit.Instead,there is an electron-rich dibenzodioxine fragment in the core.Although this modification leads to a marked change in the molecular dipole moment,electrostatic potential,frontier orbitals,and energy levels,BDOTP acceptors retain similar three-dimensional packing capability as Y6-type acceptors due to the similar banana-shaped molecular configuration.BDOTP acceptors show good performance in OSCs.High PCEs of up to 18.51%(certified 17.9%)are achieved.This study suggests that the banana-shaped configuration instead of the A–D–Aʹ–D–A structure is likely to be the determining factor in realizing high photovoltaic performance.

Combining chlorination and sulfuration strategies for high-performance all-small-molecule organic solar cells

Three small-molecule donors based on dithieno [2,3-d:2’,3 ’-d’]-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’] dithiophene(DTBDT)unit were designed and synthesized by side chain regulation with chlorinated or/and sulfurated substitutions(namely ZR1,ZR1-Cl,and ZR1-S-Cl respectively),along with a crystalline non-fullerene acceptor IDIC-4 Cl with a chlorinated 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone(IC) end group.Energy levels,molar extinction coefficients and crystallinities of three donor molecules can be effectively altered by combining chlorination and sulfuration strategies.Especially,the ZR1-S-Cl exhibited the best absorption ability,lowest higher occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energy level and highest crystallinity among three donors,resulting in the corresponding all-small-molecule organic solar cells to produce a high power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 12.05% with IDIC-4 Cl as an acceptor.

Optimizing polymer aggregation and blend morphology for boosting the photovoltaic performance of polymer solar cells via a random terpolymerization strategy

Compared to regular conjugated polymers,the random conjugated terpolymers are usually not beneficial to achieve highly efficient non-fullerene(NF)-based polymer solar cells(PSCs)due to their disordered chemical structures.In this work,we report two random terpolymer donors(PBNB80 and PBNB50)by tuning the molar ratio of electron-accepting units of 1,3-di(thiophen-2-yl)naphtho[2,3-c]thiophene-4,9-dione(NTD)and 1,3-bis(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-4 H,8 H-benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c’]dithiophene-4,8-dione(ClBDD),at the same time,the parent polymers(PBNB100 and PBNB00)are also compared to study.These four polymer donors exhibit similar optical bandgaps and gradually deepen highest occupied molecular orbital levels.Importantly,aggregation and self-organization properties of the random terpolymer donors are optimized,which result in the better morphology and crystal coherence length after blending with NF acceptor of BO-4 Cl.Particularly,a PBNB80:BO-4 Cl blend forms an optimal nanoscale phase-separation morphology,thereby producing an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 16.0%,which is much higher than those(12.8%and 10.7%)of their parent binary polymer donor-based devices.This work demonstrates that rational using terpolymerization strategy to prepare random terpolymer is a very important method to achieve highly efficient NF-PSCs.

Modulation of Madden-Julian Oscillation Activity by the Tropical Pacific-Indian Ocean Associated Mode

In this study,the impacts of the tropical Pacific–Indian Ocean associated mode(PIOAM)on Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO)activity were investigated using reanalysis data.In the positive(negative)phase of the PIOAM,the amplitudes of MJO zonal wind and outgoing longwave radiation are significantly weakened(enhanced)over the Indian Ocean,while they are enhanced(weakened)over the central and eastern Pacific.The eastward propagation of the MJO can extend to the central Pacific in the positive phase of the PIOAM,whereas it is mainly confined to west of 160°E in the negative phase.The PIOAM impacts MJO activity by modifying the atmospheric circulation and moisture budget.Anomalous ascending(descending)motion and positive(negative)moisture anomalies occur over the western Indian Ocean and central-eastern Pacific(Maritime Continent and western Pacific)during the positive phase of the PIOAM.The anomalous circulation is almost the opposite in the negative phases of the PIOAM.This anomalous circulation and moisture can modulate the activity of the MJO.The stronger moistening over the Indian Ocean induced by zonal and vertical moisture advection leads to the stronger MJO activity over the Indian Ocean in the negative phase of the PIOAM.During the positive phase of the PIOAM,the MJO propagates farther east over the central Pacific owing to the stronger moistening there,which is mainly attributable to the meridional and vertical moisture advection,especially low-frequency background state moisture advection by the MJO’s meridional and vertical velocities.

Salidroside Pretreatment to Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Cell Survival and Migration to Promote Diabetic Wound Healing

Objective Diabetic patients pose a greater challenge in managing chronic wound healing,leading to a higher amputation risk compared to non-diabetic patients.Due to their paracrine function by secreting various cytokines and angiogenic factors,mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)have been acknowledged to be a potential agent in modulating wound healing process.However,post-transplanted MSCs are vulnerable to death,indicating poor survival and migration ability in the wound site of the host,especially under hyperglycemia.As hyperglycemia induces reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation and cellular apoptosis,improvement of MSCs survival and migration potentials under hyperglycemia could contribute to a more efficient MSCs-based wound healing therapy.Salidroside(Sa),a small-molecule drug derived from Rhodiola plant,has been proved to enhance the paracrine function of skeletal muscle cells,as well as their migration even under hypoxichyperglycemia.Herein,we investigated whether Sa could improve the survival and migration potentials of MSCs,subsequently enhance the wound healing process under hyperglycemia.Methods MSCs were cultured under three conditions:low glucose,high glucose,and high glucose+Sa.qPCR analysis and western blotting were done to examine the mRNA and protein expression level of several factors which are important in upregulating the wound healing process.MTT colorimetric assay,intracellular ROS detection,and flow cytometry assay were employed to examine the effect of Sa in MSCs survival.Transwell chamber assay,scratch assay,and phalloidin staining were done to elucidate the role of Sa in regulating MSCs migration potential.For in vivo experiment,diabetic wound healing mice model was generated to elucidate the effect of Sa-pretreated MSCs transplantation in wound closure rate,as well as re-epithelization status,observed with hematoxylin and eosin staining.The diabetic wound healing mice model were divided into three groups:1)mice injected with PBS,2)mice transplanted with PBS-pretreated MSCs,and 3)mice transplanted with Sa-pretreated MSCs.Results(1)Hyperglycemic condition induced the generation of ROS and suppressed total cell number of MSCs,while Sa treatment into MSCs restored these hyperglycemia-induced alterations.In line with this,total apoptotic cells were also suppressed by treating MSCs with Sa.The expression level of cell survival factor,heme-oxygenase 1(HO-1),was enhanced in Sa-pretreated MSCs.Further treatment of HO-1 inhibitor into Sa-pretreated MSCs nullified the ROS level and total apoptotic cells,indica-ting the importance of HO-1 in mediating the Sa-induced survival of MSCs under hyperglycemia.(2)Transwell chamber and scratch assay results showed that Sa-pretreated MSCs have a higher migration potential under hyperglycemia,supported by higher F-actin polymerization fractal dimension.Fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2)and hepatocyte growth factor(HGF)expression level,which are essential factors for cell migration,were also improved in Sa-pretreated MSCs under hyperglycemia.(3)In diabetic wound healing mice model,transplantation of Sa-pretreated MSCs resulted in significantly improved wound closure rate and re-epithelization.The protein levels of HO-1,FGF2,and HGF were also enhanced in the tissues obtained from the wound site of diabetic wound healing mice model which were transplanted with Sa-pretreated MSCs.Conclusions Salidroside pretreatment on MSCs could improve their survival and migration potentials,subsequently promoting wound healing process under hyperglycemia.This prospective MSC-based therapy could serve as a novel strategy to improve diabetic wound healing.

The Asymmetric Atmospheric Response to the Decadal Variability of Kuroshio Extension during Winter

The Kuroshio extension(KE)exhibits interdecadal variability,oscillating from a stable state to an unstable state.In this paper,ERA-Interim reanalysis data are used to discuss the possible reasons for the asymmetric response of the atmosphere to symmetric sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)during periods of differential KE states.The analysis has the following results:the SSTA presents a nearly symmetrical distribution with opposite signs during the KE stable and unstable periods.During the KE stable period,the storm track is located north of 40°N and is significantly enhanced in the northeast Pacific Ocean.The atmospheric response is similar to the West Pacific/North Pacific Oscillation teleconnection(WP/NPO like pattern)and presents a barotropic structure.The inversion results of the potential vorticity equation show that the feedback of transient eddy vorticity manifests a WP/NPO like pattern and presents a barotropic structure,which is the main reason for bringing about the response of the WP/NPO like pattern.The magnitude of the feedbacks of both diabatic heating and transient eddy heating is small,which can offset one another.During the KE unstable period,the main body of the storm track is located to the south of 40°N,and there is no significant response signal in the atmosphere,except near the west coast of North America.Compared with the KE stable period,the asymmetry of response of the transient eddy vorticity is the main reason for the asymmetric response of the atmosphere.

降低全聚合物太阳能电池光伏效率的温度依赖性

全聚合物太阳能电池(All-PSCs)具有良好的机械稳定性和热稳定性,受到人们的广泛关注.目前,提高全聚合物太阳能电池性能的关键是改善活性层的形貌.本文通过逐层(LBL)工艺,优化了薄膜形貌,实现了更好的电荷产生和传输,增加了激子扩散长度,提高了电荷产量,并抑制了复合损失.此外,本文进一步研究了LBL制备的全聚合物太阳能电池中的激子/电荷行为与温度的依赖性关系.详细的原位光谱测量和光电特性表征表明,独特的形态延长了激子寿命,减少了电荷陷阱,并促进了电荷传输和收集.因此,准双层PM6/PYF-T-o器件的能量转换效率(PCE)显著提高(16.70%).此外,与BHJ器件相比,通过LBL工艺制备的器件,实现了增强的分子有序性,降低了能级混乱度,使得器件填充系数和PCE温度依赖性减弱.本工作为太阳能电池在温度可变环境下的电荷传输行为和光伏性能提供了新的认识,也为其实际应用提供了理论依据.

Manipulating Nanowires in Interconnecting Layer for Efficient Tandem Organic Photovoltaics

Owing to the function of manipulating light absorption distribution,tandem organic solar cells containing multiple sub-cells exhibit high power conversion efficiencies.However,there is a substantial challenge in precisely controlling the inter-subcells carrier migration which determines the balance of charge transport across the entire device.The conductivity of"nanowires"-like conducting channel in interconnecting layer between sub-cells should be improved which calls for fine engineering on the morphology of polyelectrolyte in interconnecting layer.Here,we develop a simple method to effectively manipulating the domains of conductive components in commercially available polyelectrolyte PEDOT:PSs.The use of poor solvent could effectively modify the configuration of polystyrene sulfonic acid and thus the space for conductive components.Based on our strategy,the insulated shells wrapping conductive domains are thinned and the efficiencies of tandem organic solar cells are improved.We believe our method might provide guidance for the manufacture of tandem organic solar cells.

大面积有机太阳能电池的研究进展

近年来,有机太阳能电池发展十分迅速,小面积器件的光电转化率已经突破19%,然而大面积器件的研究远远滞后.深入研究有机光伏大面积器件中的关键基础问题、开发大面积印刷制备方法,对推动有机太阳能电池的工业化应用具有重要意义,是未来有机太阳能电池的发展的热点和难点方向.相较于小面积器件,大面积器件对活性层材料的膜厚容忍度、透明电极的电阻、器件的加工方式等都有较高的要求,如何制备高效、稳定的刚性/柔性大面积器件仍是一个挑战.本综述着眼于刚性基底与柔性基底大面积器件中使用的材料、器件的涂布工艺、阳极/阴极传输层及电极材料的开发等方面,系统总结了近年来领域内的代表成果,并对未来高性能大面积有机太阳能器件的发展进行了展望.

Fluorination vs. chlorination： a case study on high performance organic photovoltaic materials

Halogenation is a very efficient chemical modification method to tune the molecular energy levels, absorption spectra and molecular packing of organic semiconductors. Recently, in the field of organic solar cells(OSCs), both fluorine-and chlorinesubstituted photovoltaic materials, including donors and acceptors, demonstrated their great potentials in achieving high power conversion efficiencies(PCEs), raising a question that how to make a decision between fluorination and chlorination when designing materials. Herein, we systemically studied the impact of fluorination and chlorination on the properties of resulting donors(PBDB-T-2 F and PBDB-T-2 Cl) and acceptors(IT-4 F and IT-4 Cl). The results suggest that all the OSCs based on different donor and acceptor combinations can deliver good PCEs around 13%–14%. Chlorination is more effective than fluorination in downshifting the molecular energy levels and broadening the absorption spectra. The influence of chlorination and fluorination on the crystallinity of the resulting materials is dependent on their introduction positions. As chlorination has the advantage of easy synthesis, it is more attractive in designing low-cost photovoltaic materials and therefore may have more potential in largescale applications.

15.3% efficiency all-small-molecule organic solar cells enabled by symmetric phenyl substitution

Synergistic optimization of donor-acceptor blend morphologyis a hurdle in the path of realizing efficient non-fullerene small-molecule organic solar cells(NFSMOSCs)due to the anisotropic conjugated backbones of both donor and acceptor.Therefore,developing a facile molecular design strategy to effectively regulate the crystalline properties of photoactive materials,and thus,enable the optimization of blend morphology is of vital importance.In this study,a new donor molecule B1,comprising phenyl-substituted benzodithiophene(BDT)central unit,exhibits strong interaction with the non-fullerene acceptor BO-4 Cl in comparison with its corresponding thiophene-substituted BDT-based material,BTR.As a result,the B1 is affected and induced from an edgeon to a face-on orientation by the acceptor,while the BTR and the acceptor behave individually for the similar molecular orientation in pristine and blend films according to grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering results.It means the donor-acceptor blend morphology is synergistically optimized in the B1 system,and the B1:BO-4 Cl-based devices achieve an outstanding power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 15.3%,further certified to be 15.1%by the National Institute of Metrology,China.Our results demonstrate a simple and effective strategy to improve the crystalline properties of the donor molecule as well as synergistically optimize the morphology of the all-small-molecule system,leading to the high-performance NFSM-OSCs.

Ternary Organic Solar Cells Based on Two Non-fullerene Acceptors with Complimentary Absorption and Balanced Crystallinity

Summary of main observation and conclusion The ternary blend structure has been demonstrated as an effective approach to increase the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells.An effective approach to enhance the power conversion efficiency of ternary solar cells is based on two non-fullerene acceptors with complimentary absorption range and balanced crystallinity.In this work,we have introduced a high crystallinity small-molecule acceptor,named C8IDTT-4CI with appropriate alkyl side chains into a low crystalline blend of conjugated polymer donor PBDT-TPD and fused-ring electron acceptor ITIC-4F.A ternary device based on the blend PBDT-TPD:1TIC-4F:C81DTT-4CI exhibits a best power conversion efficiency of 9.51%with a simultaneous improvement of the short-circuit current density to 18.76 mA-cm^-2 and the fill factor up to 67.53%.The absorption onset for C8IDTT-4CI is located at 900 nm,so that the well complementary light absorption is beneficial to the photocurrent.In addition,the existence of high crystallinity C8IDTT-4CI in the ternary device is found helpful to modulate crystallinity,improve heterojunction morphologies and stacking structure,therefore to realize higher charge mobility and better performance.

Fluorination-substitution effect on all-small-molecule organic solar cells

Due to the strong crystallinity and anisotropy of small molecules, matched molecular photoelectric properties and morphologies between small molecules and non-fullerene acceptors are especially important in all-small-molecule organic solar cells(OSCs).Introducing fluorine atoms has been proved as an effective strategy to achieve a high device performance through tuning molecular energy levels, absorption and assembly properties. Herein, we designed a novel benzodithiophene-based small molecule donor BDTF-CA with deep highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energy level. All-small-molecule OSCs were fabricated by combing non-fullerene acceptor IDIC with different fluorine-atom numbers. Two or four fluorine atoms were introduced to the end-capped acceptor of IDIC, which are named as IDIC-2 F and IDIC-4 F, respectively. With the increase of fluorination from IDIC to IDIC-4 F, the open circuit voltage(Voc) of the devices decreased, while hole and electron mobilities of the active layers increased by one order of magnitude. Contributed to the most balanced Voc, short-circuit current(Jsc) and fill factor(FF), the device based on BDTF-CA/IDIC-2 F achieved the highest power conversion efficiency of 9.11%.

A-π-D-π-A small-molecule donors with different end alkyl chains obtain different morphologies in organic solar cells

For bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells, the morphology of the blend films highly influence the exciton dissociation and charge transport process. In this work, two novel A-π-D-π-A(A represents the acceptor unit and D represents the donor unit) backbone structure small molecular electron donors based on two dimensional conjugated naphtho[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene(NDT) with different end alkyl chains, named as NDT-3T-EH and NDT-3T-O, have been designed and synthesized. The photovoltaic property of NDT-3T-O-based device is better than that of the NDT-3T-EH and the best efficiency reaches 7.06%, and the photovoltaic property of NDT-3T-EH reaches 6.11%. The difference in the performance should be attributed to the different morphology and phase separation resulted from the different crystallinity and aggregation ability of two donors. The results demonstrate that the optimized end alkyl chains can be used to design A-π-D-π-A backbone structure small molecular electron donors for smallmolecule organic solar cells.

A carbon-oxygen-bridged ladder-type building block for efficient donor and acceptor materials used in organic solar cells

A carbon-oxygen-bridged ladder-type donor unit （CO5） was invented and prepared via an ＂intramolecu- lar demethanolization cyclization＂ approach. Its single crystal structure indicates enhanced planarity compared with the carbon-bridged analogue indacenodithiophene （IDT）. Owing to the stronger electron-donating capability of CO5 than IDT, CO5-based donor and acceptor materials show narrower bandgaps. A donor-acceptor （D-A） copolymer donor （PCO5TPD） and an A-D-A nonfullerene acceptor （COSIC） demonstrated higher performance than IDT-based counterparts, PIDTTPD and IDTIC, respec-tively. The better performance of CO5-based materials results from their stronger light-harvesting capability and higher charge-carrier mobilities.

Insight into the efficiency-stability-cost balanced organic solar cell based on a polymerized nonfused-ring electron acceptor

Organic solar cells(OSCs)have attracted extensive attention from both academia and industry in recent years due to their remarkable improvement in power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,the Golden Triangle(the balance of efficiency-stability-cost)required for large-scale industrialization of OSCs still remains a great challenge.Here,a new nonfused-ring electron acceptor(NFREA)BF and its polymerized counterpart PBF were designed and synthesized,and their photovoltaic performance,storage stability and material cost were systematically investigated.When blended with a widely-used polymer donor PBDB-T,the PBFbased all-polymer solar cell(all-PSC)displayed a record high PCE of 12.61%for polymerized NFREAs(PNFREAs)with an excellent stability(95.2%of initial PCE after 800 h storage),superior to the BF counterpart.Impressively,PBF-based allPSC possesses the highest industrial figure-of-merit(i-FOM)value of 0.309 based on an efficiency-stability-cost evaluation,in comparison to several representative OSC systems(such as PM6:Y6 and PBDB-T:PZ1).This work provides an insight into the balance of efficiency,stability,and cost,and also indicates that the PNFREAs are promising materials toward the commercial application of OSCs.

Enhanced intermolecular interactions to improve twisted polymer photovoltaic performance

In polymer solar cells(PSCs), twisted polymer donors usually have low photovoltaic efficiencies due to their poor photoactive layer morphologies. Herein, we successfully improved twisted polymer(PBDT-3T) photovoltaic efficiency by employing C=O groups(PBDT-3TCO) to enhance intermolecular interactions. The maximum power conversion efficiency(PCE) of PBDT-3T is only 1.05%, while the PCE of PBDT-3TCO reaches 11.77% in non-fullerene(NF) PSCs. Both polymers-based PSCs show very similar open-circuit voltages but remarkable differences in their short-circuit currents and fill factors. The single crystals of both functionalized terthiophenes with methyl substituents demonstrate that the terthiophene with C=O units changes molecular pattern by forming intra/inter molecular S???O and O???H interactions but its molecular planarity does not significantly improve.Our comparative studies show that PBDT-3TCO with C=O units possesses a strong aggregation property and optimal photoactive layer morphology in NF PSCs. This study provides important insight into the design of high-performance twisted polymer donors for NF PSCs.

Carbon electrodes with ionophobic characteristics in organic electrolyte for high-performance electric double-layer capacitors

Activated carbon(AC)in organic electrolytebased electric double-layer capacitors(EDLCs)usually suffers from low specific capacitance.Most studies on AC focus on improving its surface area and optimizing pore structures to enhance its electrochemical performance in EDLCs.Unfortunately,the interfacial microenvironment,which is composed of nanoporous carbon and the organic electrolyte confined in it,is always ignored.Herein,a simple and powerful strategy to create AC with an ionophobic surface is proposed to address the poor efficiency of the electric doublelayer process.The polar C±F bonds formed in the AC material are characterized through near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The ionophobic characteristic of YP-F60 s in an organic electrolyte is extensively studied via contact angle measurements and smallangle X-ray scattering spectroscopy.An EDLC constructed with YP-F60 s as the electrode and 1 mol L^(-1) tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate/propylene carbonate as the electrolyte demonstrates high specific capacitance,low internal resistance,and excellent cycling stability.Our results successfully demonstrate the importance of the interfacial microenvironment of AC and its confined electrolyte to the electrochemical performance of EDLCs.Our work also offers new perspectives on the use of the CF;plasma technique to fabricate low-cost superior carbon for EDLCs.